Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / This study was an investigation of the relationship between political conditionality and self-determination using Zimbabwe as a case study. The Zimbabwean land issue illustrates the challenges posed by external influences on supposedly autonomous domestic policy decision-making processes. / South Africa

In 1991 the Treaty enacting the African Economic Community (AEC)1 was signed by the African Heads of State and Government.2 The AEC aims to establish regional free markets that would then be transformed into a continent-wide single market in six subsequent stages enabling the free movement of persons, goods, services, and capital until 2025 at the latest.3 However, to make sure that the free movement of persons in Africa would not also become a "free flow of criminals", the installation of a common market will require intensified police and judicial co-operation, information exchange and external border controls. 1 Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community adopted by the Heads of State and Government of Member States of the Organisation of African Unity in Abuja, Nigeria, 3 June 1991. 2 Art. 6(1) Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community. 3 Arts. 4(2)(h) and 4(2)(i) Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community. Furthermore, the age of globalisation calls into question the traditional concepts of sovereignty. Nowadays individual states are often unable to supervise their complete territory and battle to guard their borders against unwanted goods, people and ideas. Many facets of globalisation - including fast technological development and social and economic interaction - encourage governments to cooperate in order to try to achieve objectives that, acting on their own, they may not believe they can accomplish. Or to express the same thought in its negative sense: to fight unwanted consequences of this development, acting on their own, the states may not be able to achieve. This means that sooner or later the African States will have to address the problem of how to develop a police and judicial regime in criminal matters in order to fight against organised transnational crime. The question therefore is not whether the African States should engage in police and judicial co-operation, but rather what form it should take. The aim of this master treatise is to define the cornerstones of a possible future adoption of a police and judicial regime for the African Union (AU). There are numerous police and judicial co-operations around the world of various types so to make the task more manageable this treaty looks at the European Union (EU) in some detail and uses it as an example or as a guideline to sketch out a possible development of a police and judicial co-operation within the AU. This is for the reason that the EU has succeeded in creating a sophisticated regime of police and judicial co-operation and thus serves as a model of how co-operation levels can be created, handled, and preserved. The EU also serves as an example of how certain obstacles can make co-operation difficult or even prevent efforts for an effective transnational police and judicial co-operation. However, the current EU is the result of the specific circumstances in which its Member States and organs have responded to the economic and political changes they have been faced with. The AU has to operate amidst a political setting and various other circumstances that are very different. As a result the police and judicial co-operation regime of the AU will be very different from the EU model. This treatise argues that due to the vast number of participating states in the AU and the AU's decision-making practice, the continental level is not an appropriate point of departure for the AU to adopt a police and judicial co-operation regime. Police and judicial co-operation within the AU will at first have to be pursued at a sub-regional level. The co-operation should start at the already subdivided Regional Economic Communities (RECs) established by the AEC. Only in time, if at all, will the sub-regional markets be prepared to merge into a continent-wide integration. This is why at the present time the AU will have to accept a mere supervising and stimulating part in pursuing the ultimate objective of developing a police and judicial co-operation on a continent-wide level. Furthermore, this treatise assesses that the huge number of economic, social, and political challenges impair the AU's action ability with the result that it will not be able to establish a supranational legal body comparable to that of the EU in the near future. Also, the African Heads of State and Government are too interested in keeping their sovereign powers to themselves. This is why in Africa integration is more likely to be achieved with an intergovernmental approach. Therefore, police and judicial co-operation should first be exercised by means of informal meetings of the Interior and Justice Ministers and any resulting acts should be classified as (traditional) public international law. This is not to imply that the AU has no role to play here, for said meetings will have to be coordinated and supervised. In order to do justice to its supervising role it is necessary to empower the organs of the AU. This treatise analyses that for the AU to establish an efficient institutional framework, it is extremely important that the Assembly's monopoly over proposing legislation and establishing new organs is changed. Consensus decisions between fifty-four Member States would in an optimal case be replaced by a system where no organ is in total control. Finally, this treatise emphasises the necessity to push ahead with the development of the regional free markets as envisioned by the AEC. Similar to the development in the EU, this will bring about new challenges in combating new types of transnational crimes. This treatise demonstrates that this challenge might bring the necessary momentum to formally introduce police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters, usually a high policy area, on the agenda of the AU. In conclusion, this treatise shows that co-operation in such a sensitive area as security policy first and foremost needs a sufficient amount of trust between the decision makers of the involved states. To develop this necessary trust and the processes building upon this, this treatise argues that a regular meeting between the Interior and Justice Ministers, either inside or outside the framework of the AU, should be launched. Through these meetings the AU could gradually develop a platform for discussion in the area of criminal law and thereby slowly intensify its information exchange and operational co-operation. The history of the EU has shown that the development of a supranational legal system first and foremost requires mutual trust in each other's respective legal systems. Trust is generated by communication in an informal atmosphere. Therefore, this treatise argues that a colloquial intergovernmental co-operation within the field of criminal law is the correct approach for the AU to develop a police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters.

Continued debates on economic development, poverty eradication and the growing skeptism concerning the paradigms proposed through many decades, has led to a continued search for a paradigm that would, finally, resolve the issue of pervasive poverty in the Sub-Saharan Africa. Having implemented decentralization within government entities without any significant contribution to poverty eradication, the focus has now turned to the development agencies themselves. What are the inefficiencies in these agencies which if addressed might enable them deliver development aid more efficiently thus, providing more resources for development from being lost in the attrition of overheads? It is, therefore, argued that decentralization of development agencies will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of IFIs in delivering development aid. At the same time, decentralization reforms have been proposed as a response to the failures of highly centralized states (or organizations in this case). Empirical evidence, strongly, suggests that physical proximity and more "face-time", promotes better results-on-the-ground, delivered by staff who are better attuned to local conditions and have a better understanding of the client and their development agenda. But, will decentralization alone solve the issue of pervasive poverty? This research recognises that the factors affecting poverty are diverse and intricate and isolating just one part of the puzzle is not enough. Nevertheless, it is argues that decentralization, has a positive impact on poverty reduction thus, this study presents both practical and theoretical considerations from which policy measures can be derived. This thesis focused on establishing how the World Bank, changed its strategies through the implementation of decentralization of its operations as proposed in the ‗Strategic Compact‘, renewed the way it worked in order to maintain its relevance in the development world. The World Bank President, James Wolfensohn, proposed the Compact as a solution to the organization‘s self diagnosis that it was in distress, in a state of possible decline and was not fulfilling its mission of poverty eradication. This research, using Uganda Country Office as a case study, undertook, mainly, a qualitative review of the overall strategy of decentralization and its implementation organization wide and specifically, in Uganda. The research examined how the implementation of the strategy impacted on poverty trends in Uganda. This research found that the decentralization strategy was, fundamentally, the right one to deliver better results of the Bank‘s mission of ‗fighting poverty for lasting results‘ and its vision of ‗A World Free of Poverty‘. Contrary to the popular notion that the World Bank has been, largely ineffective in the delivery of its mission and its decentralization strategy just another one of its 'shams‘, this research established that the implementation of the strategy, although not having a direct or causal relationship, did have positive impact on poverty alleviation in Uganda. This study, therefore, makes a case for decentralization of donor organizations as a means of better delivery of the poverty eradication agenda in the developing world. The benefits though hard to measure in monetary terms are, nevertheless, real in terms of faster and better quality engagement with the clients which in turn, result into better delivery of services and programmes.

Aims of this work are to provide comprehensive information on the development of cooperation between the Czech Republic and Russia in recent years, to assess the results achieved in bilateral trade exchange, to describe the perspective of Czech business entities in the Russian market, taking into account cultural differences.

Equitable utilization is the fundamental rule of international water law. It is the doctrine responsible for the fair allocation of international waters as between different water uses and users. Equitable utilization is a process whereby the interests of each watercourse state are taken into consideration on a case-by-case basis over time and as circumstances change. The process occurs through political negotiations, with an equitable outcome as the goal. However, the debilitated state of many transbouhdary watercourses today indicates that equitable utilization - despite its admirable goals - is failing to resolve the tragedy of the global freshwater commons. With growing demands on water resources due to increasing world population, economic industrialization and increasing awareness of the need for environmental conservation, water management is an issue that will only become more pressing. Watercourses that flow between two or more states face additional challenges in that the water resources must be shared between them. The central question of this thesis is whether greater use of economics would help the equitable utilization paradigm lead to higher standards of water management between upstream and downstream states. The benefits of the economic approach include optimal efficiency of water use, political feasibility in water negotiations, and flexibility across time and regions. Although there are technical, distributive, and moral limitations to the use of economic principles, they can be sufficiently addressed such that the economic approach ought to be a central part of the solution to the problem of global water scarcity. Greater use of economic incentives needs to be made within equitable utilization regimes. Sensible ' pricing of water is imperative. Markets for water, however, are not yet a feasible option because they require well-defined, secure, and enforceable property rights in water, all of which are difficult to achieve at the international level. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

A dearth of pre-existing research in the field prompted this thesis on whether traditional econometric analyses of war deterrent alliances are applicable to modern alliances for counter terror purposes. Apparent foundational and contextual differences between the two types of alliances and the costs and benefits member nations derive from each lead the author to theorize that factors contributing to the formation of each alliance are fundamentally similar. Multiple types of statistical models are used to measure variables from the Correlates of War and Polity datasets combined with custom variables in a new dataset concerning major transnational terrorist attacks and the resultant alliances in testing the effect of traditionally contributing formation factors on alliances against terrorism. The results indicate that some contributing factors are similar, extant analysis tools have utility and that further investigation is justified.

Orientador: Andre Tosi Furtado / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T20:06:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CostaFilho_EdmilsondeJesus_D.pdf: 2183949 bytes, checksum: ffde0322a264c0cdd6e0349a07af46ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O êxito da cooperação espacial sul-sul pode ser considerado um caso sui generis na literatura internacional, devido às dificuldades inerentes que os projetos de co-desenvolvimento cientifico e tecnológico imputam a países periféricos. O trabalho tem por objetivo fazer uma análise de um programa de cooperação tecnológica sino-brasileira na área espacial, o Programa CBERS, buscando enfocar a dimensão do aprendizado do Brasil com a cooperação. Esta análise foi estruturada em torno de três eixos: macro, relacionado ao aspecto político da cooperação; meso, relacionado ao aspecto organizacional do INPE; e micro, relacionados aos aspectos científicos e tecnológicos da área de Engenharia e Tecnologia Espacial do instituto. Segundo a proposta metodológica, estes eixos se complementam e se interligam formando uma ferramenta capaz de analisar o aprendizado da cooperação. O estudo se baseou em um levantamento de informações quantitativas e qualitativas junto ao INPE e ao MRE, assim como em entrevistas com técnicos brasileiros participantes do programa. Os resultados do estudo apontam que, embora os três eixos sejam igualmente importantes para o aprendizado nacional, estes apresentaram um claro desbalanceamento, onde a dimensão política e a organizacional do Programa no Brasil tiveram um avanço maior em detrimento das dimensões científicas e tecnológicas / Abstract: The success of south-south space cooperation may be considered a unique case in the international literature, due to the difficulties concerning to scientific and technological co-development which peripheral countries face. This research intends to analyze a China-Brazil technological cooperation program on the space field (the CBERS Program), seeking to focus on the dimension of Brazilian learning with the cooperation. This analysis was structured over three focuses: macro, related to the political aspect of the cooperation; meso, related to the organizational aspect of INPE (National Institute for Space Researches); and micro, related to the scientific and technological aspects of the Institute¿s Engineering and Space Technology Division. According to the methodological proposal, these focuses match and link to each other, becoming a tool which is able to analyze the learning process upon the cooperation. This study was based on a both quantitative and qualitative information survey provided by the INPE and the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MRE), and also on interviews with Brazilian technicians who participated in the program. The results of the study point out that, although the three focuses have equal importance for the national learning, they present clear unbalance: the political and organizational dimension had a more significant advance than the scientific and technological dimensions of the Program in Brazil / Doutorado / Doutor em Política Científica e Tecnológica

Currently, there is little research on other countries' defence policies in Swedish. This essay will hopefully provide you with an interest in examining other countries' defence policies. The focus will be on Finland, Sweden's neighbour. Considering that Finland and Sweden are both members of the Nordic Council and strive for prosperity in the Nordic region, we should know more about our neighbours. Finnish defence policy reports are published every four or five years. This essay contains two of those reports from 2001 and 2017. The purpose of this essay is to find similarities and differences between the reports, but also to relate the reports to the theories, realism and liberalism. The theoretical analysis examines four different subjects where realism and liberalism will be discussed: International cooperation, rearmament, disarmament, and threat.  This analysis showed that Finland shows a lot of differences between the two reports. There are differences between all the subjects that are observed and the way the reports are written differs as well. The theories also shift a lot between the reports and that is concluded in the essay's conclusion. Suggestions about future research are included in the essay's discussion.

Despite the Alma Ata inspired slogan ‘health for all by 2000’ in the second decade of the twenty first century, the world remains affected and infected with bad health. This situation has generated much debate, and as a result, national and global responses have arguably entered a new era building on the past success and failures of health movements, most notably on the back of the global HIV/AIDS movement. It is acknowledged that the rights instruments that exist relating to the right to health have provided a healthy platform for advocacy and have lead to successes on the ground, but the question is where to go from here. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / nf2012 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

A research report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Psychology by Coursework and Research Report in the field of Organisational Psychology in the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg March 2017 / The aim of the study was to assess the challenges faced by international students in South Africa. The study was conducted at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. There were 14 international students who participated in the study. Of these, 6 were male and 8 were female. The study was qualitative in nature. An interview schedule was used to interview participants. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse data. The results showed that international students in South Africa faced adjustment challenges relating to: reasons for choosing to study in South Africa, first settling in experiences, financial constraints, registration process, language problems, visa application and immigration laws, cultural differences, diversity, discrimination, academic challenge, homesickness, social support, institutional assistance and how they handled the challenges to cope with the prevailing situation in South Africa. Future studies should thus focus on finding effective ways to improve the adjustment process for international students in South Africa. / GR2019