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La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar cual es la relación entre los estilos de liderazgo y el engagement, y cuál es el rol que desempeña el job crafting en los colaboradores de una empresa de servicios de laboratorio y certificaciones en el Perú. Para ello, se plantearon dos hipótesis: una hipótesis sobre el efecto directo que tiene el estilo de liderazgo sobre el engagement, y la otra hipótesis es que el job crafting media la relación entre el estilo de liderazgo y el engagement. Se diseñó un estudio bajo un enfoque cuantitativo, explicativo, predictivo y transversal donde participaron 254 colaboradores de la empresa. Se aplicaron los instrumentos con la intención de medir las variables de liderazgo (MLQ) según el modelo de Bass y Avolio (1990), Job crafting y Engagement (UWES). Los hallazgos evidencian que los estilos de liderazgo predominantes en la empresa de servicios de laboratorio y certificaciones en el Perú son el transformacional y transaccional, los cuales se encuentran fuertemente correlacionados con las tres dimensiones del engagement y del job crafting. Se encontró que los estilos de liderazgo transformacional y transaccional tienen un efecto directo sobre el engagement mientras que el estilo de liderazgo pasivo evitador tiene un efecto negativo sobre el mismo. Asimismo, se encontró que el job crafting media la relación positiva entre los estilos de liderazgo transformacional, transaccional y el engagement. Por otro lado, el job crafting media la relación negativa entre el estilo de liderazgo pasivo evitador y el engagement. Los resultados muestran que los estilos de liderazgo transformacional y transaccional se relacionan de manera significativa y positiva con la actitud de aceptación ante el cambio organizacional.

As mudanças tecnológicas, sociais e econômicas que ocorreram nas últimas décadas trouxeram alterações para o mundo do trabalho, modificando a relação entre empresas e empregados. Uma posição impactada por essas mudanças foi a do executivo, que, para responder de maneira constante e rápida a essas mudanças, tem uma rotina de trabalho permeada por excesso de trabalho, superficialidade e baixa autonomia. Acredita-se que esse cenário tenha distanciando os executivos do modelo contemporâneo de carreira proteana caracterizado pelo autogerenciamento da carreira e pela orientação para valores pessoais. Supõe-se que o job crafting - construção autônoma do trabalho por meio da modelagem das tarefas, cognição e relações - e engajamento no trabalho - estado mental positivo caracterizado por vigor (energia), dedicação (significância) e absorção (envolvimento) - podem estar relacionadas à atitude de orientação para a carreira proteana. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma pesquisa quantitativa para identificar a relação entre as três variáveis - orientação para a carreira proteana; job crafting; e engajamento no trabalho - em amostra de 361 executivos brasileiros, por meio de instrumentos já validados para o contexto do país. Por meio da aplicação de uma survey e da análise dos dados com a técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais, comprovou-se o modelo conceitual proposto de que a atitude de carreira proteana (através da dimensão autodirecionamento) prediz comportamentos cognitivos de job crafting e, consequentemente, um estado mental positivo de engajamento no trabalho. / Technological, social and economic transformations that have taken place in the last decades have brought changes to the work life that have also modified the relationship between companies and employees. The executive position was also impacted so that its work routine has become permeated by overwork, superficiality and low autonomy to respond to these changes constantly and rapidly. We argue that this scenario has held off executives from the contemporary protean career characterized by career self-management and personal values orientation. We also believe that job crafting - autonomous construction of work through the modeling of tasks, cognition and relationships - and work engagement - a positive mental state characterized by vigor (energy), dedication (significance) and absorption (involvement) - may be related to the orientation attitude toward the protean career. The objective of the present study was to conduct a quantitative research to identify the relationship between the three variables - protean career, job crafting and work engagement - in a sample of 361 Brazilian executives through research instruments validated to the national context. Through the application of a survey and structural modeling analysis, we proved the proposed conceptual model in which the individual protean career attitudes (through its self-direction dimension) predicts cognitive behaviors of job crafting and consequently a positive mental state of work engagement

As mudanças tecnológicas, sociais e econômicas que ocorreram nas últimas décadas trouxeram alterações para o mundo do trabalho, modificando a relação entre empresas e empregados. Uma posição impactada por essas mudanças foi a do executivo, que, para responder de maneira constante e rápida a essas mudanças, tem uma rotina de trabalho permeada por excesso de trabalho, superficialidade e baixa autonomia. Acredita-se que esse cenário tenha distanciando os executivos do modelo contemporâneo de carreira proteana caracterizado pelo autogerenciamento da carreira e pela orientação para valores pessoais. Supõe-se que o job crafting - construção autônoma do trabalho por meio da modelagem das tarefas, cognição e relações - e engajamento no trabalho - estado mental positivo caracterizado por vigor (energia), dedicação (significância) e absorção (envolvimento) - podem estar relacionadas à atitude de orientação para a carreira proteana. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma pesquisa quantitativa para identificar a relação entre as três variáveis - orientação para a carreira proteana; job crafting; e engajamento no trabalho - em amostra de 361 executivos brasileiros, por meio de instrumentos já validados para o contexto do país. Por meio da aplicação de uma survey e da análise dos dados com a técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais, comprovou-se o modelo conceitual proposto de que a atitude de carreira proteana (através da dimensão autodirecionamento) prediz comportamentos cognitivos de job crafting e, consequentemente, um estado mental positivo de engajamento no trabalho. / Technological, social and economic transformations that have taken place in the last decades have brought changes to the work life that have also modified the relationship between companies and employees. The executive position was also impacted so that its work routine has become permeated by overwork, superficiality and low autonomy to respond to these changes constantly and rapidly. We argue that this scenario has held off executives from the contemporary protean career characterized by career self-management and personal values orientation. We also believe that job crafting - autonomous construction of work through the modeling of tasks, cognition and relationships - and work engagement - a positive mental state characterized by vigor (energy), dedication (significance) and absorption (involvement) - may be related to the orientation attitude toward the protean career. The objective of the present study was to conduct a quantitative research to identify the relationship between the three variables - protean career, job crafting and work engagement - in a sample of 361 Brazilian executives through research instruments validated to the national context. Through the application of a survey and structural modeling analysis, we proved the proposed conceptual model in which the individual protean career attitudes (through its self-direction dimension) predicts cognitive behaviors of job crafting and consequently a positive mental state of work engagement

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / The modern working environment is characterised by global competitiveness, digitisation, and a greater need to employ and retain the knowledge worker. With increased pressure to sustain a competitive advantage, organisations must shift management strategies and focus on fostering positive work outcomes to mitigate high turnover costs and enhance organisational effectiveness. In the South African environment, organisations are confronted with challenges such as skills shortages and high turnover, impacting the ability to attract, develop, and retain highly skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals.

My dissertation focuses on self-perceived status as a driver for newcomers to initiate change in the organizations they join, either by trying to modify the tasks they are assigned to do (job crafting), implementing changes that affect how others do their work (taking charge), or making broader suggestions for improvement to the organization (voice). Although research has noted the actions that organizations take to socialize and to assimilate newcomers into the way things are conventionally done, my research centers the focus on the agency that newcomers display. I find that self-perceived status, how much prestige, respect, or admiration a newcomer thinks he/she enjoys in a group, plays an important role in determining newcomer change oriented behaviors. I also examine if newcomer self-perceived status influences the target of change oriented behaviors towards coworkers or supervisors. I find some support for the moderating influences of both individual level differences (e.g., self-monitoring) and organizational contextual factors (e.g., socialization tactics that aim to affirm newcomers' unique values and skills in the new organization) on the relationship between self-perceived status and the propensity to engage in change oriented behaviors. I test my hypotheses with a variety of methods including a field study and two laboratory experiments. / text

Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) is deliberate behavior by employees that harms the interests of their organization or its members. Previous research suggests that job stress, including a variety of individual job stressors, lead to CWB (e.g., Penney & Spector, 2005; Fox, Spector, & Miles, 2001; Spector, Fox, & Domagalski, 2006) and that CWB is an ineffective coping strategy for dealing with job stress (Shoss, Jundt, Kobler, & Reynolds, 2015). Job crafting is a form of individual-level job redesign that has been shown to reduce the negative effects of stress, but less is known about job crafting’s relationship with CWB or whether it could function as a more effective coping mechanism for job stress. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of job crafting as a moderator of the relationship between job stress and CWB. Additionally, this study examined job crafting’s relationship to CWB and to five common job stressors: interpersonal conflict, workload, job insecurity, role ambiguity, and organizational constraints. Three hundred participants completed a two-part online study through Amazon Mechanical Turk, the first of which assessed participants’ experience of the job stressors of interpersonal conflict (Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale; Spector & Jex, 1998), workload (Quantitative Workload Inventory; Spector, 1998), organizational constraints (Organizational Constraints Scale; Spector & Jex, 1998), job insecurity (Job Insecurity Scale; Mauno, Leskinen, & Kinnunen, 2001), and role ambiguity (Role Ambiguity Scale; Rizzo, House, & Lirtzman, 1970). The first study session also assessed participants’ work locus of control (Work Locus of Control Scale; Spector, 1988) and negative affectivity (Negative Affectivity subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). The second study session was conducted five days after the first study session and assessed participants’ frequency of engagement in CWB (CWB-Checklist; Spector et al., 2006) and frequency of job crafting (Job Crafting Scale; Tims, Bakker, & Derks, 2010). Correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were utilized to test for relationships among these variables and moderation effects. The results showed that composite job stress (the combined, average score across each of the job stressor scales) and each of the five job stressors individually were significantly, positively correlated with CWB. However, within the hierarchical regression analyses, only composite job stress, interpersonal conflict, workload, and role ambiguity were significant predictors of CWB. In addition, job crafting did not predict CWB or moderate the effects of composite job stress or any of the five individual job stressors on CWB. These results suggest that job stress does lead to CWB, but job crafting is likely neither an effective coping mechanism for job stress nor an effective means of reducing CWB in organizations.

Since the opening of the first staff-less public library (meröppna biblioteket) in Sweden in 2009, the number of staff-less libraries has been growing at an increasing rate. Still, there has been little research published on this recent phenomenon in the Swedish library sector. The aim of this thesis is to fill a part of this gap by focusing on librarians employed at staff-less public libraries. The study targets their experiences with regard to changes in work content, competence requirements, and professional role. The findings are based on eight interviews conducted with ten librarians at staff-less libraries in six Swedish municipalities. The material has been analyzed using part of Wrzesniewski and Dutton’s job crafting model as the theoretical framework. In addition, Ellström’s concept of actual competence (rather than formal competence) and Ørom and Schreiber’s definition of librarians’ professional identities have been used to support analysis. The findings show that the introduction of staff-less opening hours impacts the librarians’ work content in terms of tasks, cognition, and patron interactions. This in turn makes room for librarians in staff-less libraries to develop existing or new competences. Changes in the professional role due to the introduction of the staff-less library are more difficult to identify. These changes seem to be triggered by developments in society rather than by changes at the local level.

Master of Science / Department of Hospitality Management and Dietetics / Jichul Jang / Working as a front line employee in the hospitality industry is not always easy. There can be long working hours, high work demand and many other disadvantages that can lead to increased stress on an employee of the industry. These disadvantages have led to one of the highest turnover rates compared to most other industries (NRA, 2017). Managers have been looking at possible ways to reduce turnover by giving employees more freedom. In most organizations, the manager implements changes in each employee’s job design and roles within the organization. Recent job design has focused on letting the employee develop some of the task they do. This certain type of job redesign is called job crafting. Job crafting is a theoretical concept where an employee is allowed to implement change or redesign certain aspects of their job (Wrzesniewski & Dutton, 2001). According to Wrzesniewski and Dutton (2001), the three main ways that one can craft their job are through changes in work tasks, relationships, and perception of one’s job. So the question is, “How does job crafting have a creative impact on front line hospitality employee behavior at work?” The purpose of this study is to examine whether job crafting is related to creative self- efficacy, which can in turn lead to employee organizational citizenship behaviors. That is, the more employees participate in crafting activities, the more they will believe that they can be creative and follow through with their creative idea, which will lead the employees to having more organization citizenship behavior. The sample for this study consists of 323 front line employees in the hotel industry. Participants’ job crafting, creative self-efficacy and organizational citizenship behaviors were measured. After running the variables through a regression analysis, the results showed a significant positive relation between job crafting and organizational citizenship behavior with creative self-efficacy as a mediator. From a theoretical perspective, this study contributes to an understanding of organizational citizenship behavior in the hotel context by shedding light on the role of job crafting. Practical implications from this study could encourage managers that are focused on improving organizational citizenship behavior in their hotels to look into promoting job crafting.

El propósito de esta investigación es determinar el efecto del job crafting sobre la intención de rotar, así como comprobar el rol mediador del burnout y el engagement sobre las relaciones entre las demandas y recursos laborales respectivamente y la intención de rotar dentro de empresas de call center de Lima-Perú. Para ello, se plantearon tres hipótesis de investigación. En primer lugar, se empleó la definición de intención de rotar de Mobley et al. (1978) en el marco del modelo de demandas y recursos laborales de Bakker y Demerouti (2013), donde se aborda el proceso de deterioro de la salud (burnout) y el proceso motivacional (engagement) como variables mediadoras de la relación entre las demandas y recursos laborales y la intención de rotar y se incorpora a dicho análisis, la determinación del efecto indirecto del job crafting. Para este fin, se diseñó un estudio cuantitativo no experimental de tipo explicativo-predictivo de corte transversal. Participaron en el estudio 518 colaboradores de tres empresas de call center dedicadas a la venta de servicios de telefonía en Lima; los colaboradores completaron las escalas de medición de las respectivas variables del estudio durante su jornada de trabajo. Los resultados del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales confirmaron las tres hipótesis del estudio, destacando que el burnout cumple un rol mediador en la relación positiva de las demandas laborales y la intención de rotar, el engagement mantiene un rol mediador sobre la relación negativa entre recursos laborales y la intención de rotar, así como el efecto indirecto del job crafting que reduce la intención de rotar, a través del engagement y el burnout de forma simultánea. De este modo, destaca el efecto que tiene el ser humano (job crafter) sobre su medio de trabajo para hacerlo un mejor lugar para trabajar. Finalmente, el estudio propone un plan de acción con el fin de reducir la intención de rotar en los colaboradores de las empresas de call center estudiadas, a través de la intervención eficiente sobre las variables organizacionales e individuales que, de acuerdo a los hallazgos de la investigación, tienen mayor efecto para la reducción del burnout y el incremento del engagement, así como la promoción de prácticas individuales del job crafting en los colaboradores.