Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-114). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-114).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-188). Also available on the Internet.

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2014. / Aim: To determine the effect of long axis manipulation of the third metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) on articular surface separation, peri-articular soft tissue movement and joint cavitation. Participants: Forty two right-handed healthy individuals between 18 and 28 years of age from the Durban University of Technology campuses, KwaZulu Natal. Methodology: Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. A case history, physical examination and a hand and wrist orthopaedic assessment was conducted for each participant. Study specific data, such as sex, age, height and weight were recorded. A diagnostic ultrasound (US) scan was done to the left third MCP joint for each participant while distractive manipulation was applied to the joint. The presence or absence of audible release was noted and the tension levels applied to the joint was measured with a digital tension meter. Joint surface separation (JSS), synovial membrane position (SMP), gas bubble presence and location were assessed on the US recordings at baseline, just prior to cavitation, at maximum traction and in the post-traction resting joint. IBM SPSS version 20 was used to analyse the data. Independent sample t-tests were used to compare the means between the two groups and the associations were compared using Pearson’s chi square tests. A p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Long axis manipulation resulted in audible release in 22 of the participants (Group and no audible release in 20 of the participants (Group 2). No significant difference in joint surface separation or the synovial membrane position could be established between MCP joints that cavitated and MCP joints that did not cavitate at the baseline, as well as in maximum traction and in the post-procedure resting joint (p > 0.05; t-test). Hyperechoic gas bubbles were present in 21 of the 22 participants of Group 1 and no gas bubbles could be visualised in the participants in Group 2. The presence of intra-articular hyperechoic gas bubbles was highly associated with audible release (p < 0.001; Pearson’s chi square test). Due to the predefined features of cavitation, gas bubble inception was could not be detected in the Group 1 participants prior to cavitation. In Group 1, 95.5% of the gas bubbles were present in the middle third of the joint at maximum traction. At the post traction resting joint evaluation, no gas bubble was evident in 42.9% (n = 9) of the joints; 42.9% (n = 9) indicated bubbles were present only in the dorsal third, whilst 9.5% (n = 2) presented bubbles in the middle and dorsal third; and in one case gas bubbles were seen in the dorsal, middle and ventral thirds of the joint space. The mean manipulative force recorded in participants in which gas bubble inception took place during manipulation was 5.7 kg, and in those with no gas bubble inception was 12 kg. There was a significant difference between the mean traction force applied to those with and to those without a gas bubble appearance (p < 0.001; t-test). Conclusion: No significant differences were observed between the cavitation and non-cavitation groups for the joint surface separation and synovial membrane movement at various stages of manipulation. A significant association was established between the audible release of a joint that was manipulated and the appearance of intra-articular gas bubbles or micro-bubbles. The mean traction force that was required to cause cavitation was significantly lower than the force to which joints with no cavitation were tensioned. The findings concur with those of previous studies that cavitation is a necessary component of joint manipulation.

Na maioria das construções utilizam-se estruturas de madeira para coberturas e muitas são executadas no sistema convencional, empregando treliças. Com o avanço da arquitetura, no que diz respeito a empregabilidade da madeira, outras formas vêm sendo utilizadas, tornando o ambiente mais livre e harmônico, e para isso, a necessidade de vigas maiores, para vencer maiores vãos. Desta forma, os materiais dos elementos estruturais têm importante papel, a fim de demandar continuidade das peças, dentro dos padrões de segurança. As Normas Brasileiras apresentam formas de ligações onde, o emprego da madeira e o aço, garantem a estabilidade para ambos os materiais, visto a utilização de parafusos e pinos como elemento de ligação, empregados nas construções. Neste trabalho, a proposta é avaliar os conjuntos dos materiais de ligações aparafusadas entre madeira/madeira e compará-la com a ligações madeira/chapa de aço/madeira; a chapa dobrada a frio e prensada entre as peças não está aparente. Portanto, a ligação ficará a cargo dos parafusos, mas, com a chapa a resistência será maior suportando aos esforços cortantes causados pela flexão dos parafusos e inserida diretamente na madeira, que tem grande importância quanto à direção das fibras e do esforço aplicado. / In most constructions are used wooden structures for roofs and many are executed in the conventional system using trusses. With the advancement of architecture, with regard the employability of timber, other ways have been used making the free and harmonious environment, and for this, the need for larger beams, to win larger spans. Therefore, the materials of the structural elements have an important role in order to demand continuity of parts with in the safety standards. Brazilian Standards of forms of links where the use of timber and steel, ensure stability for both materials, as the use of bolts and pins as liaison, used in buildings. In this paper, the proposal is to assess the joint of bolted connections materials between timber / timber and compare it with the connections timber / steel plate / timber; the folded plate and cold pressed between the parts is not apparent. Therefore, the connection will fall on the bolts, but with the plate resistance will be higher by supporting the shearing caused by the bending of the bolts and inserted directly on timber, which is very important as to the direction of the fibers and of the applied load.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_prg_me_guara.pdf: 1144534 bytes, checksum: c564c6fdb34127fdaaba0cd2ec9f184d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho apresenta estudos de usinabilidade de peças de madeira de eucalipto, tendo por objetivo principal efetuar análises da resistência de juntas coladas em relação à qualidade das superfícies usinadas, a fim de se verificar a influência da rugosidade superficial sobre a adesão das superfícies coladas com adesivo à base de acetato de polivinila (PVA). Amostras da espécie de madeira Eucalyptus saligna foram preparadas para testes de resistência na lâmina de cola em ensaios de ruptura por cisalhamento e por tração normal segundo a norma NBR 7190. As superfícies de colagem foram preparadas por operação de fresamento empregando-se velocidade nominal de avanço de 11,0 m/min e posteriormente por operação de lixamento empregando-se cinco diferentes granulometrias de lixas, de granas: 80, 100, 120, 150 e 220. Depois de lixadas, as superfícies foram submetidas à medição da rugosidade com rugosímetro equipado com uma ponta apalpadora de diamante, de forma cone-esférica, com raio de ponta de 2µm, em conjunto com o programa de análise de superfícies. Dos resultados obtidos podem-se destacar os melhores desempenhos de resistência a ruptura; ao cisalhamento para superfícies lixadas por lixa de grana 220; à tração normal para superfícies lixadas por lixa de grana 120 / This paper shows studies on machinability of eucalyptus wood battens; main goal is make analysis of resistance bonded joints in relation the quality of machined surface to determine the influence of surface roughness on the adhesion of the bonded surfaces adhesive-based polyvinyl acetate (PVA). Samples Eucalyptus saligna wood species were prepared for resistance testing in trials blade glue shear rupture and tensile normal according to NBR 7190. The bonding surfaces were prepared by milling operation employing feed speed of 11.0 m/min and then by the grinding operation using five different grain sizes of sandpaper (grands: 80, 100, 120, 150 and 220). After sanding, the surfaces were subjected to measurements of roughness with roughness equipped with a diamond probe tip of cone-spherical shape, with nose radius of 2µm, together with surface analysis program. Among the results we can point out the best performances of rupture strength, shear strength for sanded surfaces by sanding the bundles 220, the normal traction surfaces sanded by sanding to 120 cash

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06907.pdf: 7394695 bytes, checksum: bde9c680792583e55f4754af5867fe98 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

La mobilité de l’hydrogène dans les métaux est un paramètre clef pour la compréhension des mécanismes de base de la fragilisation par l’hydrogène (FPH). Cette problématique est directement associée aux mécanismes de diffusion et de piégeage de l’hydrogène au sein d’un réseau cristallin. Ces derniers dépendent des diverses hétérogénéités microstructurales et en particulier des défauts cristallins présents au sein du matériau. Dans le cadre de nos travaux nous nous sommes restreints à étudier la diffusion et le piégeage de l’hydrogène au sein de deux systèmes élémentaires : des monocristaux et des bi-cristaux de nickel. Nous avons développé une méthodologie associant des outils expérimentaux (Perméation électrochimique/TDS, METHR, EBSD) et numériques (FEM-COMSOL/EAM-LAMMPS). Les résultats obtenus sur monocristaux montrent une dépendance du coefficient de diffusion de l’hydrogène avec l’orientation cristallographique et la teneur en hydrogène. L’analyse thermodynamique du système nickel-hydrogène-lacune démontre une dépendance du potentiel chimique de l’hydrogène à l’état de contrainte induit par la formation d’amas de lacunes associés à la présence de l’hydrogène. Le caractère anisotrope de la diffusion est alors expliqué par l’anisotropie des propriétés d’élasticité du réseau cristallin et la présence de ces amas. D’autre part nous avons caractérisé les processus de diffusion et de piégeage de l’hydrogène pour des bi-cristaux de nickel présentant différents volumes libres. L’énergie de ségrégation de l’hydrogène dépend de la nature du site (volume libre local et énergie mécanique associée à l’incorporation du soluté). La diffusion de l’hydrogène est influencée directement par la nature de joint de grain (excès de volume et distribution des sites). Nos résultats, à l’échelle atomique, montrent une corrélation entre la solubilité et le volume libre du joint de grain. Les joints de grains avec un volume libre important présentent des chemins de diffusion plus favorables pour l'hydrogène que dans le réseau cristallin et dans le même temps un nombre plus important de sites de ségrégation. / The mobility of hydrogen in metals is a key parameter for understanding the basic mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement (HE). This problem is directly related to the mechanisms of diffusion and trapping of hydrogen within a crystal lattice. These mechanisms depend on the various microstructural heterogeneities and in particular the crystalline defects. In our work, we have focused on the diffusion and trapping of hydrogen in two elementary systems: nickel single crystals and bi-crystals. We developed a methodology combining experimental tools (electrochemical permeation / TDS, HRTEM, EBSD) and numerical methods (FEM-COMSOL / EAM-LAMMPS). The results obtained on the single crystals show a dependence of the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen with the crystallographic orientation and the hydrogen content. The thermodynamic analysis of the nickel-hydrogen-vacancy system shows a dependence of the chemical potential of hydrogen with the stress state induced by the formation of clusters of vacancies associated with the presence of hydrogen. The anisotropic character of the diffusion is then explained by the anisotropy of the elastic properties of the crystal lattice and the presence of these clusters. Moreover, we have characterized the processes of diffusion and trapping of hydrogen for nickel bi-crystals with different free volumes. The segregation energy of hydrogen depends on the nature of the site (the local free volume and the mechanical energy associated with the incorporation of solute). The diffusion of hydrogen is directly influenced by the nature of the grain boundary (the free volume and the distribution of the segregation sites). Our results, at the atomic scale, show a correlation between the solubility and the free volume of the grain boundary. The grain boundaries with a higher free volume have more favorable diffusion paths for hydrogen than in the crystal lattice and at the same time more segregation sites.

[pt] O presente trabalho visa determinar, experimentalmente,Fatores de Intensidade de Tensões, KI e KII em barras e tubos, submetidos à tração, com trincas situadas: I) Junto ao pé do cordão de solda em barras planas soldadas ortogonalmente com relações comprimento de trinca, a, largura da barra, B, a/B igual a 0,1 e a/B igual a 0,2. II) Próximo à raiz da solda em tubos unidos a 90 graus com relações comprimento de trinca, espessura do tubo principal, t, a/t igual a 0,1; a/t igual a 0,2; a/t igual a 0,3. III) Barras e tubos simples (sem uniões soldadas) tendo as relações a/B igual a 0,1; 0,2; 0,3 e a/t igual a 0,1; 0,2; 0,25 e 0,3. Nos modelos planos, foi feito um estudo comparativo entre espécimes que possuíam entalhes usinados para simular as trincas e espécimes onde forma propagadas trincas de fadiga. Os resultados para as barras forma obtidos utilizando-se a técnica fotoelástica bidimensional e para os tubos, o método tridimensional de congelamento de tensões e corte em fatias. Nas barras os dados coletados foram submetidos aos programas CRACK e FLAW, e nos tubos, apenas ao programa FLAW, para determinação dos valores de KI e KII. / [en] This work aims to determine Stress Intensity Factors KI and KII for bars and tubes loaded in tension with the following geometry: I) T Join bars with cracks located near the weld toe. Relations between crack length, a, and bar width, B, were: a/B equal 0.05; a/B equal 0.1 a/B equal 0.2. II) Tubes with T joints with cracks located at the weld toe. The relations between crack length and tube thickness, t, were: a/t equal 0.1; a/t equal 0.2 and a/t equal 0.3. III) Plains bars with ratios a/B equal 0.05; a/B equal 0.1 and a/B equal 0.2. IV) Plains tubes with ratios a/t of 0.1, 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3. A comparative study was made between plane models that had artificial machined cracks and those that had natural fatigue cracks. Results for bars were obtained employing two-dimensional Photoelasticity technique and for tubes, the three-dimensional stress freezing and slicing method was used. To generate KI and KII, the collected data were submitted to FLAW and CRACK computer programs in the case of bars, while for tubes, only the FLAW program was used.

Cette thèse, née d’une collaboration entre le laboratoire LEMTA et l’entreprise Novastep, a pour but de concevoir une prothèse de resurfaçage des têtes métatarsiennes des rayons latéraux (2ème, 3ème et 4ème orteils). Ces rayons sont touchés par de nombreuses pathologies (arthrose, maladie de Freiberg, …) pouvant engendrer des douleurs et être handicapantes au quotidien. Bien que de nombreuses solutions prothétiques pour le resurfaçage des têtes métatarsiennes soient disponibles sur le marché, elles sont en majorité conçues pour le resurfaçage du 1ier rayon. La prothèse de Novastep est donc prévue pour offrir une solution viable pour le traitement de ces pathologies. Le développement de la prothèse passe par plusieurs étapes qui sont : • La recherche des exigences médicales et mécaniques à respecter ; • La conception de la prothèse ; • La mise au point de la technique opératoire (instrument pour la pose) ; • La réalisation des essais (vérification des performances de la prothèse). Ce cycle de conception permet de justifier les performances de la prothèse dans l’optique d’obtenir l’autorisation de mise sur le marché. En parallèle de la conception de la prothèse de resurfaçage, une étude de remodelage des métatarsiens après implantation a été effectuée. Cette étude a pour but, dans un premier temps, de présenter et valider un protocole pour la préparation des modèles EF de remodelage osseux à partir de données tomodensitométriques spécifiques au patient. Dans un deuxième temps, cette étude a permis d’analyser l’impact de la prothèse de Novastep sur l’os et de comparer ces résultats avec ceux obtenus pour une prothèse concurrente (LMHI de Wright Medical). Dans un dernier temps, l’influence de différents paramètres de la loi de remodelage et du modèle a été étudiée. A notre connaissance, ce travail est le premier portant sur le remodelage osseux d’un métatarsien prothésé. A terme, ce travail pourra aboutir à la création d’un outil d’aide à la décision destiné aux concepteurs pour les choix technologiques de design des prothèses et aux chirurgiens pour sélectionner la technique chirurgicale la plus adaptée à chaque patient. Pour ce faire, il sera nécessaire de valider les résultats issus des prévisions numériques de remodelage avec des résultats cliniques post-opératoires / This doctoral thesis, the result of a collaboration between LEMTA laboratory and Novastep company, explains the design of a metatarsal head resurfacing prosthesis of the lateral toes (2nd, 3rd and 4th toes). These toes can be affected by several pathologies, including arthritis and Freiberg’s disease, which are painful and can bec ripping in everyday life. Although many prosthetic solutions for the resurfacing of the metatarsal heads are available on the market, they are often developed for the first toe only. Novastep’s prosthesis was developed to afford a viable solution for the treatment of those pathologies in other toes as well. The development of this prosthesis requires several steps which are: • The definition of medical and mechanical requirements which must been taken into account ; • The design of the prosthesis ; • The development of the surgical technique, that is, the instrumentation for setting up the prosthesis ; • Mechanical and clinical testing to verify the performance of the prosthesis. This design cycle permits justification of the device’s performance necessary to obtain the market approval. In parallel with the resurfacing prosthesis, a study of metatarsal bone remodeling after implantation was realized. This study aimed to present and validate a protocol for the preparation of finite element models of bone remodeling from patient specific computed-tomography data. It also permitted analysis of the impact of the Novastep’s prosthesis on the metatarsal and comparison of those resuts with results obtained with a competitor’s equivalent prosthesis (LMHI of Wright Medical). To our knowledge, this study was the first on the bone remodeling of a prosthetic metatarsal. In the long term, this work could lead to the creation of a decision-making tool for designers for the technological choices of prosthesis design