Este trabalho apresenta uma análise teórico-experimental do comportamento de juntas de argamassa solicitadas à compressão, usando para preenchimento da junta materiais comercialmente disponíveis e almofada de apoio de argamassa flexível, com o objetivo de propor recomendações de projeto que caracterizem a deformabilidade e a resistência da junta, visando um melhor aproveitamento da capacidade resistente do sistema pré-moldado. Inicialmente foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico sobre os principais parâmetros que influenciam o comportamento da junta e, posteriormente, foram realizadas algumas simulações numéricas utilizando-se o programa ANSYS 5.5.1. Em seguida, desenvolveu-se um programa experimental cujas variáveis foram: a espessura da camada de argamassa, a resistência do elemento pré-moldado e da argamassa, o material de preenchimento da junta, a presença de armadura de reforço na região adjacente à ligação e a rugosidade na superfície do elemento. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a espessura de 20mm seria a mais indicada, pois, além de minimizar o efeito de descontinuidade provocado pela presença da junta, melhora o controle da uniformidade da espessura e o aparecimento de vazios. Observou-se também que o uso de concreto de alta resistência no elemento pré-moldado faz com que as tensões de fendilhamento tenham maior importância. Para um maior aproveitamento da capacidade resistente do sistema, o material de preenchimento também deve ser de alta resistência. Dos diversos materiais usados para o preenchimento da junta, a argamassa do tipo “Dry Pack” foi a que ofereceu melhores condições de execução. Além de proporcionar total aproveitamento da capacidade resistente do sistema, diminuiu a deformabilidade da junta e, conseqüentemente, a fissuração / In this thesis a theoretical-experimental analysis of the compression mortar joints behavior is presented. The joints were produced with commercially available materials and flexible support cushion. The purpose of this research was to obtain design recommendations that characterize the deformability and the strength of the joints, in order to have a better use of the precast system bearing capacity. Previous studies of this problem showed the main parameters related to the joint behavior and numerical simulations were carried out using ANSYS 5.5.1. An experimental program was developed considering as variables the thickness of the mortar layer, the strength of the precast concrete element and of the mortar, the joint material, the additional reinforcement in the connection area and the roughness of the element surface. The results showed that a 20mm thickness is most suitable, because besides minimizing the discontinuity effects, it improves the control of the uniformity of the thickness as well as the air retained in the joint. It was also observed that using high strength concrete precast elements the splitting stresses becomes more important. For a larger use of the bearing capacity of the system, the joint material should also be of high strength. The use of a "Dry Pack" mortar offered better execution conditions, improving the bearing capacity of the system, with less deformability as well as cracking

Ce travail est consacré à l'étude de l'ingénierie des joints de grains dans les superalliages à base de Nickel pour disques de turbines aéronautiques. L'ingénierie des joints de grains a montré son efficacité dans l'amélioration des propriétés en fatigue et en fluage dans certains alliages de cuivre et de nickel. Cette amélioration est obtenue en réalisant une succession de déformations à température ambiante séparées par des traitement thermiques. Ce traitement a pour objectif de modifier la distribution du réseau de joints de grains. L'objectif de l'étude est d'adapter ces traitements au procédé du forgeage à haute température des superalliages. Une étude expérimentale est menée pour mettre en évidence l'influence des paramètres de forgeage sur les caractéristiques du réseau de joints de grains. La caractérisation de ce réseau est faite grâce à la réalisation de cartographies d'orientations cristallographiques par EBSD. Une méthode de caractérisation innovante basée sur la discrétisation des cartographies en réseaux de points triples est proposée. Cette méthode permet d'analyser la connectivité du réseau de joints de grains en vue d'une corrélation avec les propriétés mécaniques. / This work is dedicated to the study of Grain Boundary Engineering in Ni-based superalloys for aircraft turbine disk. The grain boundary engineering has proven its efficiency for the improvement of the fatigue and creep properties of copper and nickel alloys. This improvement is achieved by performing a succession of room temperature deformations interspaced by heat treatments to modify the distribution of the grain boundary network. The aim of the study is to adapt these processes to high temperature forging of superalloys. An experimental study is achieved to highlight the influence of forging parameters on the grain boundary network. The characterization of the grain boundary network is made through the completion of crystallographic orientation mapping by EBSD. An innovative characterization method based on the discretization of orientation maps in a triple junction network is proposed. This method allows to analyze the connectivity in the grain boundary network with the objective of a correlation with mechanical properties.

This thesis has been conducted for the Luleå University of Technology (LTU), Sweden as part of an inter-university collaboration between LTU and the Montanuniversität Leoben (MUL), Austria.   The project has included three master thesis works, all investigating some aspects of the effects of jointing on fragmentation through small scale tests.   The topic of this thesis has been to develop a method for representing/introducing artificial joint planes into concrete blocks and subsequently manufacture a number of specimens with different joint sets for testing, using block dimensions previously used at MUL. The method for manufacturing the jointed test specimens, developed by the author at LTU, has been evaluated through blasting and fragmentation analysis. Comparison of the different produced joint sets has been done to assess the influence of jointing on fragmentation.   A total of 10 magnetic concrete blocks were produced and evaluated. The 10 blocks had an average density of 2485 ± 41 kg/m3 (mean ± standard deviation). Eight of the 10 blocks contained joint sets (JS) with different characteristics, while two blocks were un-jointed reference blocks. A total of four different joint sets were developed.   The four joint sets had the following properties; JS1: joint spacing 95 mm, strike/dip equal to 0/90°, JS2: joint spacing 47.5 mm, strike/dip equal to 0/90°, JS3: joint spacing 47.5 mm, strike/dip equal to 60°/90° and JS4: joint spacing 89 mm, strike/dip equal to 0/70°.   The produced joints have proven to behave as desired, i.e. being able to reflect incident waves and to stop some incident cracks.   It has been found that there is a strong indication of jointed blocks producing a finer median fragmentation size (x50) than that of the reference blocks. This means that by introducing joint sets into the test specimens the degree of fragmentation by blasting has been increased. This was predicted by the Kuz-Ram model.   Each of the 28 blasted rows has been sieved and analysed. All the data has been fitted to the three parameter Swebrec function, producing an average coefficient of determination (an R-square value) of 0.9946 ± 0.0064.

The purpose of this study was to measure flexibility at the hip joint under four techniques of stretching, passive stretch-concentric contraction-passive stretch (PCP), passive stretch-three seconds isometric contraction of hip extensorsconcentric contraction of hip flexors-passive stretch (3-PIeCP) and passive stretch-three seconds isometric contraction of hip flexors-concentric contraction of hip flexorspassive stretch (3-PIfCP) based on proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and passive static stretch (P). Further, this study was designed to ascertain the effect of cold application (ice) in joint range of motion of the hip extensors measured with the Leighton Flexometer.

Une nouvelle architecture robotique parallèle de télescope d'observation spatial actif a été développée préalablement à cette thèse. Afin de pouvoir améliorer le réglage optique du télescope, la structure robotique doit pouvoir être auto-étalonnée dans l'espace, à partir des informations disponibles (mesures proprioceptives, images, etc). Dans un premier temps, les hypothèses nécessaires pour assurer le bon déroulement de l'étalonnage sont analysées. Cette étude théorique, appuyée par des exemples, permet de définir des conditions nécessaires à l'étalonnage. Ces conditions permettent de déterminer les précisions nécessaires sur les paramètres du modèle et l'amplitude maximale du bruit de mesure admissible pour l'étalonnage. Avec ces valeurs, un critère d'arrêt pour les algorithmes d'étalonnage ayant une réelle signification physique peut être obtenu. De plus, une normalisation de la matrice d'identification est proposée, ce qui permet l'analyse de ses valeurs singulières pour détecter les problèmes d'identifiabilité des paramètres. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons à la modélisation du télescope d'observation. Plusieurs modèles de déformation des articulations flexibles du télescope sont proposés, en considérant par exemple les équations de la théorie des poutres ou l'équilibre statique de la plate-forme. Ces modèles sont ensuite comparés expérimentalement par une analyse des résultats d'étalonnage photogrammétrique. Cette analyse permet aussi d'observer une déformation de la plate-forme mobile qui peut être approchée par l'intermédiaire de deux modèles. / A new parallel robotic architecture has previously been developed for an active space telescope. The telescope needs to be calibrated in order to improve its optical quality. This also has to be done automatically in space with the available information (propriocetive measures, images, etc) which is referred as self-calibration. First, the necessary hypothesis for calibration are analyzed. This theoretical study, illustrated with examples, leads to the definition of the necessary conditions for an efficient calibration. With those conditions, the required accuracy of the model parameters and the maximal measurement noise allowed for calibration can be calculated. A physically meaningful stop criterion for the identification algorithm can also be derived and a normalization of the identification Jacobian matrix is proposed, which permits the analysis of its singular values in order to detect identifiability problems. Concerning the telescope modeling, three kinematic models taking into account the telescope flexure joint behaviors are proposed, for example using the beam theory or the static equilibrium of the mobile platform. Those models are compared through an analysis of the calibration results using photogrammetry. This analysis highlights a deformation of the mobile platform of the telescope, that was considered using two models. Thus, the kinematic model of the telescope is composed of both a model for the flexure joints and a model approaching the mobile platform deformation. This model was validated with the calibration results of photogrammetry.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD (Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Civil Engineering / unrestricted

Please read the abstract in the section, 00front, of this document / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Geology / PhD / Unrestricted

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Les céramiques utilisées dans les Réacteurs à Eau Presurisée sont constituées de dioxyde d'uranium. Irradiée à fort taux de combustion en réacteur, elles présentent en périphérie de pastille une microstructure particulière, dénommée RIM, avec des pores de l'ordre du micromètre fortement pressurisés en gaz de fission. Lors des traitements thermiques (TT) simulant des situations incidentielles ou accidentelles de réacteur, un relâchement important de la zone de RIM est observé. Nous avons considéré que le mécanisme de relâchement du gaz contenu dans les bulles pressurisées est la fracturation mécanique des joints de grains du RIM. Puis nous avons comparé les différents types de sollicitations mécaniques auxquelles sont soumis un joint de grain à la contrainte à rupture de l'oxyde. La première sollicitation est induite par les bulles de gaz surpressurisées du RIM ; elle impose un champ de contrainte à un niveau microscopique i.e. à l'échelle d'une bulle de gaz et son environnement local. La seconde sollicitation est générée par l'interaction mécanique entre la pastille et la gaine. cette sollicitation impose un champ de contrainte à un niveau macroscopique i.e. à l'échelle de la zone de RIM et de son environnement global. La dernière sollicitation résulte de la déformation due à l'évolution structurale du RIM en TT. Les résultats expérimentaux de la thèse montrent que les champs de contraintes microscopiques et macroscopiques n'expliquent pas la fracturation des joints de grains du RIM en TT. Les sollicitations induites par l'évolution structurale du RIM en fonction de la température est un mécanisme possible pour expliquer le comportement mécanique global du RIM en TT. / The ceramics used in Power Water Reactors ar made of uranium dioxide. Irradiatd at high Burn-up, they present a characteristic zone in periphery called High Burn-Up Structure or RIM zone with micrometer pores containing over-pressurizzed gas bubbles. Annealing texts simulating incidental or accidental reactor situations, a strong release of the RIM zone is observed. We have considered that the fission gas release mechanism is the mechanical fracture of the RIM grain boundaries. The we have compared the diffrerent types of mechanical stress applied to a grain boundary with the fracture stress of the oxide. The first stress is due to RIM over-pressurized gas bubbles, these bubbles apply a stress field determined at a microscopic level i.e. at the gas bubbles scale and its local environment. The second stress is generated by the Pellet Cladding Mechanical Interaction (PCMI). This stress applies a stress field on a microscopic scale i.e. at the RIM zone and its overall environent. The last stress is occured by a strain due to the RIM structural evolution during annealing test. The experimental results show that microscopic and macroscopic stress fields to do not explain the RIM grain boundary fracture during annealing test. The stresses induced by the RIM structural evolution as a function of the temperature is a possible mechanism to explain the overal mechanical behavior of the RIM zone during annealing test.