The experiences and needs of transgendered individuals immediately following a natural or human-caused disaster are largely ignored in practice and absent from previous academic literature. Using Schneider and Ingram's conceptualization of the social construction of target populations as a theoretical framework, the purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences and perspectives of transgendered people who sought shelter in the aftermath of a natural disaster in 2018. Data were collected through interviews with 12 displaced, transgendered individuals to explore their experiences while staying at shelters in 2018. Interview data were transcribed, inductively coded, and then a thematic analysis procedure was applied. According to the key findings, participants perceived internal threats at shelters, which may have prohibited or restricted others in the same population from seeking shelter assistance. Additionally, participants perceived that a lack of understanding of the transgender community may have resulted in dissatisfactory services being provided. Most participants in this study perceived that the biases associated with negative stereotypes were persistent and pervasive, which may have resulted in disparate treatment from cisgender community members. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations to government officials and shelter staff regarding techniques to ensure that shelter services are provided in fair and equitable ways, including the need for additional training related to the unique needs of transgendered populations. Implementing these recommendations may improve shelter conditions for the transgender community and reduce the risks associated with going to evacuation shelters to secure housing during times of disaster.

A relatively recent measure, the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales (PKBS), has been developed to measure both problem behavior and social competence in young children. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the construct validity of the PKBS through the application of several validation procedures. Results of the study support construct validity of the PKBS. In a discriminant analysis, the PKBS classified correctly 89.36% of the 94 subjects. A secondary purpose of this study was to examine social-emotional behavior differences between kindergarten students who were divided into different behavioral status groups based on a teacher nomination procedure: a behaviorally at-risk group comprised of both internalizing and externalizing students and a comparison group of behaviorally typical students. Statistically significant differences were found between groups on most variables.

Mothers care for their infants in various ways, many similar and others more unique, and are influenced by a variety of factors. Influences such as doctors' advice, attending prenatal and child development classes, reading books and magazines, and learning from personal experience contribute to the caregiving decisions mothers make. A type of parenting that focuses on the responsiveness and sensitivity of the mother to the infant's needs is known as natural parenting. Natural parenting involves caregiving practices that are expected to co-occur, such as breastfeeding and frequently maintaining close physical contact with the infant. Two other practices that some mothers find "intuitive" and natural are co-sleeping and singing. Singing, in particular, may or may not be related to natural parenting, but has been found to be culturally universal and offers benefits to the infant's health and development. In this study mothers of 2- to 6-month-old infants were asked about specific caregiving practices, such as feeding, sleeping, carrying, and singing. Mothers' responses were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative responses show how one kind of caregiving decision, such as feeding method, is related to other caregiving decisions, such as where the baby sleeps or whether to sing to the infant. The qualitative ratings delve further into the sources of information and decisions mothers make in their caregiving practices. Practitioners and health agencies may benefit in promoting practices that are beneficial to mothers and infants by knowing how caregiving practices and decisions are related.

Wenig ist bekannt über die gesundheitsrelevanten Effekte von Spielraumgestaltungen im Kindergarten. Deshalb sollten in dieser Studie die Auswirkungen der Neugestaltung des Außengeländes eines Kindergartens untersucht werden. Dazu wurde eine historisch-kontrollierte Studie konzipiert, an der 66 Kinder des Interventionskindergarten St. Jakobus in Versbach / Würzburg teilnahmen. Die Daten von 336 Kindern aus 20 Kontrollkindergärten der PAKT-Studie standen als Kontrollen zur Verfügung. Die Intervention bestand in der vollständigen Neugestaltung des Außen¬geländes des Kindergartens und der Aufstellung eines großen Klettergerätes (Playmobil-Aktivschiff). Die Messungen erfolgten 3 Monate vor und 5-7 Wochen nach der Eröffnung des neuen Außengeländes. Gemessen wurde der zeitliche Anteil an „moderate-and-vigorous physical activity“ (MVPA) mittels Bewegungsmonitoren (GT1M) an 7 Tagen, sowie folgende motorische Tests: Einbeinstand (EIN), Seitliches Hin- und Herspringen (SHH) und Standweitsprung (SW) aus dem Karlsruher Motorik-Screening, Balancieren rückwärts (RB) und Zielwurf auf eine Scheibe aus dem Motoriktest für 4-6 Jährige und das dynamische Balancieren rückwärts (DBR) aus dem Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder. Der DBR wurde nur im Interventionskindergarten durchgeführt. Aus den Z-Werten der Ergebnisse im EIN, SHH, SW wurde ein Motorikgesamtscore als Maß der allgemeinen körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit gebildet. Größe, Gewicht, Hautfaltendicke an vier Körperstellen (über dem Bizeps und dem Trizeps, sowie subskapulär und suprailiakal) und der Blutdruck wurde gemessen (Dinamap 8100, Critikon). Aus Daten des Deutschen Wetterdienstes wurde die mittlere Tagestemperatur am Tag der zweiten Untersuchung bestimmt und bei den Analysen des Blutdrucks berücksichtigt. In zwei Fragebögen wurden Informationen zu familiären, gesundheitlichen und sozioökonomischen Gegebenheiten ermittelt sowie sportliche Aktivitäten in der Freizeit abgefragt. Die Änderungen im MVPA-Anteil an Vormittagen von Werktagen und die Änderungen im Motorikgesamtscore der motorischen Leistungsfähigkeit wurden als primäre Ergebnisvariablen definiert. Für die statistischen Berechnungen wurde PASW Statistics 18 genutzt. Um Gruppenunterschiede zu T1 zu analysieren wurde die Varianzanalyse (ANOVA) verwendet. Für die Längsschnitt¬unter-suchung bei intervallskalierten Variablen wurde die univariate Varianzanalyse genutzt (allgemeines lineares Modell) und Alter, sowie Geschlecht als feste Faktoren, das Ergebnis der Eingangsuntersuchung als Kovariate ins Modell eingeschlossen. Zur Eingangsuntersuchung bestanden folgende signifikante Unterschiede zwischen der Kontroll- und Interventionsgruppe: die Interventionsgruppe waren am Vormittag von Werktagen weniger körperlich aktiv und schnitten schlechter im SHH ab. Im Längsschnitt zeigten sich für die Interventionsgruppe gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe signifikante Verbesserungen in den beiden primären Ergebnisvariablen MVPA-Anteil am Vormittag von Werktagen (p=0,002), sowie im Motorikgesamtscore der motorischen Leistungsfähigkeit (p=0,012). Weitere positive Ergebnisse ergaben sichfür den systolischen Blutdruck (p=0,037 unter Einschluss der mittleren Tagestemperatur als Kovariate). Hingegen stiegen Gewicht (p=0,009), BMI-Perzentile (p= 0,003) und Trizeps-Hautfaltendicke (p<0,001) im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe an. Die attraktive Neugestaltung des Außengeländes eines Kindergartens zeigte sich also erfolgreich, das Bewegungsverhalten und die motorischen Fähigkeiten der Kinder zu fördern. Es konnte auch nachgewiesen werden, dass die mittlere Außentemperatur einen hoch signifikanten Einfluss auf den systolischen Blutdruck hat, weshalb dies in entsprechenden zukünftigen Studien berücksichtigt werden sollte. Trotz Intervention ergab sich im Beobachtungszeitraum eine Zunahme von Gewicht, BMI und subkutanem Fettgewebe. Als Ursache dafür kommen die kurze Beobachtungszeit, sowie die Einschränkungen während der Umbauphase des Außengeländes in Frage. Zukünftige Studien sollten unbedingt auch langfristige Messungen des Gewichts, BMIs und subkutanen Fettgewebes beinhalten, um hier weiter Klarheit zu schaffen. Nach den Ergebnissen dieser Studie stellt die Neugestaltung des Außengeländes in Kindergärten eine effektive Möglichkeit zur Förderung der Gesundheit von Kindern dar. / Background: Low level of physical activity in preschool children, decrease in motor skills und increase in overweight. Aim: study the effects of a preschool playground intervention on physical activity and motor skills Methods: historic control trial, complete renewing of the outdoor playarea and new activity-friendly designed fixed play equipment ("pirate ship"). Tests before and 5-7 weeks after renewing of the playarea. Accelerometry during 7 days, six motor tests, weight, height, BMI, skinfold thickness at 4 locations, blood pressure and pulse. Results: data of 66 children of the intervention group, and 336 children of the "PAKT" control group. Intervention showed significant increase in physical activity and motorskill-score, but aswell significant increse in BMI und skinfold thickness. Systolic blood pressure decreased and the outside temperature showed a significant influence on blood pressure changes. Conclusion: Playground intervention increased physical activity and motor skills after 5-7 weeks. The long time of closure of the playarea, due to the construction work, could explain an increase in BMI and skinfold thickness. Longterm effects on BMI needs further investigation. Studies on blood pressure changes should take the outside temperature into account.

This study explored the many layers involved in young children’s meaning-making as they digitally compose. Utilizing a multimodal, social semiotics theoretical framework to analyze children’s digital compositions using a composing app, this study was designed around one research question: What is the nature of three and four-year-old children’s multimodal meaning making while using a composing app? The qualitative study involved four focal participants from a three- and four-year-old classroom, who attended an inquiry-based lab school in the southeastern United States. The data were collected over a period of eight weeks, where the children were invited to tell their stories using a digital composing app on an iPad. Utilizing a naturalistic observational approach, the composing events were video-recorded and transcribed, capturing both what happened on and off the screen. Utilizing a multimodal analysis, the findings revealed multiple layers in young children’s compositional expression and exposed the importance of how compositions evolve. The affordances of digital tools offered opportunity for children to build layers of meaning and for those layers to be captured in ways not necessarily available before.

Social-emotional competence has received increased attention as being critical to a student's success in the classroom. Social-emotional strengths are multidimensional and include assets such as social competence, self-regulation, empathy, and responsibility; however, previous research has not investigated which of these strengths contribute most to a student's academic success. Additionally, limited research has investigated the use of multiple informants (e.g., parents and teachers) to determine whose perceptions are more predictive of academic achievement in kindergarten students. This study examined the relationship between social-emotional strengths, as rated by parents and teachers on the SEARS (Merrell, 2011), and academic outcomes, using the AIMSweb Tests of Early Literacy (Shinn & Shinn, 2008) and Missing Number Fluency (Clarke & Shinn, 2004b), in kindergarten students (n = 154). A moderate, positive relationship between parent and teacher ratings of social-emotional strengths was obtained. When prior achievement was removed from the regression equation, social competence, as measured by parents, was the only significant predictor of current achievement in early literacy. No social-emotional strength, as rated by parents, was a significant predictor of early math achievement regardless of including or removing prior achievement from the regression equation. Additionally, teacher-rated total strengths were predictive of current achievement in reading, when controlling for prior achievement, and for math, when prior achievement was removed from the equation. Teacher ratings of total strengths were thus found to be more predictive than parent ratings of academic achievement in reading, but not math. Implications of findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The student-teacher relationship (STR) is an important component of a student's success in school. STRs have the potential to serve as an asset for students' well-being and achievement throughout their school career. Current literature suggests that there are two major components of STRs associated with student's academic and behavioral outcomes: closeness and conflict. Research has indicated that STRs characterized by closeness are linked to positive academic and behavior outcomes for students while STRs characterized by conflict are associated with negative academic and behavior outcomes for students. Although research has demonstrated that closeness and conflict have an impact on student outcomes, research on the impact in kindergarten is limited. This study examined the associations between STRs characterized by closeness and conflict with reading, mathematics, and behavior outcomes in kindergarten students (n = 97), as well as the moderating effects of gender on these relationships. Results of the full hierarchical regression models indicated that prior reading and mathematics achievement were the strongest predictors of reading and mathematics outcomes. Closeness did not account for any of the variance in reading, mathematics, or externalizing behavior outcomes. Conflict on the other hand, was a small significant predictor for reading and mathematics outcomes, and a large significant predictor for externalizing behavior outcomes. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Master of Philosophy in Education / Literacy skills include expressive language, oral and written, and receptive language, comprehension. This study explores both aspects of language in six Kindergarten children differing in early literacy development- three judged by teacher assessment to be 'at risk', and three acquiring Kindergarten skills as expected. Oral retellings of a familiar narrative and an unfamiliar story just heard, and a personal recount were taped and analysed using Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar. Comprehension responses to individually shared narratives were also collected and analysed. The children's use of language and comprehension responses varied significantly. Those 'at risk' were unable to retell narratives, needed high levels of support to comprehend texts and produced less cohesive personal recounts. The linguistic analysis revealed vocabulary and rhetorical organisation affected the reconstruction of oral narratives. These children also seemed to find comprehending difficult when questions or recall involved following reference, negotiating marked Theme or drawing inferences. The study was designed as a series of one to one literacy experiences. A listening comprehension test showed that all children except one benefitted from the experience. The findings underline the importance of oral language development and the value of interactive teaching experiences to the attainment of sophisticated literacy skills.

Master of Philosophy in Education / Literacy skills include expressive language, oral and written, and receptive language, comprehension. This study explores both aspects of language in six Kindergarten children differing in early literacy development-three judged by teacher assessment to be 'at risk', and three acquiring Kindergarten literacy skills as expected. Oral retellings of a familiar narrative and an unfamiliar story just heard, and a personal recount were taped and analysed using Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar. Comprehension responses to individually shared narratives were also collected and analysed. The children's use of language and comprehension responses varied significantly. Those 'at risk' were unable to retell narratives, needed high levels of support to comprehend texts and produced less cohesive personal recounts. The linguistic analysis revealed vocabulary and rhetorical organisation affected the reconstruction of oral narratives. These children also seemed to find comprehending difficult when questions or recall involved following reference, negotiating marked Theme or drawing inferences. The study was designed as a series of one to one literacy experiences. A listening comprehension test showed that all children except one benefitted from the experience. The findings underline the importance of oral language development and the value of interactive teaching experiences to the attainment of sophisticated literacy skills.

The aim of the pilot study is to measure changes of attitudes over a period of six months. It is claimed that parents new to a school have only hearsay as a basis for their opinions about the school's functioning and that this is often detrimental to the school. It is hypothesized that these opinions will change and reflect positive attitudes towards the school in relation to the amount of contact experienced. The recording of the survey begins by referring to the paucity of research material on the subject; it continues by describing the method of collecting data on initial opinions by means of interviews, questionnaires and a statements of opinions check sheet; it then analyses changes of opinion by comparing the data of the later August statements of opinions return with the earlier February one; and finally suggests reasons for change by analysing correlations of parental contact and increased positive attitude. The paper concludes with recommendations for further studies and parent education programmes.