Unlicensed driving remains a serious problem for road safety, despite ongoing improvements in traffic law enforcement practices and technology. While it does not play a direct causative role in road crashes, unlicensed driving undermines the integrity of the driver licensing system and is associated with a range of high-risk behaviours. This thesis documents three studies that were undertaken to explore the scope and nature of unlicensed driving, in order to develop more effective countermeasures to the behaviour.----- Study One utilised official road crash data from the Australian state of Queensland to compare the crash involvement patterns of unlicensed drivers with those of licensed drivers. The results confirmed that unlicensed driving is a relatively small, but significant road safety problem. Unlicensed drivers represent over 6% of the drivers involved in fatal crashes and 5% of those in serious injury crashes. Based on a quasi-induced exposure method, unlicensed drivers were found to be almost three times as likely to be involved in a crash than licensed drivers. In the event of a crash, those involving unlicensed drivers were twice as likely to result in a fatality or serious injury. Consistent with these results, the serious crashes involving unlicensed drivers were more likely to feature risky driving behaviours, such as drink driving, speeding and motorcycle use, than those involving licensed drivers.----- Study Two involved a cross-sectional survey of 309 unlicensed driving offenders who were recruited at the Brisbane Central Magistrates Court. The survey involved a face-to-face interview that took approximately 25 minutes to complete and achieved a response rate of 62.4%. A wide range of offenders participated in the study, including: disqualified and suspended drivers; expired licence holders; drivers without a current or appropriate licence; and those who had never been licensed. The results reinforced concerns about the on-road behaviour of unlicensed drivers. Almost one quarter of all the offenders reported driving unlicensed when they thought they might have been over the alcohol limit. Similarly, 25% reported exceeding the speed limit by 10 km/h or more on most or all occasions, while 15% admitted that they didn't always wear their seat belt. In addition, the results indicated that unlicensed drivers should not be viewed as a homogeneous group. Significant differences were found between the offender types in terms of their socio-demographic characteristics (age, education level, prior criminal convictions); driving history (prior convictions for unlicensed driving and other traffic offences); whether they were aware of being unlicensed; the degree to which they limited their driving while unlicensed; and their drink driving behaviour. In particular, a more deviant sub-group of offenders was identified, that included the disqualified, not currently licensed and never licensed drivers, who reported higher levels of prior criminal offending, alcohol misuse and self-reported drink driving. The results of Study Two also highlight the shortcomings of existing police enforcement practices. Almost one-third of the sample reported that they continued to drive unlicensed after being detected by the police (up until the time of the court hearing), while many offenders reported experiences of punishment avoidance. For example, over one third of the participants reported being pulled over by the police while driving unlicensed and not having their licence checked.----- Study Three involved the further analysis of the cross-sectional survey data to explore the factors contributing to unlicensed driving. It examined the influence of various personal, social and environmental factors on three aspects of the offenders' behaviour: the frequency of their driving while unlicensed; whether they continued to drive unlicensed after being detected; and their intentions to drive unlicensed in the future. This study was also designed to assess the capacity of a number of different theoretical perspectives to explain unlicensed driving behaviour, including deterrence theory and Akers' (1977) social learning theory. At an applied level, the results of Study Three indicated that personal and social factors exert the strongest influence over unlicensed driving behaviour. The main personal influences on unlicensed driving were: the need to drive for work purposes; exposure to punishment avoidance; personal attitudes to unlicensed driving; and anticipated punishments for the behaviour. The main social influences reflected the social learning construct of differential association, namely being exposed to significant others who both engage in unlicensed driving (behavioural dimension) and hold positive attitudes to the behaviour (normative dimension). At a theoretical level, the results of Study Three have two important implications for traffic psychology and criminology. Firstly, they provided partial support for Stafford and Warr's (1993) reconceptualisation of deterrence theory by demonstrating that the inclusion of punishment avoidance can improve the overall predictive utility of the perspective. Secondly, they suggested that social learning theory represents a more comprehensive framework for predicting illegal driving behaviours, such as unlicensed driving. This is consistent with Akers' (1977; 1990) assertion that formal deterrence processes can be subsumed within social learning theory.----- Together, the results of the three studies have important implications for road safety. Most importantly, they question the common assumption that unlicensed drivers drive in a more cautious manner to avoid detection. While the findings indicate that many offenders reduce their overall driving exposure in order to avoid detection, this does not appear to result in safer driving. While it remains possible that unlicensed drivers tend to act more cautiously than they would otherwise, it appears that their driving behaviour is primarily designed to reduce their chances of detection. In terms of countermeasures, the research indicates that a multi-strategy approach is required to address the problem of unlicensed driving. Unlicensed drivers do not represent a homogeneous group who are likely to be influenced by the threat of punishment alone. Rather, innovative strategies are required to address the wide range of factors that appear to encourage or facilitate the behaviour. Foremost among these are punishment avoidance and the need to drive for work purposes.

This research examines guanxi's influence on attitudes of the Chinese negotiators during international joint venture negotiations by applying the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM). / Before establishing international joint ventures, foreign and Chinese investors go through series of negotiations to settle or resolve any disagreements. However, the unique Chinese culture and the business environment in the transitional China often impose problems on these cross-cultural negotiations. To cope with these difficulties, foreign investors often use “guanxi” as a negotiation strategy to influence the attitude of the Chinese negotiators. / Guanxi is a cultural element inherent in the Confucian ideology. Being a collectivistic, high-contextual and hierarchical society, China places strong emphasis on guanxi between individuals which does not only represent the identification of individuals but is often used as a means to accomplish tasks. This makes guanxi a powerful tool to overcome many cultural and environmental problems. / By applying the influence of guanxi on the attitude of Chinese negotiators to the Elaboration Likelihood Model in this research, it is proposed that guanxi can motivate Chinese negotiators to think and influence the attitude of the Chinese negotiators under high and low elaboration. Under high elaboration, the attitude change is more predictive, stable, enduring and permanent while attitude change under low elaboration is less predictive, vulnerable, susceptible to counter-persuasion and temporary. / The research adopted the quantitative paradigm using hypothesis testing. A survey was carried out with one hundred and fifty-two questionnaires distributed by the snowball sampling technique. Eighty-three completed questionnaires were returned, accounting for 54.6% response rate. Frequency tables were used to analyse the distribution of the results. Chi-square tests were employed to test the representativeness of the samples to the population and the association between variables. / The results indicate that foreign investors' guanxi with the Chinese investors (GFC), the government (GFG) and other businesses (GFO) can motivate the Chinese negotiators to think (MOT) and influence the attitude of the Chinese negotiators to think (MOT) and influence the attitude of the Chinese negotiators under high (VAL) and low elaboration (ATT). GFC can influence VAL because the investors are bound by insider relationships and reciprocal obligations and influence ATT because it implies renqing between the investors. GFG can influence VAL because the government can update the investors with political changes and influence ATT because Chinese show high respect for the government. GFO can influence VAL because the Chinese investors value highly the relationship with the suppliers to secure necessary inputs for production and allow flexible credit payment. GFO can also influence ATT because it implies social validation of trustworthiness of the foreign investors. / This research has significant contributions to the area of study of the Elaboration Likelihood Model, the influences of guanxi on attitude of negotiators and practical suggestions to the Chinese and foreign negotiators who intend to form international joint ventures in China. / Thesis (PhDBusinessandManagement)--University of South Australia, 2006.

Over the last two decades there has been a tremendous increase in collaboration among competing firms. A significant number of these collaborations are international. This thesis explores the incentives and welfare consequences of collaboration in the context of international trade. We consider two types of cross-border collaborations. The first is collaboration by sharing a part of firms' value creating activities, such as technology development, product design and distribution. This saves on production costs but reduces product distinctiveness. Firms collaborate if and only if the reduction in product distinctiveness is lower than a threshold level. We find that the threshold increases with an increase in trade costs. That is, an increase in trade costs makes collaboration more likely. Higher trade cost lowers competition, which in turn enables the firms to save on fixed costs while forgoing some product distinctiveness. Furthermore, we demonstrate that contrary to standard intuition, higher trade cost could enhance consumers' welfare by inducing competitors to collaborate. We extend our model to endogenise location choice by the firms where collaboration requires co-location (due to the benefit of local spillovers or joint investment in key infrastructures). Unlike the original model, we find that an increase in trade costs can discourage collaboration. In both circumstances, we find that an increase in trade cost can improve consumer surplus. The second type of collaboration considered in this thesis is licensing. We extend the standard licensing literature to an environment where firms compete in the domestic as well as foreign market. We examine how trade cost affects the licensing decision as well as the optimal payment mechanism. We find that an increase in trade costs reduces the possibility of licensing. Concerning the payment mechanism, we find that (i) either royalty or (ii) a two-part tariff (involving a fixed fee as well as royalty payments) is optimal. An increase in trade costs reduces the likelihood of royalty only being the optimal payment mechanism.

This qualitative modified participatory study underpinned by social critical theory explored the experiences of immigrant medical practitioners seeking registration in New Zealand. The occupational science notions of occupation, occupational deprivation and occupational apartheid were used to understand the experiences of the participants. The objective of the study was to understand the experiences of the participants and facilitate their self-empowerment through facilitated dialogue, affording them opportunities for collective action. Data was obtained through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with eighteen immigrant medical practitioners who were doctors and dentists as well as two physiotherapists. The two physiotherapists were sampled out of necessity to explore diversity in findings. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. This method included the processes of coding data into themes and then collapsing themes into major themes which were organised under categories. Four categories were created in the findings describing the experiences of immigrant practitioners and suggesting solutions. Firstly; findings revealed that immigrant medical practitioners had a potential worth being utilised in New Zealand. Secondly; it was found that these participants faced negative and disabling experiences in the process of being registered. Thirdly; the emotional consequences of the negative experiences were described in the study. Fourthly; there were collectively suggested solutions where the participants felt that their problems could be alleviated by support systems modelled in other Western English speaking countries that have hosted high numbers of immigrant medical practitioners from non-English speaking countries. This collective action was consistent with the emancipatory intent of participatory research informed by social critical theory. This study resulted in drawing conclusions about the implications of the participants’ experiences to well-being, occupational satisfaction as well as diverse workforce development initiatives. This study is also significant in policy making as it spelt out the specific problems faced by participants and made recommendations on what can be done to effectively utilise and benefit from the skills of immigrant medical practitioners. A multi-agency approach involving key stakeholders from the government departments, regulatory authorities, medical schools and immigrant practitioners themselves is suggested as a possible approach to solving the problems faced by these practitioners.

Thesis (M.A.)--McGill University, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [149]-157).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 1992. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-144).

Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 14, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-01-20T12:58:37Z No. of bitstreams: 3 CristianePaschoin2_Parte1.pdf: 1369690 bytes, checksum: 207e20e5c6ac491c3994df5a37f4353c (MD5) CristianePaschoin2_Parte2.pdf: 1323962 bytes, checksum: 90a1f4290c78d4a699ff62b0d386a158 (MD5) CristianePaschoin2_Parte3.pdf: 3443580 bytes, checksum: 07df2497e0c8895d19589c1a284455c5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-20T12:58:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 CristianePaschoin2_Parte1.pdf: 1369690 bytes, checksum: 207e20e5c6ac491c3994df5a37f4353c (MD5) CristianePaschoin2_Parte2.pdf: 1323962 bytes, checksum: 90a1f4290c78d4a699ff62b0d386a158 (MD5) CristianePaschoin2_Parte3.pdf: 3443580 bytes, checksum: 07df2497e0c8895d19589c1a284455c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-22 / The Social Communication programs in road projects are planned in most environmental studies when there is the need to carry out environmental licensing and the participation of social groups in the enterprise. These programs take the preventive nature of the project and are usually instituted to ensure environmental quality, seeking a balance between economic and social development and environmental conservation. In this sense, the implementation of road projects generates impacts on the environment and the whole society, because, in addition to altering the physical characteristics of the region, they significantly interfere in people's daily lives. This study aims to analyze the requirements of the Social Communication Program, the Basic Plan Environmental Mario Covas Ring Road - Excerpt East, as well as be about underlying issues, such as drawing a rodoviarismo panorama in Brazil; make a historical environmental licensing; discuss the importance of business and the media in the alignment of social responsibility; and finally understand the communication processes and social interaction during the construction of the highway, assessing to what extent the media plays a mediating role in the development of relations with the affected social groups. For this, as a case study, the Mario Covas Ring Road - Eastern Section was used as reference and descriptive research and field research to evaluate this relationship with the affected communities. As a result of this research, we found that the Social Communication Program during the implementation of the project was insufficient, as it did not fulfill its initial objectives, and did not advance as a mediator in relations. / Os programas de Comunicação Social em empreendimentos rodoviários são previstos na maioria dos estudos ambientais, quando há a necessidade de efetivar o licenciamento ambiental e a participação de grupos sociais no empreendimento. Esses programas assumem o caráter preventivo do projeto e normalmente são instituídos para garantir a qualidade ambiental, buscando o equilíbrio entre o desenvolvimento econômico-social e a conservação do meio ambiente. Nesse sentido, a implantação de empreendimentos rodoviários gera impactos no meio ambiente e na sociedade toda, pois, além de alterarem as características físicas da região, eles interferem significativamente no cotidiano das pessoas. Este estudo pretende analisar os requisitos previstos no Programa de Comunicação Social, do Plano Básico Ambiental do Rodoanel Mário Covas - Trecho Leste, bem como versar sobre temas subjacentes, tais como: traçar um panorama do rodoviarismo no Brasil; fazer um resgate histórico do licenciamento ambiental; discutir a importância da comunicação empresarial e social no alinhamento das ações de responsabilidade social; e, finalmente, compreender os processos comunicacionais e a interação social durante a construção da rodovia, avaliando em que medida a comunicação social desempenha um papel mediador nas relações do empreendimento com os grupos sociais atingidos. Para isso, como estudo de caso, o Rodoanel Mário Covas – Trecho Leste foi utilizado como referência, bem como a pesquisa descritiva e pesquisa de campo, visando avaliar esta relação com as comunidades afetadas. Como resultado desta pesquisa, foi possível verificar que o Programa de Comunicação Social durante a implementação do empreendimento, foi insuficiente, à medida que não cumpriu seus objetivos iniciais, e não avançou como mediador nas relações.

Moral licensing is a cognitive bias, which enables individuals to behave immorally without threatening their self-image of being a moral person. We investigate this phenomenon in a cross-cultural marketing context. More specifically, this paper addresses the questions (i) how big moral licensing effects typically are and (ii) which factors systematically influence the size of this effect. We approach these questions by conducting a meta-analysis and a meta-regression. Based on a random effects model, the point estimate for the generalized effect size Cohen's d is 0.319 (SE = 0.046; N = 106). Results of a meta-regression advance theory, by showing for the first time that both cultural background and type of comparison explain a substantial amount of the total variation of the effect size of moral licensing. Marketing practitioners wishing to capitalize on moral licensing effects should therefore consider cross-cultural difference, since marketing measures building on this effect may lead to different revenues in different countries.

No description available.