The general motivation behind my research interests is a desire to find ways of harnessing the system of Japan¡¦s Intellectual Property Trust and Technology Transfer . The majority of my research work has focused on the development and validation of Secondary Data Analysis¡BHistorical trend research method and Induction research methods used to address Japan's Intellectual Property Trust system. My initial research focus was on Japan's Intellectual Property Trust system after 1980's Japan-US trade friction and after revised Trust Business Law in 2004. My thesis is committed to exploring the Japan¡¦s Intellectual Property Trust and Technology Transfer system, this thesis is divided into five chapters, to explore the Intellectual Property Trust and Technology Transfer system between Taiwan and Japan, to explain how the Japanese government actively utilize the economic benefits of Technology Licensing Organization¡BIntellectual Property Trust and Technology Transfer, active innovation expertise and knowledge production mode, and by the proposed University of Tokyo and Tsukuba University case study to explore the planning of the legal system under the current system in Taiwan. Therefore, the future of Taiwan's technology transfer organization is faced with strengthening its function and transformation, in addition to proper management of intellectual property rights. Thus Taiwan government must achieve its objectives of utilizing the intellectual property trust model. While Taiwan today is facing the opportunity of the reform of intellectual property rights of thinking, she should not overlook the effectiveness of his country.

In United States and other developed economies, technology transfer is a very important issue. The success of technology transfer is related with industrial upgrade and the development of economics. It is also a key mechanism to efficiently use those research achievements of universities to commercialize and transfer those valuable technologies. There are many research institutions and agricultural technology research organizations in Taiwan. Because the government support the research organizations continuously, Taiwan¡¦s universities has many valuable research results. In the age valuable Intellectual Pattern Right, the formal intellectual property rights, including patents, technological transfer, and the technological licensing, are still little in Taiwan¡¦s universities. So this research¡¦s main idea is to find a ideal model of the technology licensing office based on the processes of technology commercialization and u.s universities¡¦ experiences. The method utilized for collecting data in this thesis was to interview with the experts, researchers and governmental officers to gather the primary information. The other was to gather the secondary information, including research papers, books, theses, and magazines from the On-line databases and libraries. This thesis analyzes the technology transfer system and management policies based on five different points of view, i.e., the initial stage of technology development, the incubation of new technology, the resource attainment , demo of new technology, and the promotion. The important result observed from the thesis is that the degree of commercialization of the research results is not enough. In addition, Taiwan¡¦s technology transfer center just provide limited function. So, there are only few patents and royalties from technological transfer and low ratio of successful commercialization in Taiwan¡¦s universities. Meanwhile, most technology transfer in Taiwan happened through informal channel. So, the effects on technology transfer centers are not so strong. Three suggestions are drawn from the thesis: (1). The IPR conception of researchers is not enough. Researchers should be encouraged to apply pattens and IPR to improve the quality and quantity of Taiwan¡¦s intellectual property. (2). The technology transfer center should clarify the value of the research results and play the role of connection between industry and research institutions. (3). The regulations of IPR in Taiwan should be quickly updated to catch up the fast advancement of technologies.. Furthermore, the infrastructures of agriculture-related IPR management system should be built-up well. keyword¡Gtechnology transfer center¡Buniversity technology transfer¡BIntellectual Patten Right¡Btechnology licensing¡Btechnology commercialization.

Innovation is widely recognized as a key to economic growth. Most research on the innovation process has focused on the results of R&D projects. The positive relation between R&D intensity as an input and innovative performance as an output has become the canonical image for research on innovation. While R&D is an important input to innovation, there is growing evidence that a significant share of innovation is not born from R&D. Much of this non-R&D innovation consists of incremental improvements to existing products, or process innovations, although non-R&D innovation is not limited to these kinds of improvements. Non-R&D innovations can also come from problem solving activities or pursuit of new product ideas outside of a formal R&D project. Such activities would be missed in innovation accounts based on regular, formal R&D. Given the importance of innovation for the sociology and economics of science, and the central role of innovation in policy debates, this study expands the study of innovation to include non-R&D innovations and analyzes the drivers and outcomes of non-R&D compared to R&D-based innovations, with the goal of improving science and innovation policy by: examining the concept of innovation from different theoretical perspectives (Chapter 2), creating new measures and improving understanding of existing measures (Chapter 3), developing new models of the innovation process based on knowledge and learning that expand beyond the existing emphasis on R&D inputs (Chapter 4), and different participation of R&D and non-R&D innovations in markets for technology (Chapter 5). The main results show that the relative effectiveness of learning by R&D and non-R&D for innovation is contingent on nature of knowledge, characterized by generality (i.e., high mobility/transferability) and visibility (i.e., tighter links between actions and outcomes), and that non-R&D inventions are less likely to engage in the licensing market, but are more likely to have exclusivity clauses than R&D inventions. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for management of innovation and innovation policy.

Η παρούσα εργασία είχε ως αντικείμενο, αρχικά, τη δημιουργία υβριδικών μορφών της πρωτεΐνης Geminin- ενός αρνητικού ρυθμιστή του κυτταρικού κύκλου- με το φθορίζον μόριο GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein). Πραγματοποιήθηκε τόσο αμινοτελική όσο και καρβοξυτελική σύντηξη της Geminin με το μόριο-ιχνηθέτη, έτσι ώστε να μελετηθεί η συμπεριφορά του νέου, υβριδικού μορίου και στις δύο περιπτώσεις και να εξεταστεί εάν ο προσανατολισμός της GFP πρωτεΐνης δύναται να μεταβάλλει το χαρακτήρα της σημασμένης πρωτεΐνης. Ακολούθησε ανίχνευση και παρακολούθηση καθενός υβριδικού μορίου σε ανθρώπινα καρκινικά κύτταρα μετά από διαμόλυνση για μικρό (παροδική διαμόλυνση διάρκειας 22 ωρών) ή μεγαλύτερο χρονικό διάστημα (σταθερά διαμολυσμένες κυτταρικές σειρές). Ο χαρακτηρισμός των φθοριζουσών μορφών της Geminin περιελάμβανε μελέτη τόσο του υποκυτταρικού εντοπισμού όσο και της χρονικής έκφρασης των μορίων και σύγκριση με τα αντίστοιχα χαρακτηριστικά του ενδογενούς μορίου. Ανάλυση του ενδοκυτταρικού εντοπισμού τόσο της καρβοξυτελικής όσο και της αμινοτελικής σύντηξης της Geminin με τη GFP, αποκάλυψε, εκτός του πυρηνικού φαινοτύπου, που παρατηρείται φυσιολογικά για το ενδογενές μόριο, σημαντικό ποσοστό παροδικά διαμολυσμένων κυττάρων με τα υβριδικά μόρια εκτός του πυρηνικού διαμερίσματος. Ο φαινότυπος αυτός εμφανίζεται – σε μικρότερο ποσοστό- ακόμη και στην περίπτωση σταθερά διαμολυσμένων κυττάρων, όπου τα επίπεδα έκφρασης της πρωτεΐνης Geminin-GFP είναι παρόμοια με τα αντίστοιχα του ενδογενούς μορίου. Στη σειρά αυτή, το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό κυττάρων, παρά την ισχυρή μεταγραφική δραστηριότητα που προσδίδει ο CMV υποκινητής, εκφράζει το εξωγενές μόριο σύμφωνα με το πρότυπο που παρουσιάζει η ενδογενής Geminin, δηλαδή κατά τις φάσεις S και G1. Επομένως, η ρύθμιση της Geminin-GFP υβριδικής πρωτεΐνης πραγματοποιείται σε μεγάλο βαθμό σε μετα-μεταγραφικό επίπεδο. Ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζει το γεγονός ότι η αλλαγή στην ενδοκυτταρική κατανομή του υβριδικού μορίου δεν παρουσιάζει τυχαία χρονική εμφάνιση. Το γεγονός ότι εμφανίζεται αποκλειστικά σε αρνητικά για κυκλίνη Α κύτταρα, φανερώνει την ύπαρξη συσχέτισης με τη φάση του κυτταρικού κύκλου και μάλιστα υποδηλώνει την επιλεκτική έξοδό της από τον πυρήνα κατά τη φάση G1. Πιθανόν, η έξοδος της Geminin από τον πυρήνα κατά τη φάση αυτή, να διασφαλίζει τη διεκπεραίωση της διαδικασίας της αδειοδότησης του γενετικού υλικού –αναστολέας της oποίας είναι η Geminin και κατ’ επέκταση την πρόοδο του κυτταρικού κύκλου Το φαινόμενο αυτό χρήζει περαιτέρω διερεύνησης μιας και η αλλαγή στην ενδοκυτταρική κατανομή πολλών ρυθμιστικών μορίων αποτελεί έναν αποδοτικό τρόπο ελέγχου της γονιδιακής έκφρασης στους ευκαρυωτικούς οργανισμούς, ενώ παράλληλα φαίνεται να επηρεάζει πολλές ζωτικής σημασίας λειτουργίες. / The aim of the present study was the construction of fused forms of Geminin- a negative cell cycle regulator-with GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein). Amino- and carboxy terminal fusions of Geminin and GFP were performed, in order to study the behaviour of the hybrid molecule in both cases and to examine if the orientation of the reporter gene can interfere with the character of the new molecule. Each fused molecule was either transiently or stably transfected in human cancer cells and its behaviour was studied. The characterization of the fluorescent molecules of Geminin was performed at the level of subcellular localization and regulation throughout the cell cycle and was compared to the endogenous characteristics. Analysis of the subcellular distribution of both fused forms, revealed -apart from the nuclear phenotype, normally observed- a significant percentage of transiently transfected cells, where the hybrid molecules were excluded from the nucleus. This phenotype was observed- though less strongly- in the case of stably transfected cells, where the expression levels of Geminin-GFP protein are similar to the endogenous molecule. The majority of these cells, despite the strong CMV driven transcriptional activity, express Geminin-GFP during S and G1 phase, like the endogenous protein, suggesting that the regulation of Geminin-GFP is performed mainly at post-transcriptional level. This nuclear exclusion was observed according to a cell cycle- dependent manner. The phenomenon of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of many proteins seems to be a very efficient way of controlling gene expression in eukaryotes. In order to elucidate the role of sucellular distribution of Geminin-GFP in cell cycle regulation, further examination of this phenomenon is needed.

Η χρονική και χωρική ρύθμιση της έναρξης της αντιγραφής του DNA συντονίζεται από τη διαδικασία της «αδειοδότησης της αντιγραφής», η οποία εξασφαλίζει ότι η αντιγραφή θα λάβει χώρα μόνο μία φορά ανά κυτταρικό κύκλο. Η αδειοδότηση της αντιγραφής περιλαμβάνει την κατά βήμα συγκρότηση ενός συμπλόκου πρωτεϊνών, του προαντιγραφικού συμπλόκου, στις περιοχές έναρξης της αντιγραφής. Μείζον συστατικό του συμπλόκου αυτού είναι η πρωτεΐνη Cdt1, η οποία επίσης αποτελεί πρωτεολυτικό στόχο των σημείων ελέγχου κυττάρων που φέρουν βλάβες στο DNA. Στα μετάζωα, υπάρχει μια μικρή πρωτεΐνη καλούμενη Geminin, η οποία προσδένεται στην πρωτεΐνη Cdt1, αναστέλλοντας την αδειοδότηση της αντιγραφής. Η πρωτεΐνη Geminin αλληλεπιδρά με ομοιοτικούς μεταγραφικούς παράγοντες και πρωτεΐνες που αναδιαμορφώνουν τη χρωματίνη και πιστεύεται ότι αποτελεί πιθανό κρίκο που συνδέει τις διαδικασίες του κυτταρικού κύκλου και της διαφοροποίησης. Στην παρούσα μελέτη δείξαμε πως η πρωτεΐνη Geminin κατατμείται σε πρωτογενή κύτταρα και καρκινικές κυτταρικές σειρές που οδηγούνται προς απόπτωση. Η κατάτμηση της πρωτεΐνης Geminin διαμεσολαβείται από την κασπάση- 3 τόσο in vivo όσο και in vitro. Δύο περιοχές στο καρβοξυτελικό τμήμα της Geminin (Κ1 και Κ2), στοχεύονται κατά την απόπτωση προκαλώντας τη δημιουργία θρυσμάτων της πρωτεΐνης Geminin. Δείξαμε ότι η κατάτμηση της πρωτεΐνης Geminin στη θέση Κ1 προάγει τον αποπτωτικό φαινότυπο και ρυθμίζεται μέσω φωσφορυλίωσης από την κινάση Casein Kinase II. Αντίθετα, μετά από κατάτμηση στη θέση Κ2, η πρωτεΐνη Geminin χάνει την ικανότητα αλληλεπίδρασης με την πρωτεΐνη Brm, καταλυτική υπομονάδα του συμπλόκου αναδιαμόρφωσης της χρωματίνης SWI/SNF, ενώ διατηρεί την ικανότητα να προσδένεται στην πρωτεΐνη Cdt1, υποδεικνύοντας πως η στόχευση της πρωτεΐνης Geminin κατά την απόπτωση, επηρεάζει διαφορικά τη λειτουργία του μορίου. Στο δεύτερο μέρος της εργασίας διερευνήσαμε τη ρύθμιση της πρωτεΐνης Cdt1 στο χώρο και στο χρόνο σε κύτταρα με βλάβες στο DNA. Για το σκοπό αυτό, χαρακτηρίσαμε μια μέθοδο που προκαλεί εντοπισμένες βλάβες στο DNA των κυττάρων, βασιζόμενη στη χρήση ενός παλμικού UVA laser. Με τη χρήση της μεθόδου αυτής, δείξαμε ότι η πρωτεΐνη Cdt1 συσσωρεύεται στην περιοχή της βλάβης τόσο σε καρκινικά όσο και πρωτογενή κύτταρα, παράλληλα με πρωτεΐνες που εμπλέκονται στην κυτταρική απόκριση στη βλάβη (γH2AX, BRCA1, MRE11, Ku70, pATM κ.ά.). Η συσσώρευση της πρωτεΐνης Cdt1 λαμβάνει χώρα ταχύτατα και προηγείται της αποικοδόμησής της. Με τη δημιουργία μεταλλαγμένων μορφών της πρωτεΐνης Cdt1 και την καταστολή της έκφρασης πρωτεϊνών που αλληλεπιδρούν με την πρωτεΐνη Cdt1 με τη χρήση siRNA, δείξαμε πως η στρατολόγηση της πρωτεΐνης Cdt1 στην περιοχή της βλάβης απαιτεί αλληλεπίδραση με την πρωτεΐνη PCNA. Βρέθηκε πως η πρωτεΐνη Cdt2, που αποτελεί μέλος του συμπλόκου της λιγάσης της ουβικουϊτίνης Cul4-DDB1Cdt2 επίσης στρατολογείται στην περιοχή της βλάβης. Ποσοτικοποίηση της κινητικής συσσώρευσης πρωτεϊνών στην περιοχή της βλάβης έδειξε ότι η συσσώρευση της πρωτεΐνης Cdt1 υφίσταται κορεσμό νωρίτερα από τις πρωτεΐνες PCNA και Cdt2, ενώ αποσιώπηση της πρωτεΐνης Cdt1 δεν επηρεάζει τη στρατολόγηση των πρωτεϊνών PCNA και Cdt2. Πειράματα προσδιορισμού κινητικών αλληλεπιδράσεων με τη μέθοδο FRAP, έδειξαν ότι η πρωτεΐνη PCNA παραμένει σταθερά προσδεδεμένη στην περιοχή της βλάβης, ενώ η πρωτεΐνη Cdt1 εμφανίζει ιδιαίτερα γρήγορη κινητική. Οι μελέτες αυτές οδηγούν στο συμπέρασμα ότι η πρόκληση εντοπισμένης βλάβης στο DNA οδηγεί σε εντοπισμένη κυτταρική απόκριση και στη στρατολόγηση της πρωτεΐνης PCNA στην περιοχή της βλάβης η οποία δρά ως ικρίωμα για τη δυναμική αλληλεπίδραση της πρωτεΐνης Cdt1. Συμπερασματικά, στο πρώτο μέρος της διδακτορική διατριβής περιγράφεται για πρώτη φορά ότι η πρωτεϊνη Geminin στοχεύεται για κατάτμηση κατά την απόπτωση, διαλευκάνονται τα μοριακά μονοπάτια που ρυθμίζουν το φαινόμενο αυτό και διερευνάται η φυσιολογική του σημασία. Προτείνεται ότι η στόχευση της Geminin από την κασπάση 3 επηρεάζει τη φυσιολογική ισορροπία μεταξύ κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού και διαφοροποίησης. Στο δεύτερο μέρος της διδακτορικής διατριβής δείχνεται ότι η πρωτεϊνη Cdt1 στρατολογείται σε περιοχές της χρωματίνης που φέρους βλάβες στο DNA. Η στρατολόγηση της πρωτεΐνης Cdt1 στην περιοχή της βλάβης, παράλληλα με πρωτεϊνες απόκρισης στη βλάβη όπως οι BRCA1, pATM και Ku70, οδηγεί σε μία νέα υπόθεση για πιθανή εμπλοκή της πρωτεϊνης Cdt1 στην κυτταρική απόκριση σε βλάβες στο DNA. / The timely initiation of DNA replication is achieved through a process called licensing, which ensures that only after passage through mitosis the chromatin becomes competent for a new round of DNA replication. Licensing involves the stepwise formation of a multiprotein complex at the origins of replication, called prereplicative complex. A major component of this complex is Cdt1, which is also a critical and evolutionarily conserved proteolytic target of the DNA damage checkpoint. In metazoans, a small protein called Geminin binds to Cdt1, inhibiting replication licensing. Geminin has been proposed to coordinate cell cycle and differentiation events through balanced interactions with the cell cycle regulator Cdt1 and with homeobox transcription factors and chromatin remodeling activities implicated in cell fate decisions. Here we show that Geminin is cleaved in primary cells and cancer cell lines induced to undergo apoptosis by a variety of stimuli. Geminin targeting is mediated by caspase-3 both in vivo and in vitro. Two sites at the carboxyl terminus of Geminin are cleaved by the caspase (termed K1 and K2), producing truncated forms of Geminin. We provide evidence that Geminin cleavage is regulated by phosphorylation by Casein kinase II. Geminin cleaved at site K1 has a proapoptotic effect. Geminin cleaved at the site K2 has lost the ability to interact with Brahma (Brm), a catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, while binding efficiently to Cdt1, indicating that targeting of Geminin during apoptosis differentially affects interactions with its binding partners. In the second part of this thesis, we investigated the spatiotemporal regulation of Cdt1 in DNA-damaged cells. We introduced and characterized a method of inducing localized DNA damage, based on a UVA-pulsed laser. Using this method, we show that Cdt1 is recruited at the site of damage in parallel to the recruitment of known response factors, such as γH2AX, BRCA1, MRE11, Ku70 etc. Cdt1 recruitment at the site of damage precedes its degradation in both cancer cell lines and primary cells. Mutated forms of Cdt1 and siRNA for Cdt1-interacting proteins show that Cdt1 accumulation at the site of damage requires interactions with the protein PCNA. In addition, we found that Cdt2, a member of the Cul4-DDB1Cdt2 complex that ubiquitinates Cdt1 after DNA damage, is recruited at the site of damage. Experiments of knocking down the protein expression using siRNA and quantification of the recruitment kinetics address the molecular interplay of these proteins for the recruitment at the site of damage, while FRAP experiments revealed their dynamics. Taken together our results suggest that following DNA damage, PCNA is recruited to the site of damage, and acts as a scaffold for the dynamic interaction of Cdt1 with the damaged sites. The accumulation of Cdt1 at the site of damage suggest a possible involvement this cell cycle regulator in the DNA damage response.

This work develops a means to encourage states to take advantage of the flexibilities of compulsory licensing in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) which promotes access to medicines in a public health emergency. In pursuing this solution, the precautionary approach (PA) and the structure of risk analysis have been adopted as a means to build a workable reading of TRIPS and to help states embody the flexibilities of intellectual property (IP). This work argues for a PA reading of TRIPS and that states have the precautionary entitlements to determine an appropriate level of health protection from the perspective of “State responsibility” in international law. A philosophical review is conducted followed by the examination of existing international legal instruments including the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, the WHO International Health Regulations, the Codex Alimentarius, and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. The PA has been found to have a pervasive influence on risk regulation in international law, yet the application is fraught with fragmentations in different legal regimes. In order to reach a harmonious interpretation and application of the PA in the WTO, the legal status of PAs of different WTO instruments have been analysed. Further, a comparative study on PAs in terms of legal status in the exemptions of the WTO and TRIPS obligations has been proposed. The political and moral basis for compulsory licencing in a public health emergency has been bolstered through the interpretation and the creation of legal status of the PA in WTO/TRIPS law.

Abusive supervision research has found that subordinates engage in deviance following abuse despite the negative consequences of doing so. Why do individuals engage in deviance despite the expected sanctions? To explain this relationship a model is proposed based on moral licensing theory wherein the relationship of abusive supervision and subsequent negative voluntary work behaviors will be moderated by the extent to which subordinates performed positive voluntary work behaviors. In Study 1, I demonstrate that high organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) as rated by subordinates’ significant others significantly increased the relationship between abusive supervision and organizational deviance, while the relationship was not significant at low levels of significant other rated OCB. In Study 2 I replicate and extend this finding using time-lagged data, finding that in the context of abusive supervision, OCB directed at the supervisor at day t significantly increased the incidence of counterproductive work behaviors directed at the supervisor and organization at day t + 1. Implications for moral licensing and abusive supervision research are discussed.

Resource limitation and inadequate capabilities are the SME’s major problems. On this basis, alliances as vehicles of inter-firm collaboration provide opportunities for SMEs to obtain complementary capabilities and critical resources to overcome resource limitations. In this respect, examining the extant literature on non-equity strategic alliances shows that very few studies have empirically examined the impact of these alliances, such as inward international licensing (IIL) on SMEs’ dynamic capabilities (e.g. absorptive capacity and networking capability) in developing context. Consequently, to close this research gap, the purpose of this study is to examine and explore the major impacts of inward international licensing (IIL) on dynamic capabilities of SMEs, with focus on absorptive capacity (ACAP) and networking capability (NC) in a developing economy context (Iran). This study is focused on pharmaceutical SMEs involved in international business activities through inward international licensing (IIL). The study is explorative, qualitative and elaborative in nature. The dominant analytical approach in this study was abductive. Given the research type (nature), a multiple-case study was selected as an appropriate research strategy to achieve the research purpose and objectives. All cases were selected purposefully. The data were collected from four pharmaceutical SMEs (licensees) with licenses from European pharmaceutical largescale enterprises (LSEs). The results of the first part of this study reveal that in all cases studied, inward international licensing (IIL) has a strong effect on absorptive capacity (ACAP) and networking capability (NC). In this regard, all absorptive factors (AFs), namely acquisition, assimilation, transformation, and exploitation, have been enhanced by influenced contextual factors (CFs) of ACAP. The SMEs’ management and strategy, human resources, internal knowledge, and inter and intra-firm relationships, as several contextual factors (CF) of ACAP, have been forcefully influenced by inward international licensing (IIL). The second part of the empirical results indicates that the international licensing alliance between SMEs and LSEs helps the development of SMEs’ networking capability as well. This was particularly significant in development of the main components of networking capability, such as relationship initiation capability (RIC) and relationship developing capability (RDC).

I study the role of licensed technologies in the R&D development process, the knowledge assimilation mechanism and the patent litigation procedure. I document that the use and adoption of licensed technologies is not a linear process and it has important strategic consequences. First, I focus on the joint effect of external and internal technologies and possible firm-level drivers of this relation. I find that, on average, internal R&D and licensing investments are neither complements nor substitutes. However, firms with higher levels of absorptive capacity, economies of scope, and past licensing experience are able to create positive synergies by combining the two types of investments. In addition, I find that the integration and the adoption of external technology may be limited by internal knowledge accumulation. Firms that experience an inward oriented knowledge accumulation process need to balance the trade-off between internal knowledge reliance and external knowledge assimilation. The negative relation between internal and external knowledge is positively mitigated by two organizational factors: absorptive capacity and the level of decentralization. Finally, assuming that companies are able to adopt external technologies, I find that licensed patents are more reliable than internal ones. In other words, external patents increase the probability of winning a patent lawsuit. Under this circumstance, firms are able to reduce patent uncertainty, limit market entry, and protect future revenue streams.

Employing institutional ethnography, this research is an examination of the everyday activities of mothers who provide licensed family child care in their homes in the southern region of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. From this standpoint, I map the work of being licensed to show how their activities, homes and families become articulated to the textual organization of an institutional matrix of regulation. While the institutional matrix is conceptually organized around ensuring the provision of quality child care, family child care providers’ descriptions of their work to maintain licensure illustrate how they find themselves acquiescing to and/ or challenging the ways in which their work is co-ordinated for the administrative purposes of legal compliance with minimum health and safety standards. / Graduate / 0626 / 0518 / 0630 / naomi.northstar@gmail.com