This thesis has evaluated the effectiveness of GDL programs both in New Jersey and across the United States using several metrics. The New Jersey GDL program was analyzed because it is considered one of the most stringent programs in the country. It was found that GDL indeed reduces the per capita rate of crashes for teen drivers in New Jersey. However, no statistical difference was seen in the rate of fatalities in teen driver crashes. The per capita rate of violations for 16 and 17 year old drivers was lower after GDL, but the rate of point-carrying violations increased for 19 and 20 year old drivers who were licensed under GDL. The September, 2008 directive by the New Jersey Attorney General banning plea-agreements for teens significantly reduced the rate of violations further for 16 and 17 year old GDL drivers. The factors that led to teen crashes did not change in the United States after GDL. Teen drivers are still prone to distractions and inappropriate behavior while driving. Teen drivers also have higher rates of control loss and road departure crashes when compared to adults. Finally, it was found changes in the number teen driver crashes and fatalities are associated with similar changes in travel exposure. Teen crashes and fatalities have dropped with the implementation of GDL but teen VMT has also dropped. Graduated driver's licensing did not change the reasons for teen driver crashes. Also, it is likely that any reductions in the number of teen crashes or fatalities are associated with reductions in exposure and not changes in teen driver behavior. / Ph. D.

Since the 1950s, interior decoration evolved into interior design. Throughout the 1970s, all of the components for professionalization were in place, but it was not until the 1990s that the final transformation made interior design into a profession. This dissertation documents these changes and posits that is the conflicts inherent in the process of licensure transformed it into a profession. The transformation of interior design is examined through the lens of the theory of professions, especially Andrew Abbott's delineation of transformation through conflict. The historical case studies of the legislative process were of the District of Columbia, which has practice legislation; the Commonwealth of Virginia; which has title legislation; and the State of Ohio, which has no licensing of interior designers as of 2007. Data collection was by interviews with participants of the process of licensure and with the leadership of the interior design community. In addition, primary and secondary documents examined include books, journals, trade magazines, and documents from professional organizations. Specifically, this dissertation addresses these questions: Is interior design a profession? If so, what forces transformed interior design into a profession? And, how is interior design different from architecture? This dissertation posits that interior design is unique from architecture because it developed in home economic programs at state universities during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. In this locale, the primary focus of interior design was the micro-environment based on the theory of behavior. This gives students and practitioners a unique viewpoint that allows for the consideration for each end user as integral to the design process. These attributes contribute to the unique qualities of the services interior design offers and separate it from those of architecture. A simplified definition of interior design that I developed is that interior design utilizes the theory of behavior to design spaces in a micro-environment that function at a safe and efficient level for every end user and are aesthetically pleasing. Finally, interior designers need to understand that the strength of their position in the built environment is in the unique services they offers and celebrate their qualities as outlined in this document. / Ph. D.

品牌授權策略為目前國內諸多企業採行的一種品牌發展策略，一般來說， 藉由品牌授權的過程中，企業可以彌補公司財務、研發、設計等專業領域 資源的不足，並且學習授權者在品牌經營方面之管理技能，以培養公司之 競爭優勢。由於台灣企業大部份係以ＯＥＭ或ＯＤＭ之經營型態逐步發展 ，如何藉由國際性合作策略的運用，幫助企業迅速的成長，縮短自我摸索 的學習時間，以避免公司因資源限制而無法突破成長的瓶頸，達到自創品 牌的最終目的。本論文之目的乃在於了解品牌授權策略對於國內企業的影 響，研究重點主要乃從品牌來源國、產品生命週期、公司資源等三個構面 ，探討企業採行品牌授權策略的動機，及其品牌授權的現況與發展類型， 並分析品牌授權對於企業之助益為何。本研究藉由七家已採行品牌授權的 廠商為個案公司，利用人員訪問的方式，了解各公司品牌授權的實際發展 過程，並探討外貿協會小歐洲計劃小組之功能與角色，推衍出十個主要命 題。命題1 ：若產品受限於品牌來源國效果，企業會希望藉由品牌授權策 略以進入較高品級之產品區隔。命題2 ：產品之生命週期階段會影響企業 採行品牌授權策略之動機。命題3 ：資源愈缺乏，企業愈希望藉由品牌授 權策略來增加公司資源，提高競爭優勢。命題4 ：企業為了降低品牌經營 風險，會採取多授權品牌策略。命題5 ：企業為滿足消費者多元化之需求 ，會採取多授權品牌策略。命題6 ：企業為達到範疇經濟，會探取多授權 品牌策略。命題7 ：長期上企業可採用自創品牌策略或購併品牌的方式， 以降低品牌授權的風險。命題8 ：品牌授權合作雙方資源型態呈互補時， 品牌授權契約關係會較穩定。命題9 ：企業可利用品牌授權策略以累積自 創品牌所需的資源。命題10：企業可藉由品牌授權策略，以提高公司知名 度及產品品質形象。本研究根據以上命題，歸納出以下幾個結論：一、品 牌授權策略可以為企業降低品牌經營風險。二、品牌授權策略為一過渡期 品牌策略。三、品牌授權策略可以迅速累積公司資源。四、品牌授權策略 與自創品牌策略並不互斥。五、靈活運用品牌授權策略，將有助於公司品 牌經營。六、品牌授權策略為一資源共享的合作策略。

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-04-10T16:42:50Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T16:42:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-04-10T16:42:50Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T16:42:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para implementação de uma estrutura regulatória integrada com abordagem em qualidade e meio ambiente no processo de licenciamento de reatores nucleares de pesquisa no Brasil. A proposta foi desenvolvida a partir do estudo de processos de licenciamento de reatores nucleares de pesquisa de diversos países Membros da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica. Após esta fase, realizou-se um estudo comparativo destes processos com o processo de licenciamento de reatores nucleares de pesquisa Brasileiro, para identificação boas práticas (aspectos positivos), possíveis lacunas existentes e então apresentar uma proposta para gestão integrada em qualidade e meio ambiente, com o objetivo de contribuir com um novo esquema para o processo de licenciamento no Brasil. A revisão da literatura considerou os seguintes reatores nucleares de pesquisa: Jules-Horowitz e OSIRIS (França), Hanaro (Coréia do Sul), Maples 1 e 2 (Canada), OPAL (Austrália), Pallas (Holanda), ETRR-2 (Egito) e IEA-R1 (Brasil). O atual processo de licenciamento de reatores nucleares de pesquisa é conduzido por dois órgãos regulatórios: a Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) e o Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Renováveis (IBAMA). A CNEN é responsável pelas questões nucleares, enquanto o IBAMA pelas questões ambientais. Para apoiar o trabalho, foram aplicados um instrumento de pesquisa e entrevistas, construídas com base na atual estrutura regulatória adotada para os quatro reatores de pesquisa existentes no Brasil. Atualmente, o processo de licenciamento nuclear para reatores de pesquisa no Brasil possui seis fases e o processo ambiental somente três fases. Um estudo da correlação entre estas fases fundamentou a proposta de uma nova estrutura regulatória integrada em qualidade e meio ambiente com quatro fases harmonizadas, reduzindo potencialmente os atrasos nos processos de licenciamento de reatores nucleares de pesquisa. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The history of day care licensing standards in Texas was traced from the beginnings in voluntary welfare organizations to the 1976 revisions. The jurisdictional foundations of day care licensing was presented in a summary of the related legislation passed in Texas during the years from 1848 to 1975. Categories of licensing requirements in the different sets of standards promulgated in Texas were compared. The attempt was made to derive a contextual milieu of social, political and educational factors which influenced Texas day care legislation and the development of licensing standards. It was recommended that funds are essential to adequate enforcement of licensing standards. In addition, to facilitate acculturation of day care licensing, consultation and training efforts should expand proportionately to the expansion of day care. The fact that issues related to specific requirements surfaced repeatedly in the different decades studied, a need for carefully controlled research to validate the individual requirements was indicated.

摘　　　　要 論文題目： 藝術授權產業之營銷策略研究 校系所別： 國立政治大學科技管理研究所 指導老師： 劉江彬教授（國立政治大學科技管理研究所教授、政大智慧財產研究所所長） 研究生： 盧恩慈 關鍵詞： 藝術授權、授權產業、著作權、策略、行銷 摘要內容： 　　二十一世紀先進國家的人民，在累積足夠財富後，生活水準也隨之升高，對於『美』的需求與日俱增，追求『美』不僅是表面虛榮，更為內在的滿足。 　　反映在商場上，買者對各式商品美感層次之要求標準大為提昇，加上智慧財產權保護觀念日趨成熟、國際智財法律亦漸完備，以及國際商業授權活動的蓬勃發展，均為藝術授權產業創造有利的環境。 根據本研究資料顯示，近年來西方國家藝術授權產業產值持續成長，幅度超過其他各類授權，此趨勢值得關注。藝術授權在西方行之有年，尤其是美國的藝術授權產業，已有二十多年發展歷史，許多案例創造單一企業年營業額上億美元之規模，也發展出一些成功的經營策略與模式。據此，本研究蒐集美國藝術授權最佳授權業者經營資料，探討其營運與行銷模式，分析其成功關鍵因素，並訪談國內藝術授權業者之經營狀況，提出此產業之營銷策略建議。 　　根據研究問題，本研究之主要發現如下（節錄）： 一、藝術授權產業最直接的定義為：「從事開發、複製、經營、行銷藝術品之著作權（版權）的產業。」其最基本價值活動為著作權之交易。藝術授權產業的本質是藝術作品之智慧財產及其週邊相關服務的經營；它是『授權產業（包括品牌授權、運動授權等）』的類別之一，且與西方所謂『版權產業（泛指所有從事與智慧財產權利移轉、授與活動之事業）』範疇部份重疊。同時，藝術授權市場亦與藝術產業及數位內容產業重疊（參圖6-1.1）。 二、根據本論文第四章Thomas Kinkade Company個案之分析，其重要的營銷策略思考表現在『創意、品牌、生產、通路』四個層面上。 三、根據本研究結果，美國藝術授權產業之成功的關鍵環境因素與營銷策略包括下列數項： 1. 總體文化環境與經濟條件的支持，包括國家立法完善與執法嚴謹、人民生活水準與藝術鑑賞的配合、以及完整的產業上、下游價值鏈； 2. 創意端與目標市場文化背景相合； 3. 授權商品必須保有藝術的本質與價值；即加強複製藝術的品質，千萬不可以粗糙的、廉價的材料複製高價藝術。精緻的商品，才是藝術授權的活路； 4. 清楚一致的品牌定位與層次分明的通路策略。 四、在藝術品與藝術授權商品的關係上，除了利用高價知名藝術品牌提昇授權商品價值，對藝術複製品與衍生商品的品質與產量嚴格控制，加上積極的行銷活動運作，亦可塑造出一個高價值的藝術品牌，回頭帶動藝術品與藝術家的價值與知名度。 五、台灣藝術授權產業價值鏈尚未成形，整體授權產業概念與運作方式也不被企業所熟悉，必須加強對國外成功案例與產業環境的觀察與學習。目前台灣已有部分藝術授權代理商進軍國際，數位內容業者對藝術授權範疇也躍躍欲試，也開始與西方重要藝術授權代理商、或國際品牌合作開發授權商品。現階段在國際授權、禮品或相關商展中，雖尚能代表華人地區在扮演東方藝術授權供應方，但日本、香港、韓國、中國的急起直追，勢必擠壓台灣在國際藝術授權市場上的空間，日、韓廠商挾以過去在品牌與卡通授權的成功模式，是不可輕忽的潛在競爭者。台灣未來必須在行銷活動與複製藝術品質方面更上層樓，才能在此產業取得優勢。 六、目前台灣藝術授權產業最大的問題該是對建構品牌與行銷活動的生疏，以及對市場的茫然。這個弱點讓企業在經營上成為無頭蒼蠅，一味向更多國際廠商爭取合作，但最後仍淪為大廠品牌之下的美麗圖騰之一，或有如藝術圖庫般的價值，業者必須戒慎小心。本研究並歸納一些營銷建議在第六章第六項研究問題探討中。 　　根據研究結論，西方藝術授權產業目前與國內做法最大的不同在於『品質』與『品牌』；國外成功的授權商多半擁有強大的藝術品牌，強大的藝術品牌來自高品質的複製藝術商品，不論是否透過授權，不論商品種類，最重要的是要具備藝術該有的質感，才能建立令人心生喜悅並認同的藝術品牌。 目前對於新進業者尚無絕對有效的營運模式策略建議，但本研究認為至少必須抓到藝術之所以被認可為藝術的關鍵，要有原創性、商品品質要能與藝術本身匹配、要了解目標市場文化，並積極投資品牌行銷工作。 而歸納本研究最重要結論為，藝術授權產業的營銷策略即「以創造藝術的態度『複製』藝術。」以藝術之名為商，仍要忠於藝術本質才能成功。 / Abstract Title: The Business and Marketing Strategies of the Art Licensing Industry School: Graduate Institute of Technology and Innovation Management, National Chengchi University Advisor: Paul Lui Author: Jacqueline Lu Key Words: Art Licensing, Licensing, Copyright, Strategy, Marketing 　　 　　In the 21st century, people of the developed countries accumulated a significant fortune and started to think about raising their quality of life. Their requirement of “beauty” in various kinds of markets went up rapidly. Purchasing “beauty” is not only for the shallow vanity, but also for the real inner satisfaction. 　　In the business world, purchasers tend to ask for increasingly pleasant looking and higher quality products of all kinds. In this environment, the idea of intellectual property rights protection is taking shape, the related laws are evolving, and the international licensing activities are flourishing. All of the above create a gainful environment for the art licensing industry. According to this research, the sales of the art licensing industry in the western countries have been continuously growing, and developing faster than other licensing businesses such as cartoon character licensing. 　　Western countries have done this business of art licensing for years, especially the United States with over 20 years history. There are numerous businesses with successful business models and strategies with revenue exceeding $100 million. This paper focuses on the most successful art licensor, Thomas Kinkade Company, and presents information collected about its business strategies and marketing approaches, and analyzes its key success factors. In addition, this research presents the stories of Taiwan’s main art licensing company, artkey Co., and one domestic artist, Mr.Shi, as an independent licensor to sum up some business strategies of this industry. 　　The important findings of this research are as follows (extraction): 1. The simplest definition of “art licensing industry” is “the industry working on developing, copying, managing, and marketing the copyright of art works.” 　　The nature of art licensing is the business related to the intellectual property rights of fine art and the peripheral services. It is one of the main categories in the licensing industry, which belongs to the cultural creative industry. In addition, the art licensing industry also partially overlaps the copyright industry, the art industry and the digital content industry. (see chart 6-1.1) 2. Base on the analysis of Thomas Kinkade Company in Chapter 4, the most critical business and marketing strategy is shown in 4 different aspects,” creativity, brand, production, and channel.” 3. According to this study, the key success factors and the preferred business and marketing strategies of the art licensing business in the United States include: (1) The support from the overall culture status and the economic condition such as the more consummate laws and regulations with stricter law enforcement; the higher life standard and the better appreciation of art; the more complete industrial value chain availability. (2) The cultural background of the creative departments and the target markets are compatible. (3) The art licensing products must keep the nature and the sense of value of original art works. In other words, the companies should enhance the quality of the duplication of art; they should not copy a real art with rough, cheap and low quality material. Only “fine products” can represent “fine art” and make big sales. (4) Art licensing also needs a constant and clear brand position with distinct strategy of the channel layers. 　　4. By observing the relationship between art works and art licensing products, companies can take advantages of the expensive famous artists or art works upgrade the value of the licensing products. Severely controlling the quality and productivity of the art duplications or licensed goods plus founding an active marketing program can also establish a high value art brand that benefits the original art works or artists. 5. In Taiwan, the complete upstream and downstream value chain of art licensing business is still forming. The whole idea of licensing industry is not clear for most of the domestic firms. Taiwanese entrepreneurs have to observe the international licensing world more and learn about the successful strategies people use in this industry overseas. 　　Currently, there are some art licensing agents in Taiwan starting to conduct their business abroad. They are making contact with some crucial art licensing agents or globally well-known brand to open up new art licensing product lines. More and more digital content suppliers are also interested in this pie. 　　So far Taiwanese companies can still play the main role of being the art licensing suppliers of oriental art in most of the international licensing shows and gift trade shows. But in no time, Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, and China will catch up and squeeze the international market share from Taiwan. Especially with their successful brand and character licensing experience, the Japanese and Korean companies are certainly Taiwan’s greatest competitors. To keep their superiority in the future, Taiwanese art licensors must upgrade their marketing strength and the quality control. 6. Presently, Taiwanese licensors’ biggest problems are not having the expertise to build a brand and being unfamiliar to the market. Fighting for more opportunities to work with super brands makes their art become nothing but a pretty pattern of other brands. This study generalizes some art licensing business and marketing advice in chapter 6 question number 6. 　　As to the conclusion of this study, the most obvious difference between Taiwanese art licensors and western companies is how they manage the quality and their brands. In developed countries, art licensors usually own very powerful art brands. Powerful art brands are mostly created from perfect quality of copying products or art duplications. No matter licensing the art or not, this business should provide the quality of products as good as fine art. Only this can create a real art brand people would like to enjoy. 　　Although this paper does not present an absolute business model, this research does offer some basic success factors for art licensors. “Art” and “beauty” are the keys to this industry. Some things all the art licensors should know and practice are to be original, develop compatible products, learn the culture of the market and invest the money in marketing. 　　To sum up, the most important conclusion of this study for the business and marketing strategies in the art licensing industry is to “copy” the art with the attitude of “creating” the art. Stick to the nature of art, and your art licensing products could possibly win the battle.

Este estudo tem por objeto a efetivação dos direitos sociais por meio da atuação preventiva do Poder Público. Os direitos sociais fazem parte dos direitos fundamentais, posições jurídicas de suma relevância no ordenamento jurídico, objetivando à concretização da dignidade humana. Os direitos sociais são direitos fundamentais referentes à concretização da justiça social por meio da transformação das estruturas sociais e, por isso, sua não observância ou violação representa sério desrespeito aos princípios fundantes do Estado Democrático de Direito. Atualmente, os mecanismos jurídicos existentes, de forma geral, priorizam a atuação repressiva do Estado. Logo, a atuação em defesa dos direitos sociais (deveres de proteção do Estado), normalmente, acontece posteriormente à não observância ou violação do direito. O presente estudo, então, propõe a atuação preventiva do Poder Público para a efetivação de direitos sociais, considerando-se que esta forma de atuação pode ser uma forma de concretização de direitos fundamentais, pois visa a evitar o desrespeito a tais direitos, sendo, por via oblíqua, uma forma de sua efetivação. Nesse sentido, defende-se a utilização de instrumentos jurídicos de caráter preventivo existentes no âmbito do Direito Ambiental para a tutela de direitos sociais, mais especificamente, do licenciamento ambiental, que, no caso seria chamado de licenciamento social para os casos de instalação de indústrias. / The aim of this study is the fulfillment of social rights through preventive action of the Government. Social rights are part of fundamental rights, legal positions of utmost relevance in the legal system, aiming the achievement of human dignity. Social rights are fundamental rights relating to the achievement of social justice through the transformation of social structures and, therefore, your non-compliance or violation represents serious disrespect to the founding principles of the Democratic State of Law. Currently, the existing legal mechanisms, in general, prioritize the repressive actions of the state. Therefore, the acting in defense of social rights (state duties of protection) usually happens after the non-compliance or violation of right. Then, this study proposes the preventive action of the Government for the realization of social rights, considering that this mode of working can be an achievement of fundamental rights, because it aims to prevent disrespect of such rights, and, aslant, a form of its implementation. In this sense, advocates the use of legal instruments of preventive character existing under Environmental Law for the protection of social rights, more specifically, the environmental licensing, which in this case would be called social licensing for cases of installation of industries.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:59:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Eduardo Roma.pdf: 3367956 bytes, checksum: 5945b2054c2f054ff10aeb6770113497 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-25 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This study seeks to analyze the Social Representations of the Students in the Mathematics Licensing Course regarding the Educational Profession. This thesis was oriented by the questions: What are the representations that these students make about the profession, about being a Mathematics professor? What are the students representations of the Mathematics course regarding the selection process of their future profession? The objective of the study: to analyze how these students represent their future profession, as well as to identify the representations about the formative situations experienced during the course. The theoretical references are based on Moscovici, Jodelet, Farr, Durkheim and Sá to discuss the Social Representations; in Gonçalves and Gonçalves, Fiorentini, Tardif, Pimenta, Shulman, Darling- Hammond and Baratz-Snowden for the formation and know-how; in Popkewitz, Bourdoncle, Imbérnon, Lüdke and Boing to discuss the educational profession; in Sacristán, Contreras, Ramalho, Nunes and Gauthier to discuss the concept of professionality ; and in Cunha, Hypolito, Roldão, Nóvoa, Veiga, Araujo and Kapuzinial, the concepts of professionalism and professionalization. The subjects of the study were students of three Mathematics licensing courses in the countryside of the State of São Paulo, one of which is a Public institution, one is Private and one is a Confessional. The study was developed in two phases. Firstly, the data was collected by applying a questionnaire, adapted from the International Center of Studies in Social Representations and Subjectivity Education (ICSSRS-Ed) and subsequently followed by semi-structured group interviews with the students of the three institutions. The study indicated that the images that the students represented about the future profession are anchored in their penchant for it, by family influence, model or anti-model professors; as well as the search for the articulation of pedagogic and specific disciplines with a practical and supervised internship, and in the new tendencies in mathematics education, in human formation, and in a good relationship. Noted also, were the different roles of the professor which oscillate from political to that of father, monk, counselor and the representation of the profession as a talent, its social importance set against work conditions. Conclusions included the need for new curricular designs, new teaching organization and strengthening of formation projects that can favor the educational profession and stimulate the young to seek it. This study seeks to contribute to the emergence of actions that clearly demonstrate the valorization of the profession, as an incentive to a longer formation process in Licensing Courses; which result in greater integration between them and the schools where the future professor will teach and result in greater awareness of the teacher educator relative to his role in the formation of young professors and, above all, result in an awareness relative to better work conditions at the schools / Esta pesquisa busca analisar as Representações Sociais dos Alunos do Curso de Licenciatura em Matemática sobre a Profissão Docente. Esta tese foi orientada pelas questões: Quais as representações que esses alunos fazem sobre a profissão, sobre ser professor de Matemática? Quais as representações dos alunos do Curso de Matemática sobre o processo de escolha da sua futura profissão? O estudo teve como objetivo: analisar como esses alunos representam a sua futura profissão, bem como identificar as representações sobre as situações formativas vivenciadas no curso. Os referenciais teóricos basearam-se em Moscovici, Jodelet, Farr, Durkheim e Sá para se discutirem as Representações Sociais; em Gonçalves e Gonçalves, Fiorentini, Tardif, Pimenta, Shulman, Darling-Hammond e Baratz-Snowden para a formação e os saberes; em Popkewitz, Bourdoncle, Imbérnon, Lüdke e Boing para se discutir a profissão docente; em Sacristán, Contreras, Ramalho, Nunes e Gauthier para se discutir o conceito de profissionalidade; e em Cunha, Hypolito, Roldão, Nóvoa, Veiga, Araujo e Kapuzinial, os de profissionalismo e profissionalização. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram os alunos de três Cursos de Licenciatura em Matemática do interior do Estado de São Paulo, sendo um de instituição pública, um de privada e um de confessional. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se em duas fases. Num primeiro momento, coleta de dados, quando foi aplicado um questionário, adaptado do Centro Internacional de Estudos em Representações Sociais e Subjetividade Educação (CIERS-Ed) e, posteriormente, foram realizadas entrevistas grupais semi-estruturadas com os alunos das três instituições. A pesquisa revelou que as imagens que esses alunos representam sobre a futura profissão estão ancoradas no gosto por ela, seja por influência familiar, seja pelos professores modelos ou anti-modelos; também na busca pela articulação das disciplinas pedagógicas e específicas com as práticas e o estágio supervisionado, e nas novas tendências em educação matemática, na formação humana, no bom relacionamento. Ressaltam-se também os diferentes papéis do professor, que oscilam do político ao de pai, monge, conselheiro, e a representação da profissão como dom, sua importância social em contraposição às condições de trabalho. Conclui-se pela necessidade de novos desenhos curriculares, nova organização do ensino e pelo fortalecimento dos projetos formativos para que possam favorecer a profissão docente e estimular o jovem a buscá-la. Este estudo busca contribuir para o surgimento de ações que mostrem concretamente a valorização da profissão, como o incentivo a um processo de formação mais longo nos Cursos de Licenciatura; que levem à maior integração entre eles e as escolas onde o futuro professor irá atuar e a uma maior conscientização dos professores formadores em relação ao seu papel na formação dos jovens professores e, sobretudo, conscientização em relação às melhores condições de trabalho nas escolas

Licensiering utgör ett viktigt verktyg inom upphovsrätten och har en stor praktisk betydelse för såväl upphovsmän som rättighetsutnyttjare och andra. Avtalslicensen är en nordisk rättsfigur som framtagits för att klarera rättigheter vid massutnyttjanden av upphovsrättsligt skyddade verk och ger möjlighet att utnyttja verk av utanförstående upphovsmän utan att inhämta tillstånd. Upphovsmännens rättigheter tillvaratas genom rätt till ersättning och erforderliga skyddsregler. Nyligen genomförda nationella lagändringar tillsammans med lagstiftningsprojekt på EU-nivå har aktualiserat avtalslicenskonstruktionen och dess funktion. De nationella lagändringarna har utvidgad avtalslicensbestämmelserna som nu omfattar fler tillgängliggöranden, fler verkstyper och fler rättssubjekt än tidigare, något som ger såväl positiva som negativa effekter på marknadens parter. Inom EU har direktiv om kollektiv rättighetsförvaltning och andra lagstiftningsprojekt såsom en gemensam EU- rättslig upphovsrättslagstiftning föranlett frågor om avtalslicensens framtid. Avtalslicenser har funnits i Sverige sedan 1960-talet och fortsätter att utvecklas och utvidgas i takt med att nya tekniska lösningar uppstår. Ett mer globalt, gränsöverskridande samhälle skapar nya förutsättningar och nya möjligheter men kan även ge upphov till nya problem. De upphovsrättsliga organisationerna är välfungerande i Sverige vilket är en förutsättning för att konstruktionen skall fungera på ett tillfredställande sätt. Stor kollektiv anslutning och transparens kan identifieras som anledningar till konstruktionens framgång i Sverige. Utvidgningen av avtalslicenserna tyder också på ett stort förtroende för rättsfiguren från samtliga parter. Vidare ger nya avtalslicenser möjligheter att utveckla nya innovativa tjänster där strömmade tjänster kommer att spela en central roll i framtiden. Avtalslicensens framtid är beroende av många faktorer, bland annat utvecklingen inom EU där det sker ett kontinuerligt arbete för att harmonisera medlemsstaternas upphovsrättsliga lagstiftning. Idéer om gemensam EU- registrering av upphovsrätt och en harmoniserad EU-rättslig upphovsrättslagstiftning kan komma att bli avgörande för avtalslicensernas framtid.