Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (RCSF) sont des réseaux ad hoc généralement constitués d’entités autonomes miniaturisées appelés noeuds capteurs pouvant communiquer entre eux par liaison radio. Les RCSF ont suscité beaucoup d’engouement dans la recherche scientifique en raison notamment des nouveaux problèmes de routage sous forte contrainte de durée de vie du réseau et de faibles capacités des noeuds.Ce type de réseau diffère des réseaux filaires par ses caractéristiques et limitations qui ont motivé le développement d’une nouvelle approche de conception cross-layer ignorant certains paradigmes de l’approche classique permettant l’échange mutuel d’informations même entre couches non adjacentes. Cette approche qui n’est pas encore standardisée, a démontré son intérêt à travers plusieurs travaux visant un meilleur compromis entre consommation d’énergie et une certaine qualité de service.Nos contributions peuvent être classées en deux catégories suivant la stratégie de routage à savoir le routage ad-hoc et le routage suivant la technique de clustering.Dans la première partie, nous proposons une architecture cross-layer, modulaire, adaptable et extensible nommée XL-AODV (cross layer AODV) basée sur l'échange du SNR (Signal-to-Noise-Ratio) entre la couche réseau et la couche physique qui a été modélisée par la distribution K. Nous évaluons sous le simulateur NS2 les performances de notre approche XL-AODV. Une analyse comparative avec AODV, a montré pour différentes configurations de réseaux, l’efficacité de notre proposition en termes de gains énergétiques et de latence de bout en bout.Pour la deuxième partie, nous proposons une première approche XL-LEACH qui constitue une amélioration de la version originale de LEACH, en l'adaptant aux réseaux de capteurs denses et à grande échelle tout en tenant compte des caractéristiques de la couche physique modélisée par la distribution K. Dans une troisième partie, nous introduisons une amélioration de XL-LEACH par l'approche dite, XL-CLEACH (XL Cooperative LEACH) en intégrant la communication coopérative au niveau MAC. Nous avons prouvé par une étude analytique qui a été validée par les simulations, le gain apporté en termes de consommation d’énergie, de la durée de vie du réseau et du TES (Taux d'Erreur Symbol). Les architectures XL-LEACH et XL-CLEACH ont été implémentées sous MATLAB. / Wireless sensor networks (WSN) can be defined as an ad hoc network consisting of miniaturized autonomous entities, called sensor nodes which communicate with each other over a radio link. WSNs is a research topic which has gained a lot of interest due, in particular, to new routing problems under low node capacity and high network lifetime constraints.WSNs differ from wired networks in their characteristics and limitations which have motivated the development of a new cross-layer design that ignores certain paradigms of the classical approach allowing the mutual exchange of information even between non-adjacent layers. This approach, which is not yet standardized, has gained a lot of attention through several works aiming to energy consumption minimization under a required QoS (Quality of Service).In this thesis, our contributions can be classified are twofold according to the considered routing strategy namely the ad-hoc routing and clustering based routing.In the first part, we propose a new adaptable and extensible cross-layer design called XL-AODV (Cross Layer AODV) based on the exchange of the SNR (Signal-to-Noise-Ratio) between the network and the physical layer which has been modelled by the K distribution.We evaluate under the NS2 simulator, the performance of XL-AODV. A comparative analysis with AODV, showed for different network configurations, the efficiency of our proposition in terms of energy saving and end-to-end latency.In the second part, we propose an XL-LEACH approach which is an improvement of the original version of LEACH by its adapting to dense and large scale sensor networks. We have also taken into account the characteristics of the physical layer modelled by the K distribution.In a third part, XL-CLEACH (XL Cooperative LEACH) approach is introduced to improve XL-LEACH by integrating the cooperative communication at the MAC layer.We have proved through an analytical study and validated by simulations, the gain in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime and SER (Symbol Error Rate). The XL-LEACH and XL-CLEACH architecture were implemented under MATLAB.

Les satellites sont vulnérables aux particules de forte énergie piégées dans les ceintures de Van Allen. Afin d’en assurer la protection, il est nécessaire de prédire avec précision la dynamique des électrons au sein de la magnétosphère. Dans un premier temps nous proposons une méthode originale de résolution analytique de l’équation de Fokker-Planck réduite qui modélise le transport et les pertes des électrons de la magnétosphère interne. La résolution repose sur une technique de décomposition spectrale. Si la solution analytique s’avère utile pour mettre en exergue certaines propriétés physiques des ceintures de radiation, elle est également pertinente pour valider le code numérique de résolution de l’équation de Fokker-Planck réduite, développé durant la thèse. Ce dernier nous amène à généraliser l’étude précédente en illustrant l’évolution des flux d’électrons pour diverses énergies et positions. Nous prouvons notamment que la structure des ceintures de radiation ainsi que leur temps d’évolution ne dépendent que de quelques facteurs bien choisis. Dans la perspective de reproduire un événement particulier de retour au calme après un orage magnétique, mesuré par les satellites de la NASA dédiés aux ceintures de radiation, nous sommes en mesure de simuler la précipitation des électrons dans l’atmosphère terrestre causée par les interactions avec les ondes électromagnétiques de la magnétosphère. L’utilisation de conditions bâties sur des données empiriques et spécifiques à la période en question nous permet de corroborer les flux observés. Enfin, l’influence du champ magnétique terrestre sur la dynamique des ceintures de radiation est étudiée sous divers aspects. Nous nous concentrons sur la ceinture externe pour comprendre comment les asymétries du champ magnétique, considérablement façonnées par l’activité solaire, affectent notre manière de concilier théorie et observations. Nous explorons également l’importance de certains processus diffusifs nouveaux et cachés, qui émergent à cause de l’irrégularité naturelle du champ magnétique au plus proche voisinage de la Terre. / Satellites are vulnerable to high-energy particles trapped in the Van Allen belts. To ensure their protection, it is necessary to predict properly the electron dynamics in the magnetosphere. We first propose an original method to find the analytical solution of the reduced Fokker-Planck equation that models the transport and loss of electrons in the inner magnetosphere. The resolution relies on an eigenfunction expansion approach. If the analytical solution is proven to be useful at uncovering some of the physical properties of the radiation belts, it is also relevant to validate the numerical code that solves the reduced Fokker-Planck equation, which has been developed during the PhD. The latter code is used to generalize the previous study in illustrating the evolution of the electron fluxes for various energies and locations. We demonstrate that the structure of the radiation belts as well as their dynamical timescales only depend on a few well-chosen parameters. In the perspective of reproducing a specific storm-recovery event reported by the NASA Van Allen Probes, we are able to simulate the electron scattering in the Earth’s atmosphere due to the interaction with magnetospheric electromagnetic waves. The consideration of data-driven and event-specific conditions enables us to corroborate the observed fluxes. Finally, various influences of the Earth’s magnetic field on the dynamics of the radiation belts are investigated. We focus on the outer belt to see how the magnetic field asymmetries, which are strongly shaped by solar activity, affect the way of conciliating theory and observations. We also explore the importance of new hidden diffusive processes that emerge due to the natural irregularity of the magnetic field in the closest vicinity of the Earth.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Herstellung und Charakterisierung von verdünnten magnetischen II-VI und III-V Halbleiter-Dünnschichten. Diese Systeme bieten vereinfachte optische kohärente Kontrolle von Spin-basierten Prozessen und eignen sich hervorragend für den Einsatz in zukünftigen opto-magnetischen Anwendungen. ZnO-, ZnXO-, GaN- und GaXN-Proben (X = Mangan, Cobalt) sind mit Hilfe der naßchemischen Sol-Gel Synthese hergestellt worden. Sie werden mit Hilfe der Photolumineszenzspektroskopie untersucht. Die spektrale Position der elektronischen Niveaus in der Nähe der Bandkante dieser Materialien wird bestimmt, um in weiteren Experimenten die freien und gebundenen Exzitonen einzeln abzufragen. Mit der Methode der zeitaufgelösten differentiellen Transmissionsspektroskopie (TRDT) werden die Lebensdauern dieser Ladungsträger bestimmt und mit ultraschnellen Prozessen der optischen Anregung und Relaxation in Verbindung gebracht. Die Methode der zeitaufgelösten Faraday-Rotation-Spektroskopie (TRFR) wird angewandt, um die kohärente Spindynamik des optisch angeregten Teilchenensembles zu beschreiben. Die Kohärenz unterliegt den Störeinflüssen verschiedener Streumechanismen, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit identifiziert und quantitativ beschrieben werden. Bei einigen untersuchten Materialsystemen (ZnCoO, ZnMnO und GaMnN) wird die jeweilige spezifische Elektron-Ion Austauschenergie N0α bestimmt, welche die Kopplungsstärke der elektronischen Spins zu denen der Dotierionen beschreibt.

The aim of this thesis is to improve the knowledgebase regarding the technical lifetime of radio circuit boards. The purpose is to create opportunities to facilitate the design of products that live up to the customers' requirements and to Ericsson's sustainable responsibility goals. The problem at hand was to look for the average temperature that has contribiuted to the performance degradation of circuit boards used in the field. The method was to measure the performance degradation of capacitors used in a power distribution function on the circuit board and combining those values with the time the circuit board has been in operation, to derive the average operation temperature with the help of the Arrhenius equation. The radio circuit board used in the field showed signs of performance degradation that could be interpreted as having reached the end of its technical lifetime after being used for 31 800 hours (3,6 years) at an average temperature of 78 °C to 79 °C. For it to be possible to interpret the temperature results of the unit used in the field, the three parameters: measured performance degradation, time of operation and average temperature at that time, had to be collected. All three parameters are key when evaluating technical lifetime since they need to be interpreted in relation to each other. The temperature results exists in a thermodynamic system that includes the capacitors, circuit board, the temperature of the surrounding environment, and the global climate. The temperature results and the measured performance degradation is a consequence of how the radio was operated, which is linked to the desired performance it was designed for. The radio circuit boards are also designed to comply with customers' requirements and the requirements based in the companys's sustainability responsibility goals. It is likely that the desired performance of radios in the future needs to be balanced with the company's sustainability responisibility goals, and the temperatures created as an effect of climate change. / Målet med detta examensarbete var att öka kunskapen om radiokretskorts tekniska livslängd. Syftet var att skapa möjligheter att främja utveckling av produkter som möter kunders krav samt de krav som följer av Ericssons strategi för hållbarhet och ansvarsfullt företagande. Problemformuleringen består av att söka efter medeltemperaturen som har bidragit till den prestandadegradering som lett till att kretskort i fält nått slutet på sin tekniska livslängd. Metoden som användes för att kunna härleda medeltemperaturen under drift var att mäta prestandadegraderingen hos kondensatorer som används i en specifik kraftfördelningsfunktion på radiokretskort och kombinera dessa mätvärden med tiden kretskortet varit i drift. Tiden och temperaturen härleddes med hjälp av Arrhenius ekvation. Den radiokretskortsenhet som användes i fält kan tolkas ha nått slutet på sin tekniska livslängd efter 31 800 timmar (3,6 år) och under tiden i drift haft medeltemperaturen på ungefär 78 °C till 79 °C. För att det skulle vara möjligt att tolka temperaturresultatet för radiokretskortet som användes i fält behövde följande tre parameterar samlas in: uppmätt prestandadegradering, tiden som radiokretskortet varit i drift samt medeltemperaturen under driftstiden. Samtliga tre parameterar behöver analyseras i relation till varandra när den tekniska livslängden ska utvärderas. Temperaturresultatet existerar i ett termodynamiskt system som består av kondensatorerna, krestkortet, temperaturen i den omkringliggande miljön samt det globala klimatsystemet. Temperaturresultatet och den uppmätta prestandadegraderingen är en konsekvens av hur radion har använts och är länkat till den den prestanda radion är designad för. Radiokretskorten är också designade för att följa kundernas krav och de krav som följer av Ericssons strategi för hållbarhet och ansvarsfullt företagande. Det är sannolikt att den önskade prestandan hos radioprodukter i framtiden behöver balanseras med de krav som följer av Ericssons strategi för hållbart företagande samt de temperaturer som skapas som konsekvens av klimatförändringarna.

Wireless sensor networks is a broad subject with many applications and interesting research areas, such as optimization within connectivity and energy efficiency. One problem is that most published articles in this field use customized simulation environments and do not provide source code of their implementation. By not including aspects of implementation, it becomes difficult to determine how the results are achieved, which questions the validity and reliability of the works. This thesis aims to reproduce one of these researched methods, an algorithm that balances battery life with efficient routing within a network using fuzzy logic, with the goal to increase the reliability of the methodology within its field. The research question constructed on the foundation of these premises is thus “Is reproducibility satisfactory in a research work on a multi-objective routing algorithm, using fuzzy logic, in wireless sensor networks?, a case study by Minhas et al”. Two additional research questions emerge from the first one: “How does the reproduced algorithm perform in comparison to a selection of dif erent routing algorithms?” and “Is the reproduced algorithm, as is, applicable to a less idealistic environment?” To answer the research questions a computer simulation method is used to build, execute, and analyze the output of the algorithms. The results show that the implemented algorithm performs noticeably better in both lifetime and ratio to the shortest path compared with the original implementation, hinting towards the implementation and reproducibility deviating from expected results. The reproduced algorithm is also compared to two other algorithms under a different simulation environment, where it performs better in lifetime and packet delivery rate whilst performing slightly worse in energy efficiency and total energy consumption. Due to the significant differences in performance against the reproduced article’s implementation the study concludes that the reproducibility is not satisfactory. Lastly, it concludes that it does not perform well in a less idealistic simulation environment, making it less applicable.

The thesis is focused on high temperature processes in crystalline solar cells production. Main topic is diffusion of traditional dopants phosphorus and boron. Diffusion processes for creating solar cells are different from classical diffusion in semiconductor industrial. It is reason why the thesis describes crated layers in detail. Knowledge of diffusion processes is used for creating bifacial solar cells and development of a new phosphorus emitter for conventional solar cells. Bifacial cells are a new type of cells. Developed new emitter increases efficiency and decreases cost of solar cells production. Another part the thesis is devoted to the prediction of diffusion processes. New models of phosphorus and boron diffusion for photovoltaic industrial are created in software SILVACO. Models correspond with real results.

This thesis presents rubidium packaging methods for integration using anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) on a planar chip. The atomic vapor ARROW confines light through rubidium vapor, increases the light-vapor interaction length, decreases the size of the atomic cell to chip scales, and opens up possibilities for waveguide systems on chips for additional optoelectronic devices. Rubidium vapor packaging for long-life times are essential for realizing feasibly useful devices. Considerations of outgassing, leaking and chemical compatibilities of materials in rubidium vapor cells lead to an all-metal design. The effect of these characteristics on the rubidium D2 line spectra is considered.

No description available.

Recombination mechanisms in gallium arsenide have been studied using temperature-dependent time-resolved photoluminescence-decay. New analytical methods are presented to improve the accuracy in bulk lifetime measurement, and these have been used to resolve the temperature-dependent lifetime. Fits to temperature-dependent lifetime yield measurement of the radiative-efficiency, revealing that samples grown by the Czochralski and molecular-beam-epitaxy methods are limited by radiative-recombination at 77K, with defect-mediated nonradiative-recombination becoming competitive at 300K and above. In samples grown with both doping types using molecular-beam-epitaxy, a common exponential increase in capture cross-section characterized by a high value of E_infinity=(258 +/- 1)meV was observed from the high-level injection lifetime over a wide temperature range (300-700K). This common signature was also observed from 500-600K in the hole-lifetime observed in n-type Czochralski GaAs where E_infinity=(261 +/- 7)meV was measured, which indicates that this signature parametrizes the exponential increase in hole-capture cross-section. The high E_infinity value rules out all candidate defects except for EL2, by comparison with hole-capture cross-section data previously measured by others using deep-level transient spectroscopy. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Various nanostructured materials display unique and interesting optical properties. Specific nanoscale objects discussed in an experimental perspective in this dissertation include optical metamaterials, surface plasmon sensors, and two-dimensional materials. These nanoscale objects were fabricated, investigated optically, and their applications are assessed. First, one-dimensional magnetic gratings were studied, followed by their two-dimensional analog, the so-called "fishnet." Both were fabricated, characterized, and their properties, such as waveguiding modes, are examined. Interestingly, these devices can exhibit optical magnetism and even negative refraction; however, their general characterization at oblique incidence is challenging due to diffraction. Here, a new method of optical characterization of metamaterials which takes into account diffraction is presented. Next, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was experimentally used in two schemes, for the first time, to determine the transition layer characteristics between a metal and dielectric. The physics of interfaces, namely the singularity of electric permittivity and how it can be electrically shifted, becomes clearer owing to the extreme sensitivity of SPR detection mechanisms. Finally, ultra-thin two-dimensional semiconducting materials had their radiative lifetime analyzed. Their lifetimes are tuned both by number of atomic layers and applied voltage biasing across the surface, and the changes in lifetime are suspected to be due to quenching or enhancement of non-radiative process rates.