Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / Hawthorne was a moralist-fictionist, a literary artist who made effective use of a variety of moralistic techniques. The method or this study is to give careful examination both to a number of Hawthorne's tales and sketches and to the moralistic tone of his fiction as a whole. The Introduction briefly considers adverse criticism of nineteenth-century American didacticism and suggests that criticism has not given sufficient attention to moralistic analysis. In Chapter I the moralistic mise en scene in which Hawthorne produced his works is presented through the eyes of Ralph Waldo Emerson, critic of contemporary moralists and moralistic postures. Chapter II then discusses Hawthorne's fictional response to his preaching and his view of himself as moralist-fictionist. As moralist-fictionist, he may have made concessions to hie times, but it is clear that he believed that the moral sense must serve the artistic sense, and he was careful to assume a moralistic posture that would not disqualify him as a literary artist. As fictionist, he found it advisable to use techniques that could serve to defend him against the charge of ethical omniscience and personae that would dissociate him from the one-truth certainties of contemporary moralists. Chapter III then classifies those tales and sketches in whicn the moralist--the maker of the statement that is true or good or right--is not confronted by an opposing point of view. In these works the moralist makes his appearance in several forms: narrator alone, narrator aided by symbols, narrator aided by allegorical figures, fictional figure alone, fictional figure aided by narrator, narrator aided by fictional figure, and narrator and fictional figures in a moral chorus or a moral riddle. Representative tales of each moralistic point of view are analyzed and evaluated. Chapter IV then classifies those tales and sketches in which moral confrontation is operative, analyzes Hawthorne's antimoralists (the satanic pseudo-moralist, the pseudo-idealist, the comic materialist, the materialist antagonist, and the idealist immoralist), and closely examines representative tales and sketches. Much of the psychological interest in these works derives from the response of the fictional figures to the influence of the anti-moralists, and Hawthorne's technical device of ambiguity is often not a moralistic stance but a means of establishing a moralistic diste.nce between the author and his statement. The Epilogue then discusses the four major novels in terms of their moralistic structure and suggests rea.sons for Hawthorne's success in The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables and his at least moralistic failure in The Blithedale Romance and The Marble Faun. The chapter also includes a general evaluation of Hawthorne as a writer who accepted the literary value of both psychological and moralistic exploration, a writer for whom the question "How should a man act?" was no less important than the question "How does a man act?" / 2999-01-01

This essay focuses on the alienation experienced by Rusty-James in S.E. Hinton’s Rumble Fish (1975). It more specifically centers on the causes of his alienation and how the alienation is illustrated in the novel. The analysis shows that the alienation Rusty-James experiences is caused partly by socioeconomic factors; for example his lack of hope for the future is closely connected to the fact that he belongs to a low socioeconomic class. In addition, there are also psychological factors, for example a childhood trauma. The alienation and its causes are mainly illustrated through the symbolism of the featured Siamese fighting fish and how Rusty-James’ relationships are depicted.

Flora Süssekind constitui um exemplo ímpar na prática do nosso ensaísmo crítico, destacando-se como uma pesquisadora cujos vínculos com a Universidade, com a imprensa e com instituições de pesquisa resultaramem colaborações de natureza diversa, como artigos, resenhas e livros, entre outros. A sua reflexão -impulsionada por obras de diferentes gêneros e produzidas em épocas distintas -vem sendo constante nas últimas décadas, trazendo aos seus leitores uma visada crítica bastante particular sobre autores representativos do Romantismo, do Naturalismo, do Modernismo, da poesia concreta, da poesia marginal da década de 70 e de tantos outros fenômenos literários do país. Dentre um universo profícuo de ensaios muitos deles produzidos em um curto intervalo de tempo, sobretudo durante a década de 1980 abordaremos nesta tese aqueles que, sob nosso ponto de vista, permitirão apontar os elementos de destaque em seu percurso, sob uma perspectiva do estabelecimento de uma voz crítica singular que ainda está em plena atividade e, portanto, em constante processo de construção e mudança. O contato aprofundado com essa produção (englobando seus objetos, seus referenciais teóricos e suas reflexões) permitiu a elaboração da hipótese inicial de que Flora Süssekind não descarta a tradição que busca pensar as particularidades da literatura nacional, aproveitando-a, no entanto, de maneira cautelosa, rejeitando a ideia de origem de uma brasilidade unificadora das expressões culturais de um povo e, consequentemente, de uma literatura. Repercute insistentemente em sua obra, assim, uma questão de fundo: a maneira como uma determinada ideia de nacionalidade conforma a representação artística brasileira, dando destaque (por parte da crítica e dos próprios artistas) aos trabalhos que privilegiem um enfrentamento mais direto e menos transfigurador de fatoscorrentes no cotidiano problemático do país. Assim, com sua prática, defenderá caminhos teóricos que se contraponham a esse paradigma que identifica como sendo dominante em nossa literatura, de extração mimética (não no sentido de expressividade artística, mas de cópia). Acreditamos, portanto, que seu trabalho dê um sentido específico à concepção do intelectual atento à realidade local, privilegiando obras que não se circunscrevam a tal paradigma ou, ainda, que forneçam aportes para um recorte crítico quedeixe aparentes as engrenagens do aparelho reprodutor desse modelo. Para tanto, as suas referências teóricas são variadas, compreendendo a pesquisa de autores brasileiros do século XIX, da nossa tradição sociológica do século XX (em autores como Antonio Candido ou Roberto Schwarz), da teoria francesa que se projetou, sobretudo, a partir dos anos 1960 (com exemplos como Michel Foucault e Gilles Deleuze) e também intelectuais cuja relação com o marxismo se dê por vias mais reconhecidas (como Fredric Jameson e Theodor Adorno). Interpretamos esse gesto de constante pesquisa e inquietação teórica como uma disponiblidade de acompanhar o objeto, um desejo de persegui-lo para poder comentá-lo mais adequadamente e de forma mais aprofundada, recusando-se a observá-lo de maneira distante e inflexível. O percurso e a perseguição tornam-se, nesse viés, mais importantes do que a estabilidade do ensaísta, o que nos levou a denominar esse método praticado por Flora Süssekind de itinerância crítica. / Flora Süssekind is a unique example in Brazilian literary criticism, especially as a researcher whose bonds with the University, the press and the research institutions resulted in a vast array of collaborations, such as articles, reviews and books, among others. Her reflection on criticism in recent decades - improved by works produced in different genres and about distinct epochs - has been bringing her readers a very particular critical point of view about representative works from Romanticism, Naturalism, Modernism, concrete poetry, 1970\'s poesia marginal (marginal poetry) among many other Brazilian literary movements. Among a prolific universe of essays wrote by Süssekind - many of them produced in a short period of time, especially during the 1980\'s - this thesis will cover the texts that, in our opinion, point out the major elements of her career, considering the perspective of a singular critical voice that is still active and, therefore, has been under construction. The study of these essays (encompassing its objects, theoretical frames of references and reflections) support our initial hypothesis that Flora Süssekind does not put away the tradition of thinking about the particularities of a national literature, taking advantage of it. However, Süssekind cautiously rejects the idea of an original Brazilian cultural expression and does not support the concept of a unifying national literature. Therefore, it resonates strongly in her work a fundamental question: how can a certain frame of nationality shape the Brazilian artistic representation? This can be highlighted (by the critics and by the artists themselves) in works that emphasize a confrontation more direct and less transfiguring of Brazilian problematic daily events. Thereby, Süssekind will defend theoretical paths that defy the paradigm she identifies as dominant in Brazilian literature: the paradigm of mimetic extraction (not in the sense of 8 artistic expression, but mere copy). We believe, therefore, that her work gives a specific meaning to the concept of intellectual attention to local realities, favoring works that do not confine themselves to such a paradigm or even to provide critical inputs for a framework that leaves apparent the gears of the reproductive system of this model. We can also state that she applies theories of heterogeneous lines, comprising research by Brazilian authors of the nineteenth century, the sociological tradition of the twentieth century (in essayists such as Antonio Candido and Roberto Schwarz), the French theory from the 1960\'s (such as Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze) and Marxist intellectuals (as Fredric Jameson and Theodor Adorno). We interpret this gesture of restlessness as a theoretical availability to follow the object, a desire to pursue it in order to properly comment more and more thoroughly, refusing to observe it in an inflexible manner. The route and pursuit become more important than the stability of the essayist, which led us to call this method practiced by Flora Süssekind as critical roaming.

This thesis is a feminist interpretation of Virginia Woolf’s treatment of Shakespeare in Orlando and A Room of One’s Own. Although Woolf’s admiration of Shakespeare is evident in both texts, Woolf’s identification of Shakespeare as a gender-neutral or feminist-friendly writer must be qualified. Woolf presents Shakespeare as a worthy but incomplete artistic model, for his work does not explore women with adequate complexity. In these texts, Woolf partially “writes with” Shakespeare, but she also uses his literary works and his status as a cultural icon both to critique the conventional treatment of women as limited by the male perspective and to highlight the gender privilege male writers have historically had. In these two texts, Woolf presses beyond what she perceives to be Shakespeare’s limited exploration of women, ultimately calling for a feminist re-evaluation of gender roles in literature and emphasizing the need for women writers to record women’s experiences.

Flora Süssekind constitui um exemplo ímpar na prática do nosso ensaísmo crítico, destacando-se como uma pesquisadora cujos vínculos com a Universidade, com a imprensa e com instituições de pesquisa resultaramem colaborações de natureza diversa, como artigos, resenhas e livros, entre outros. A sua reflexão -impulsionada por obras de diferentes gêneros e produzidas em épocas distintas -vem sendo constante nas últimas décadas, trazendo aos seus leitores uma visada crítica bastante particular sobre autores representativos do Romantismo, do Naturalismo, do Modernismo, da poesia concreta, da poesia marginal da década de 70 e de tantos outros fenômenos literários do país. Dentre um universo profícuo de ensaios muitos deles produzidos em um curto intervalo de tempo, sobretudo durante a década de 1980 abordaremos nesta tese aqueles que, sob nosso ponto de vista, permitirão apontar os elementos de destaque em seu percurso, sob uma perspectiva do estabelecimento de uma voz crítica singular que ainda está em plena atividade e, portanto, em constante processo de construção e mudança. O contato aprofundado com essa produção (englobando seus objetos, seus referenciais teóricos e suas reflexões) permitiu a elaboração da hipótese inicial de que Flora Süssekind não descarta a tradição que busca pensar as particularidades da literatura nacional, aproveitando-a, no entanto, de maneira cautelosa, rejeitando a ideia de origem de uma brasilidade unificadora das expressões culturais de um povo e, consequentemente, de uma literatura. Repercute insistentemente em sua obra, assim, uma questão de fundo: a maneira como uma determinada ideia de nacionalidade conforma a representação artística brasileira, dando destaque (por parte da crítica e dos próprios artistas) aos trabalhos que privilegiem um enfrentamento mais direto e menos transfigurador de fatoscorrentes no cotidiano problemático do país. Assim, com sua prática, defenderá caminhos teóricos que se contraponham a esse paradigma que identifica como sendo dominante em nossa literatura, de extração mimética (não no sentido de expressividade artística, mas de cópia). Acreditamos, portanto, que seu trabalho dê um sentido específico à concepção do intelectual atento à realidade local, privilegiando obras que não se circunscrevam a tal paradigma ou, ainda, que forneçam aportes para um recorte crítico quedeixe aparentes as engrenagens do aparelho reprodutor desse modelo. Para tanto, as suas referências teóricas são variadas, compreendendo a pesquisa de autores brasileiros do século XIX, da nossa tradição sociológica do século XX (em autores como Antonio Candido ou Roberto Schwarz), da teoria francesa que se projetou, sobretudo, a partir dos anos 1960 (com exemplos como Michel Foucault e Gilles Deleuze) e também intelectuais cuja relação com o marxismo se dê por vias mais reconhecidas (como Fredric Jameson e Theodor Adorno). Interpretamos esse gesto de constante pesquisa e inquietação teórica como uma disponiblidade de acompanhar o objeto, um desejo de persegui-lo para poder comentá-lo mais adequadamente e de forma mais aprofundada, recusando-se a observá-lo de maneira distante e inflexível. O percurso e a perseguição tornam-se, nesse viés, mais importantes do que a estabilidade do ensaísta, o que nos levou a denominar esse método praticado por Flora Süssekind de itinerância crítica. / Flora Süssekind is a unique example in Brazilian literary criticism, especially as a researcher whose bonds with the University, the press and the research institutions resulted in a vast array of collaborations, such as articles, reviews and books, among others. Her reflection on criticism in recent decades - improved by works produced in different genres and about distinct epochs - has been bringing her readers a very particular critical point of view about representative works from Romanticism, Naturalism, Modernism, concrete poetry, 1970\'s poesia marginal (marginal poetry) among many other Brazilian literary movements. Among a prolific universe of essays wrote by Süssekind - many of them produced in a short period of time, especially during the 1980\'s - this thesis will cover the texts that, in our opinion, point out the major elements of her career, considering the perspective of a singular critical voice that is still active and, therefore, has been under construction. The study of these essays (encompassing its objects, theoretical frames of references and reflections) support our initial hypothesis that Flora Süssekind does not put away the tradition of thinking about the particularities of a national literature, taking advantage of it. However, Süssekind cautiously rejects the idea of an original Brazilian cultural expression and does not support the concept of a unifying national literature. Therefore, it resonates strongly in her work a fundamental question: how can a certain frame of nationality shape the Brazilian artistic representation? This can be highlighted (by the critics and by the artists themselves) in works that emphasize a confrontation more direct and less transfiguring of Brazilian problematic daily events. Thereby, Süssekind will defend theoretical paths that defy the paradigm she identifies as dominant in Brazilian literature: the paradigm of mimetic extraction (not in the sense of 8 artistic expression, but mere copy). We believe, therefore, that her work gives a specific meaning to the concept of intellectual attention to local realities, favoring works that do not confine themselves to such a paradigm or even to provide critical inputs for a framework that leaves apparent the gears of the reproductive system of this model. We can also state that she applies theories of heterogeneous lines, comprising research by Brazilian authors of the nineteenth century, the sociological tradition of the twentieth century (in essayists such as Antonio Candido and Roberto Schwarz), the French theory from the 1960\'s (such as Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze) and Marxist intellectuals (as Fredric Jameson and Theodor Adorno). We interpret this gesture of restlessness as a theoretical availability to follow the object, a desire to pursue it in order to properly comment more and more thoroughly, refusing to observe it in an inflexible manner. The route and pursuit become more important than the stability of the essayist, which led us to call this method practiced by Flora Süssekind as critical roaming.

The present thesis considers the allusive and narrative function of fate and its associated concepts of providence, free will, necessity, and natural law in Paradise Lost. It argues that the narrative function of these concepts is shaped by Milton's allusions to classical epic, and assesses their impact on the Christian theology of the poem. It identifies unnoted allusions to well-known epic models (Homer, Vergil, Lucan), and examines how Lucretius' account of natural laws and post-Vergilian representations of epic aftermath influence Milton's own depiction of transgression and its aftermath in Paradise Lost. Chapter 1 considers Satan and other fallen angels' definition of fate as a materialist alternative for the personal rule of the Father. It traces several allusions to fate in cosmological and ethical settings, in Lucretius, Vergil, Lucan, and Statius, and analyses how these allusions interact with the Hesiodic mythical material in the opening books of Milton's epic. Chapter 2 focuses on a pattern of previously unnoted allusions to Lucretius' De Rerum Natura in the narrative of the Fall, culminating in Book 9. It argues that in his temptation of Eve, Milton's Satan subverts Lucretian teachings about the boundaries governing the physical universe as he persuades Eve to transgress her natural state in Eden. Chapter 3 discusses the appearance of the Father in an allusive epic council scene in Book 3. In the dialogue between Father and Son, I suggest, Milton evokes negotiations between the Homeric and Vergilian deities, depicting his God as surpassing his pagan epic counterparts who can only delay the fate of mortals, but not change them. Chapter 4 suggests that Milton's depiction of the aftermath of the Fall is indebted to post-Vergilian epic narratives of 'aftermath'. The final Books of Paradise Lost and the portrayal of Adam and Eve's moral freedom as they leave paradise, with providence their guide, should be read, I posit, against the backdrop of scenes and imagery from Lucan's Bellum Civile and Statius' Thebaid.

Orientador: Ana Maria Domingues de Oliveira / Banca: Luiz Roberto Velloso Cairo / Banca: Marlise Vaz Bridi / Resumo: Este estudo propõe uma análise da recepção crítica do escritor João Antônio (1937-1996), publicada no período compreendido entre 1990 e 1996, a partir de um conjunto de textos reunidos por ele mesmo e que se encontram depositados em seu Acervo, na Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Assis - UNESP. Este trabalho representa a terceira etapa de um projeto maior que visa à reconstituição de toda a fortuna crítica do escritor; O primeiro levantamento, realizado por Jane Christina Pereira, intitula-se Estudo crítico da bibliografia sobre João Antônio: 1963 - 1976; a segunda fase corresponde à pesquisa realizada por Cássia Ferreira Alves, cujo título é Estudo Crítico da bibliografia sobre João Antônio (1978-1989); uma quarta parte está prevista para ser realizada por outro pesquisador que finalizará a análise dos textos publicados desde 1996 até os dias atuais. O material aqui analisado mostra como a crítica, publicada em jornais, interpretou e divulgou as obras de João Antônio em uma determinada época. Este trabalho aponta dados relevantes para fundamentar estudos sobre o autor, tanto os de caráter mais avançados, como os históricos-críticos, quanto os de fases iniciais, para os que desconhecem a bibliografia do escritor. / Abstract: This study proposes an analysis of the João Antonio's critic reception (1937-1996), published between the time from 1990 to 1996, from a collection of texts done by himself and located in his archive, at Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Assis - UNESP. this study represents the third part of a bigger project that seeks to rebuild all the critic treasure about this author, The first research, done by Jane Christina Pereira, is titled Critic Study on the Bibliography of João Antônio: 1963-1976; the second part done by Cássia Alves Ferreira, is titled Estudo Crítico da Bibliografia sobre João Antônio (1963-1976); and it is predicted a fourth part, to be conquered by another researcher, which, will finish analyzing the texts from 1996 to our days.. The material analyzed demonstrates how critics on newspapers interpreted and divulged the work of João Antônio in a determinate time. This work raises relevant data that can be used as foundation for studies of the author, even the ones with an advanced aspect, or the historic and critics, or the ones that are just begin and to whom the João Antonio's bibliography is unknown. / Mestre

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar as condições e possibilidades do feminismo de Virginia Woolf à luz do momento sócio-econômico e cultural em que viveu e do qual foi um dos ícones. Por causa de sua formação e do panorama histórico da época, suas posições assumem um caráter extremamente ambíguo. Este estudo mostra que a autora oscila entre ser ícone de toda uma geração e outsider, romancista e crítica literária, intelectual e leitora comum, senhora das letras e feminista, crítica do gosto e proponente de uma nova estética literária, vitoriana esnobe e modernista. Tanto sua natureza criativa quanto os elementos propostos em sua estética literária resultam de sua visão de mundo e de sua relação ambígua com a realidade. / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the conditions and possibilities of Virginia Woolf’s feminism in the light of the social, economical and cultural environment in which she lived and of which she became one of the icons. Because of her background and of the historical setting of her time, her positions take on an extremely ambiguous character. This study shows that the author bends from a whole generation icon to an outsider, from novelist to literary critic, from highbrow to common reader, from lady of letters to feminist, from “woman of taste" to proponent of a new literary aesthetics, from Victorian snob to modernist. Both her creative nature and the elements she suggests in her literary aesthetics result from her view of the world and from her ambiguous relationship with reality.

Este trabalho analisa os prefácios aos livros Lira dos vinte anos, O conde Lopo e Macário, do escritor romântico Álvares de Azevedo (1831 1852), buscando discernir e sistematizar os pressupostos básicos do pensamento crítico presente nesses textos. Visando contextualizar as discussões ali promovidas em face do debate romântico no Brasil e no exterior, a pesquisa recorre também a outros ensaios críticos do autor para o esclarecimento de questões levantadas pelos prefácios e, eventualmente, a alguns de seus poemas e a outras de suas obras. O cotejo entre os textos do corpus propiciou a reconstrução de uma rica tessitura de referências bibliográficas, especialmente francesas, caso de Théophile Gautier, e portuguesas, como Lopes de Mendonça, às quais o autor constantemente se volta. Essa tessitura explicita um vasto horizonte de leituras, que vai muito além de Byron e Musset, fontes mais recorrentes entre os românticos da segunda geração brasileira, projetando a figura eminente do crítico literário que já se entrevia em Azevedo, mesmo nos seus primeiros ensaios. O distanciamento dos esforços nacionalistas, principal objetivo da maioria dos críticos e escritores brasileiros no oitocentos, permitiu que Azevedo se vinculasse a uma outra concepção de crítica literária, de origem alemã, elaborada sobretudo pelos irmãos Schlegel e por Novalis. Essa aproximação, que pode ter ocorrido tanto por via direta, quanto por meio de traduções francesas, portuguesas, ou mesmo, inglesas, fez com que Álvares de Azevedo se posicionasse de maneira distinta da de seus contemporâneos em relação a sua própria composição e a dos autores mencionados ao longo dos prefácios e ensaios. / This research investigates the prefaces to the books Lira dos vinte anos, O conde Lopo and Macário, by the Romantic writer Álvares de Azevedo (1831-1852). Its purpose is to devise and systematize the fundamental conjectures of the critical thinking found in these texts. With a view to contextualizing the discussions they provide in parallel with the Romantic debate taking place both in Brazil and abroad, this research makes use of yet other critical essays by the author in order to elucidate questions raised in the prefaces and, occasionally, in some of his poems and other works. Confronting the texts from the corpus made it possible to reconstitute a rich array of bibliographic references, especially French and Portuguese, as Théophile Gautier and Lopes de Mendonça, to which the author constantly turns. Such an array evinces a vast horizon of readings that goes far beyond Byron and Musset the most common sources among the Brazilian second generation of Romantics projecting the eminent figure of the foreseeable literary critic in Azevedo even in his primitive essays. His distancing from nationalist struggles, major goal of the majority of Brazilian critics and writers during the 1800s, allowed Azevedo to relate to another conception of literary criticism, one of German origin, designed mainly by the Schlegel brothers and Novalis. Such approximation, which may have taken place through both direct contact and French, Portuguese or even English translations, made Álvares de Azevedo take a different stand from that of his contemporaries regarding his own production and that of the authors mentioned throughout his prefaces and essays.

Poetry by Post is a four-month poetry subscription service that will run from November of 2013 to February of 2014. I will produce one mailing per month that will include a letterpress-printed broadside that features a poem of my choosing and an accompanying literary analysis and reply postcard, also letterpress-printed, all contained within calligraphed envelopes and posted with vintage stamps. Subscriptions are available at $150 for the series or $50 for an individual mailing and will not exceed 50 in number. The inaugural Poetry by Post will feature Midwestern poets Jennie Kinneberg Wrisley, Eric McHenry, Catherine Tufariello, and Ted Kooser. I have taken "Midwestern" to mean anyone who has simply spent a good bit of time in the large swath of land in the middle of the U.S. And much like the Midwest, the poetry featured will be plainspoken but no less profound for that.