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Nesta tese objetivou-se identificar e analisar trajetórias de empoderamento político de mulheres que exercem funções de representatividade e suas compreensões sobre desenvolvimento local. O recorte analítico é qualitativo e fundamentou-se nos conceitos de empoderamento, chances de vida, capacitações e estado de confiança. O universo de pesquisa foram mulheres que assumiram cargos de prefeitas, vice-prefeitas e vereadoras no Rio Grande do Sul, nas eleições de 2012. Também, buscou-se conhecimentos sobre o assunto com informantes qualificados, totalizando trinta e quatro pessoas entrevistadas por meio de um roteiro que abrangeu os seguintes aspectos: a trajetória familiar, educacional e profissional; a trajetória política, a participação em organizações de grupo; atuação na política, o estilo de fazer política; os significados e os compromissos com o desenvolvimento local; a participação política da mulher; e o estado de confiança e as expectativas do futuro na política. Os resultados demonstraram que a mulher ingressa na política por três vias: pela qualificação profissional, pela participação em movimentos sociais e para ajudar amigos e família; atua na política com especificidades da esfera privada, e sua compreensão de desenvolvimento local não distancia de seu entendimento de bem-estar em casa; não separa sua vivência em família com a atuação na política, dobrando sua carga de compromissos e atividades; suas expectativas quanto ao futuro político não são de continuidade, apesar de afirmar que está atuando muito bem na política. Com isso, concluiu-se que, além de traçar trajetórias diferentes, as mulheres atuam na política de forma diferente dos homens, por não conseguirem separar a vida privada da pública. Ou seja, jogam as regras que foram elaboradas por homens, mas de forma que a esfera privada não se distancie da pública. Não somam um número que representa uma massa crítica capaz de alterar relação de poder, mas quando estão no poder compreendem o desenvolvimento local como processo de construção de bem estar às pessoas, o qual inclui os cuidados com a cidade, o acolhimento às pessoas e ruas com muitas flores. / The present study aims to identify and analyze trajectories of womens’s political empowerment, that have representative roles, and their understanding about the local development. The analysis is qualitative and it is based in empowerment's concepts, life's chances, abilities and self confidence. The investigation took into account women that were mayors, vice-mayors and councilwomen in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in 2012 elections. Also, the information about the subject came from qualified people, thirty four people was interviewed with a script that included the following aspects: familiar, educational, professional and political ones, participation in goups organizations, performance in politics, the way of working in politics, the meanings and the commitment in relation to local development, women's participation in politic, conditions to gender equality, their self confidence and their expectations in politics. The results demonstrated that women joined to politics due to three vias: their professional competence, participation in social activities and to assist their friends and family. They work in politic with specificities from their private lives, and their understanding about local development is similar to their understanding about welfare at home, they do not separate their family living from their political performance, they duplicate their activities and commitments, they do not have expectations to continue in politics, in spite of their good work in this area, according to their opinion. Therefore, the conclusion is that woman work in a different way in relation to man, because they can not separate their private lives from their public ones. In other words, they work according to the rules created by men in this area, but in a way that their private lives do not stay away from their public one. These women are the rate that represent a critical mass that can not change the power relation, but when they are in the power position they understand the local development as a process of construction of welfare to people, which includes the care of the city, welcoming people and streets with lots of flowers.

Nesta tese objetivou-se identificar e analisar trajetórias de empoderamento político de mulheres que exercem funções de representatividade e suas compreensões sobre desenvolvimento local. O recorte analítico é qualitativo e fundamentou-se nos conceitos de empoderamento, chances de vida, capacitações e estado de confiança. O universo de pesquisa foram mulheres que assumiram cargos de prefeitas, vice-prefeitas e vereadoras no Rio Grande do Sul, nas eleições de 2012. Também, buscou-se conhecimentos sobre o assunto com informantes qualificados, totalizando trinta e quatro pessoas entrevistadas por meio de um roteiro que abrangeu os seguintes aspectos: a trajetória familiar, educacional e profissional; a trajetória política, a participação em organizações de grupo; atuação na política, o estilo de fazer política; os significados e os compromissos com o desenvolvimento local; a participação política da mulher; e o estado de confiança e as expectativas do futuro na política. Os resultados demonstraram que a mulher ingressa na política por três vias: pela qualificação profissional, pela participação em movimentos sociais e para ajudar amigos e família; atua na política com especificidades da esfera privada, e sua compreensão de desenvolvimento local não distancia de seu entendimento de bem-estar em casa; não separa sua vivência em família com a atuação na política, dobrando sua carga de compromissos e atividades; suas expectativas quanto ao futuro político não são de continuidade, apesar de afirmar que está atuando muito bem na política. Com isso, concluiu-se que, além de traçar trajetórias diferentes, as mulheres atuam na política de forma diferente dos homens, por não conseguirem separar a vida privada da pública. Ou seja, jogam as regras que foram elaboradas por homens, mas de forma que a esfera privada não se distancie da pública. Não somam um número que representa uma massa crítica capaz de alterar relação de poder, mas quando estão no poder compreendem o desenvolvimento local como processo de construção de bem estar às pessoas, o qual inclui os cuidados com a cidade, o acolhimento às pessoas e ruas com muitas flores. / The present study aims to identify and analyze trajectories of womens’s political empowerment, that have representative roles, and their understanding about the local development. The analysis is qualitative and it is based in empowerment's concepts, life's chances, abilities and self confidence. The investigation took into account women that were mayors, vice-mayors and councilwomen in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in 2012 elections. Also, the information about the subject came from qualified people, thirty four people was interviewed with a script that included the following aspects: familiar, educational, professional and political ones, participation in goups organizations, performance in politics, the way of working in politics, the meanings and the commitment in relation to local development, women's participation in politic, conditions to gender equality, their self confidence and their expectations in politics. The results demonstrated that women joined to politics due to three vias: their professional competence, participation in social activities and to assist their friends and family. They work in politic with specificities from their private lives, and their understanding about local development is similar to their understanding about welfare at home, they do not separate their family living from their political performance, they duplicate their activities and commitments, they do not have expectations to continue in politics, in spite of their good work in this area, according to their opinion. Therefore, the conclusion is that woman work in a different way in relation to man, because they can not separate their private lives from their public ones. In other words, they work according to the rules created by men in this area, but in a way that their private lives do not stay away from their public one. These women are the rate that represent a critical mass that can not change the power relation, but when they are in the power position they understand the local development as a process of construction of welfare to people, which includes the care of the city, welcoming people and streets with lots of flowers.

Nesta tese objetivou-se identificar e analisar trajetórias de empoderamento político de mulheres que exercem funções de representatividade e suas compreensões sobre desenvolvimento local. O recorte analítico é qualitativo e fundamentou-se nos conceitos de empoderamento, chances de vida, capacitações e estado de confiança. O universo de pesquisa foram mulheres que assumiram cargos de prefeitas, vice-prefeitas e vereadoras no Rio Grande do Sul, nas eleições de 2012. Também, buscou-se conhecimentos sobre o assunto com informantes qualificados, totalizando trinta e quatro pessoas entrevistadas por meio de um roteiro que abrangeu os seguintes aspectos: a trajetória familiar, educacional e profissional; a trajetória política, a participação em organizações de grupo; atuação na política, o estilo de fazer política; os significados e os compromissos com o desenvolvimento local; a participação política da mulher; e o estado de confiança e as expectativas do futuro na política. Os resultados demonstraram que a mulher ingressa na política por três vias: pela qualificação profissional, pela participação em movimentos sociais e para ajudar amigos e família; atua na política com especificidades da esfera privada, e sua compreensão de desenvolvimento local não distancia de seu entendimento de bem-estar em casa; não separa sua vivência em família com a atuação na política, dobrando sua carga de compromissos e atividades; suas expectativas quanto ao futuro político não são de continuidade, apesar de afirmar que está atuando muito bem na política. Com isso, concluiu-se que, além de traçar trajetórias diferentes, as mulheres atuam na política de forma diferente dos homens, por não conseguirem separar a vida privada da pública. Ou seja, jogam as regras que foram elaboradas por homens, mas de forma que a esfera privada não se distancie da pública. Não somam um número que representa uma massa crítica capaz de alterar relação de poder, mas quando estão no poder compreendem o desenvolvimento local como processo de construção de bem estar às pessoas, o qual inclui os cuidados com a cidade, o acolhimento às pessoas e ruas com muitas flores. / The present study aims to identify and analyze trajectories of womens’s political empowerment, that have representative roles, and their understanding about the local development. The analysis is qualitative and it is based in empowerment's concepts, life's chances, abilities and self confidence. The investigation took into account women that were mayors, vice-mayors and councilwomen in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in 2012 elections. Also, the information about the subject came from qualified people, thirty four people was interviewed with a script that included the following aspects: familiar, educational, professional and political ones, participation in goups organizations, performance in politics, the way of working in politics, the meanings and the commitment in relation to local development, women's participation in politic, conditions to gender equality, their self confidence and their expectations in politics. The results demonstrated that women joined to politics due to three vias: their professional competence, participation in social activities and to assist their friends and family. They work in politic with specificities from their private lives, and their understanding about local development is similar to their understanding about welfare at home, they do not separate their family living from their political performance, they duplicate their activities and commitments, they do not have expectations to continue in politics, in spite of their good work in this area, according to their opinion. Therefore, the conclusion is that woman work in a different way in relation to man, because they can not separate their private lives from their public ones. In other words, they work according to the rules created by men in this area, but in a way that their private lives do not stay away from their public one. These women are the rate that represent a critical mass that can not change the power relation, but when they are in the power position they understand the local development as a process of construction of welfare to people, which includes the care of the city, welcoming people and streets with lots of flowers.

Regional economics addresses a number of major tasks related to regional and local area development issues such as the planning of investment (private and public), the provision of public goods, urban redevelopment schemes, fiscal and financial relations among various levels of government and subsidy and area development programs. These issues are often surrounded by a sense of urgency stemming in part from the strong spirit of development in many communities and the rising awareness of regional disparity. Yet, the lack of adequate information on subnational economies has traditionally hampered efforts at analyzing many of these issues and at providing adequate choices for decision making.</p> <p>The inadequacy of statistical data at the regional level seldom means, however, a complete lack of information. The available statistical and administrative data are usually prepared by a variety of government agencies and sources for different purposes and, consequently, lack a coherent or systematic framework which relates them meaningfully to each other and to data on the total economy. There is, thus, an obvious need to integrate these data sets with each other and with information on the economy as a whole in order to enhance their usefulness for analysis and decision making at the regional level.</p> <p>It is maintained in this dissertation that a system of economic accounts provides a suitable framework for the integration and systematic treatment of available regional microdata. The application of economic accounting to various types of regional information can give rise to a complete set of regional economic accounts useful for economic analysis at the regional level. This has been demonstrated by designing a system of regional accounts - based on national (provincial) accounting concepts - to Ontario and by estimating the accounting entries for each of its 10 economic regions. The estimation of regional entries is accomplished by a disaggregation or apportionment of the Ontario Accounts totals in the year of estimate (1971) on the basis of various allocation techniques and by using the microdata sets available at the industry and regional levels as allocators.</p> <p>The systematic integration of fragmented regional data by means of an economic accounting framework produces consistency, comprehensiveness and comparability of economic data among the regions and between them and the total economy. It is hoped that economic accounting in Ontario at the regional level will increasingly become recognized as a flexible tool of analysis which can generate a useful interaction between data and method thereby improving both theory and empirical results. The principal achievement has been to highlight areas of weakness in constructing regional economic accounts. It is also hoped that it can serve as a benchmark in future research efforts.</p> <p>The set of regional accounts for Ontario derived in this study was utilized in the context of a regional macro model (based on aggregate demand and supply) for the purpose of calculating a set of regional income multipliers. The multipliers based on regional accounting data are a precise and powerful tool of analysis - especially in determining the multiplier effects of exogenous expenditure in each region - which enriches our knowledge of regional economies and appreciation of the effect of regional policies.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Além do discurso de desenvolvimento nacional associado à construção de usinas hidrelétricas, tem sido destacado nos planos do setor de energia, nos discursos do governo e nos documentos técnicos relativos ao processo de avaliação de impacto um potencial de indução do desenvolvimento local associado à instalação de usinas hidrelétricas no território. Este suposto desenvolvimento local é favorecido por alguns aspectos relativos à construção das hidrelétricas, como o potencial de dinamização econômica das regiões onde os projetos são instalados e o aumento das receitas dos municípios diretamente afetados, uma vez que estes passam a receber recursos financeiros provenientes diretamente da geração de energia elétrica. Neste sentido, estes fatores têm sido utilizados para justificar uma série de novos projetos, planejados e em implantação expressos nos Planos Decenais de Expansão de Energia. Devido à falta de evidências empíricas que atestem esta relação entre existência de usinas hidrelétricas no território e o desenvolvimento local, o objetivo desta tese é o de verificar se municípios diretamente afetados por hidrelétricas têm desempenho de desenvolvimento melhor do que municípios indiretamente afetados, pertencentes a uma mesma região. Neste sentido, os desempenhos de desenvolvimento de três grupos de municípios, sob influência das hidrelétricas de Machadinho, Itá, Barra Grande e Campos Novos, foram comparados a partir do teste estatístico de Mann-Whitney. Buscou-se avaliar também a correlação entre a quantidade de recursos financeiros recebidos pelos municípios diretamente afetados com o desempenho de desenvolvimento, relativo à variação de um conjunto de indicadores de desenvolvimento local no tempo. Apesar de um dos grupos ter se destacado em relação à dimensão econômica, para a maioria dos indicadores utilizados não foi possível destacar um melhor desempenho por parte dos grupos diretamente afetados. Ressalta-se que um dos grupos de municípios diretamente afetados apresentou pior desempenho em relação à produção industrial e à concentração de renda. Encontrou-se correlação positiva entre a quantidade de recursos recebidos e a produção relativa ao setor de serviços e ao IDH renda. Porém, encontrou-se uma correlação negativa para o indicador alfabetismo. Concluiu-se, para a região estudada para o período de 2000 a 2010 que as UHEs e seus fatores associados, como os recursos financeiros, não têm servido à promoção dos fatores locais de desenvolvimento. Assim, sugere-se uma discussão a partir da formação potencial de um enclave associado a esta atividade. / In addition to the national development discourse associated to the construction of hydroelectric power plants, it has been highlighted the potential of this kind of projects in promoting local development, this has been appearing in the plans for the energy sector, in the speeches of the government and in technical documents related to the environmental impact assessment process. This supposed local development is supported by some aspects concerning the construction of dams, such as the potential for economic dynamism of the regions where the projects are installed and the income increase of the directly affected municipalities, since they start to receive financial resources from the electricity generation. In this sense, these factors have been used to justify a number of new projects, planned and under construction, expressed in the Decennial Plan for Energy Expansion. Due to the lack of empirical evidence attesting this relation between existence of hydropower plants in the territory and its local development, the aim of this thesis is to determine whether municipalities directly affected by hydropower development have e better development performance than those municipalities that are indirectly affected but belong to a same region. In this sense, the development performances of three groups of municipalities, under the influence of Machadinho, Ita, Barra Grande and Campos Novos hydro powers, were compared from the statistical test of Mann-Whitney. Attempt was also made to evaluate the correlation between the amount of funds received by the municipalities directly affected and the variation of a set of indicators of local development. Although one of the groups have been highlighted in relation to the economic dimension, for most of the indicators has not been possible to highlight better performances by neither of the groups. It is noteworthy that one of the groups directly affected showed worse performance in relation to industrial production and the concentration of income. There was a positive correlation between the amount of funds received and the production concerning the service sector and the HDI income. However, it was found a negative correlation for the literacy indicator. It was concluded, to study case for the 2000-2010 periods that the HPPs and associated factors such as financial resources, have not served to the promotion of local development factors. Thus, it is suggest a debate over the potential to enclave\'s establishment due to this sort of activity.

O desenvolvimento local é um assunto controverso e pouco estudado no Brasil, assim como no debate internacional. A despeito das opiniões divergentes, autores da área concordam com a emergência do tema do desenvolvimento de localidades e regiões, impulsionado pelo novo contexto globalizado, marcado por paradoxos, incerteza e complicações, em que os benefícios gerados permanecem restritos a poucas regiões. Assumindo a relevância do tema acerca do desenvolvimento, é crescente a atenção às abordagens em âmbito local, já que nessa esfera os problemas são mais bem identificados, além de haver maior possibilidade de integração entre os diferentes setores e atores envolvidos. Nesse contexto, a complexidade é apontada como característica das dinâmicas de desenvolvimento, o que exige um tratamento a partir de um fundamento epistemológico coerente. Somente com a compreensão da dinâmica que envolve o próprio processo de desenvolvimento é que se pode pensar em formas de impulsioná-lo por meio das ações dos seus atores. Assim, este esforço de pesquisa busca verificar se a dinâmica do desenvolvimento local envolve características que justifiquem seu tratamento tendo por base uma abordagem epistemológica compatível com os paradigmas científicos contemporâneos acerca da teoria da complexidade. Partindo de uma discussão teórica, este trabalho realiza uma revisão conceitual, embasado em uma análise do problema, segundo a fenomenologia de Husserl. Os resultados foram submetidos a um processo analógico, realizado por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica em obras que tratam da teoria da complexidade, em busca de conceitos básicos fundamentais, que foram transpostos à essência do desenvolvimento local. Como resultado, a essência do fenômeno do desenvolvimento foi descrita em um esboço, configurando uma rede formada pelas interações entre seus subsistemas. Esta configuração foi analisada a partir dos conceitos da teoria da complexidade, em uma descrição de sua dinâmica que caracteriza o desenvolvimento local como um fenômeno complexo, considerando esta base teórica como abordagem adequada ao seu tratamento. / Local development is a controversial and poorly studied matter in Brazil, as well as in the international debate. Despite differing opinions, authors agree that the emergence of the theme of development of localities and regions has been driven by the new globalized context, characterized by paradoxes, uncertainty and complications, in which the generated benefits remain restricted to a few regions. Assuming the relevance of the development issue, there is growing attention to approaches at the local extent, since in the local scope problems are better identified, beyond the greater possibility of integration between different sectors and stakeholders. In this sense, complexity is seen as a feature of the development dynamics, requiring a coherent epistemological foundation for studies. The only alternative for finding ways to promote the development process through the actions of agents/actors, such as business organizations, is by understanding the dynamics surrounding it. Thus, this research aims at verifying if the local development dynamics involve characteristics that justify its treatment based on an epistemological approach consistent with the contemporary scientific paradigms of complexity theory. From a theoretical discussion, this work performs a conceptual revision, based on an analysis of the problem, according to Husserl\'s phenomenology. Results were submitted to an analog procedure, performed through a bibliographic research in literature dealing with the complexity theory, in pursuit of fundamental basic concepts, transposed to the essence of the local development. As a partial result, the essence of the development phenomenon was described in a sketch, setting up a network constituted by interactions between its subsystems. This configuration was analyzed based on the concepts of complexity theory, in a description of the dynamics that characterizes the local development as a complex phenomenon, considering this theoretical basis as a suitable approach to its treatment.

The purpose of this study is to investigate municipal development activities of rural oriented areas of the west coast of Sweden. The chosen municipalities for this study are Tanum, Munkedal, Sotenäs and Orust where the aim is to give an understanding to the different municipalities work towards achieving local development and opposing depopulation. The nature of this study is primarily qualitative with a lightly deductive orientation since the presented concept of push and pulls factors of migration and the concept of governance with top down and bottom up approaches is used to understand and analyze the empirics. The empirics of this study give answer to the population situation of the municipalities, the prioritized factors for local development and methods adopted to oppose depopulation. The primary conclusion is that the problem of depopulation is handled by promoting local development through economical means in most municipalities.

Climate change is possibly the greatest threat facing human society in this century. The response to this challenge has been dominated by international negotiations for controlling greenhouse gas emissions. More recently there are efforts by the international community to engage other levels of governance in mitigation and adaptation response. While the framework for international action on climate change continues to evolve, there is mounting pressure from researchers to include cities as significant actors in the global climate change management strategy. Cities are centers of production and consumption in our society and as such will be crucial for global climate change management strategy. Despite these links, demands for consideration of climate change management issues in local policy making have remained a research rhetoric and have not yet translated into planning action. This gap between planning research and practice is probably due to lack of evidence based research on this issue. This study fills in this gap and provides empirical evidence supporting the key role of local development plans in climate change management. Specifically, in the first step, this research investigates the influence of local development plans on climate change mitigation by comparing change in carbon dioxide emissions in groups of cities with and without plans. Thereafter, climate change management capacity in local development plans is analyzed through policy analysis. Finally, this research study examines the effect of plan quality on the change in carbon dioxide emissions, while controlling for socio-economic, landscape and policy characteristics. Results of this study support the demands for using local development plans as tools for climate change management. This study identifies numerous planning policies in local development plans with potential to influence climate change management. The analysis also reveals wide variation in the quality of the climate change management policies. For example, policies related to site planning regulations and transportation are fairly detailed, whereas acquisition and incentive/disincentive tools are not. The detailed review of plan quality suggests that although development plans have the potential to significantly influence climate change, there is need for further improvement, especially of the overall plan implementation capacity. Finally, the research findings show that the quality of climate change management planning policies in local development plans have a significant impact on a communities’ emissions. Communities with better plan quality had significantly lower increase in per-capita emissions over the period of analysis. The study also discovered significant effects of wealth, travel behavior, occupation base and state policy on the change in emissions. Based on the research findings this study recommends evolving integrated local development policies that focus on dual goals of climate change management and sustainable development. Further studies are recommended to examine the opportunities and challenges to use of local development plans for climate change management.