Smärta är en subjektiv upplevelse som kan drabba och begränsa individen på olika sätt. Det är viktigt att använda sig av ett helhetsperspektiv, då en bibehållen smärta kan bero på andra faktorer än just de fysiologiska. Det är viktigt att som vårdgivare bemöta, framför allt unga smärtpatienter, med ett patientcentrerat och holistiskt synsätt. Detta för att tidigt fånga upp och identifiera smärtan för att undvika att smärtan kommer bli något långvarigt. Rätt behandling och ett bra bemötande kan även vara av värde gällande individens syn på sin egen smärta och framtiden. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur unga mellan 18-30 år med långvarig icke-specifik smärta upplever sin smärta i relation till sin vardag, arbetsliv och bemötandet från vården. Metoden är en kvalitativ intervjustudie, med tre deltagare som lever med långvarig smärta. Efter gjorda intervjuer bearbetades materialet via en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatetav studien resulterade i fyra huvudkategorier; långvarig smärta, att bli bemött som ung smärtpatient, betydelsen av en diagnos och framtiden.  Det visade sig att smärtan har en stor påverkan i informanternas vardag. En bekräftelse från vården hade kunnat bidra till en ökad acceptans hos informanterna gällande sitt tillstånd. Konklusionen i denna studieär att smärtan påverkar livet i stort och är en subjektiv upplevelse som alltid är sann och den ska alltid tas på allvar trots att det inte finns någon fysiologisk förklaring till den. / Pain is a subjective experience that affects and limits the individual in different ways. It is important to make use of a holistic perspective, as a sustained pain may be due to factors other than the physiological ones. It is important as a caregiver to respond, especially to young pain patients, with a patient-centered and holistic approach. This is to early identify the pain in order to avoid the pain becoming chronic. The right treatment can also be of value for the individual's view of their pain and the future. The aim of this study was to investigate how young people between 18-30 years with long-term, non-specific pain experience their pain in relation to their everyday life, working life and the treatment from the care. The method is a qualitative interview study, with three participants living with long-term pain. After interviews, the material was processed with a qualitative content analysis. The result of the study resulted in four main categories; long-term pain, be treated as young patients, the importance of a diagnosis, the future and a number of sub-categories. It turned out that the pain has a great impact on the informants' everyday life. A confirmation from the health service could have contributed to an increased acceptance of the informants condition. The conclusion is that the pain is always true and have a great impact on life in general and should always be taken seriously, even though there is no physiological explanation for it.

Le vieillissement de la population et la forte prévalence des incapacités qui lui est associée invitent à s’interroger sur les modes d’accompagnement de la perte d’autonomie. Tandis que l’aide reçue par les personnes âgées dépendantes provient majoritairement de leurs proches, les politiques publiques françaises favorisent le recours à l’aide professionnelle, dite aide formelle, pour les personnes résidant à domicile. Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les configurations d’aides formelles et informelles pour les personnes âgées en perte d’autonomie. Sous quelles conditions les individus ont-ils recours à l’aide professionnelle, et comment se détermine leur niveau de consommation ? Comment les producteurs d’aide familiale et professionnelle s’adaptent-t-ils aux contraintes de production qui leur sont propres ? Les quatre chapitres de cette thèse étudient empiriquement ces questions dans le contexte français. Mobilisant le cadre micro-économique et les outils économétriques, ils s’appuient sur des données d’enquête, des données administratives et des fichiers de gestion d’un service d’aide à domicile. Le premier chapitre porte sur l’aide apportée par les enfants à un parent âgé dépendant. Le deuxième chapitre étudie l’élasticité-prix de la demande d’aide formelle. Le troisième chapitre analyse comment le financement public de la demande et la régulation de l’offre affectent la décision de consommer de l’aide professionnelle. Le quatrième chapitre s’intéresse enfin aux coûts de transport des services d’aide professionnelle, comme contrainte de production pesant sur l’organisation de l’offre. Les résultats montrent que la demande d’aide est relativement peu sensible au prix de l’aide professionnelle, tandis que la régulation de l’offre affecte plus notablement les configurations d’aide. / In a context of population ageing, the demand for long-term care is rising. While relatives remain the major source of care provision for disabled elderly, most OECD countries tend to foster the use of professional care, also called formal care, when individuals live at home. This thesis studies the determinants of home care arrangements for the disabled elderly in the context of France. What are the determinants of formal care consumption, at both the extensive and intensive margins? How do formal and informal care providers adjust to their provision constraints? The four chapters present original empirical evidence on these questions in the French context. They build on micro-econometric frameworks and use national survey data, administrative data or management files from a professional provider. The first Chapter studies the care provided by children to a disabled elderly parent. The second Chapter estimates the price-elasticity of the demand for formal care. The third Chapter analyzes how the decision to consume formal care is affected by the generosity of the public financing and the regulation of home care providers. The fourth Chapter focuses on the travel costs borne by home-care providers and their effect on the home care provision. The demand for formal care is found to be fairly little sensitive to its price, while the regulation of the supply is more likely to affect care arrangements.

There is an emerging class of applications that require long-term tracking and monitoring of mobile entities for characterising their contexts and behaviours using data from wireless sensors. Examples include monitoring animals in their natural habitat over the annual cycle; tracking shipping containers and their handling during transit; and monitoring air quality using sensors attached to bicycles used in public sharing schemes. All applications within this class require the acquisition of sensor data tagged with spatio-temporal information and uploaded wirelessly. Currently there is no solution targeting the entire class of applications, only point solutions focused on specific scenarios. This thesis presents a complete solution (firmware and hardware) for applications within this class that consists of attaching mobile sensor nodes to the entities for tracking and monitoring their behaviour, and deploying an infrastructure of base-stations for collecting the data wirelessly. The proposed solution is more energy efficient compared to the existing solutions that target specific scenarios, offering a longer deployment lifetime with a reduced size and weight of the devices. This is achieved mainly by using the VB-TDMA low-power data upload protocol proposed in this thesis. The mobile sensor nodes, consisting of the GPS and radio modules among others, and the base-stations are powered by batteries, and the optimisation of their energy usage is of primary concern. The presence of the GPS module, in particular its acquisition of accurate time, is used by the VB-TDMA protocol to synchronise the communication between nodes at no additional energy costs, resulting in an energy-efficient data upload protocol for sparse networks of mobile nodes, that can potentially be out of range of base-stations for extended periods of time. The VB-TDMA and an asynchronous data upload protocol were implemented on the custom-designed Prospeckz-5-based wireless sensor nodes. The protocols’ performances were simulated in the SpeckSim simulator and validated in real-world deployments of tracking and monitoring thirty-two Retuerta wild horses in the Doñana National Park in Spain, and a herd of domesticated horses in Edinburgh. The chosen test scenario of long-term wildlife tracking and monitoring is representative for the targeted class of applications. The VB-TDMA protocol showed a significantly lower power consumption than other comparable MAC protocols, effectively doubling the battery lifetime. The main contributions of the thesis are the development of the VB-TDMA data upload protocol and its performance evaluation, along with the development of simulation models for performance analysis of wireless sensor networks, validated using data from the two real-world deployments.

One of the most common goals of political theory is to inform just choice; with ‘just choice’ referring to the class of practical, political decisions that result in society becoming more just. However, important questions can be asked about the best way political theory can perform this informing function. In this thesis I look to answer some of these questions through my defence of an ideal theory approach to just choice. This approach claims that ideals, that is, conceptions of the rules that would govern a fully just society, are necessary in order to arrive at just choices. I look to show the conditions ideal theory and ideals have to satisfy in order to perform this just choice informing role. In doing this this thesis underlabours for ideal theory by providing theoretical support for future substantive work in this area. This thesis proceeds as follows. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the structure of the thesis, the main areas of debate, and the implications of my research. Chapter 2 addresses the fundamental question discussed above, seeking to demonstrate that it is only when our choices are informed by ideals that we are consistently able to make just choices. Chapter 3 considers the distinction between short-term choice, which aims to make society immediately more similar to an ideal, and long-term choice, which aims to ultimately realise an ideal in full. I look to show the conditions that ideals have to satisfy in order to inform each type of just choice. Particularly important here are the feasibility conditions that have to be met by ideals that are to inform long-term choice. Chapter 4 considers a conundrum confronting those aiming to make just choices. All other things being equal long-term choice offers greater rewards than short-term choice does; however short-term choice is lower risk, requiring less investment of political resources such as time, labour, and money, and promising more likely returns on these investments. In this chapter I look to show the conditions that have to hold for it to be defensible to favour a long-term approach over a short-term approach. Chapter 5 considers whether the methods required of ideal theory, particularly the feasible ideal theory required of long-term choice, may be inherently contradictory. This is due to possible tensions between fact-sensitive and fact-insensitive aspects of the theorising process. In this chapter I look to show that this is not the case and that the ideal theory process is not contradictory. Chapter 6 summarises my key arguments and reflects on some of the main themes of this thesis.

Os objetivos desta pesquisa, descritiva com delineamento transversal, foram verificar como ocorre o processo de formação de jovens nadadores brasileiros, sob diferentes aspectos: organização, estrutura e quantificação do treinamento; especialização do atleta; seleção de talentos e as funções da competição nas categorias de base na perspectiva do Treinamento a Longo Prazo - TLP, e ainda propor um modelo de TLP para a natação brasileira. Foram selecionados nove clubes classificados entre os 10 primeiros do \"Ranking\" pela Confederação de Desportos Aquáticos Brasileiros - CBDA, no mês de julho de 2005. Os técnicos foram entrevistados quanto aos aspectos do treinamento de formação nas categorias de base na natação: mirim, petiz, infantil, juvenil e júnior (de 08 a 17 anos). As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e analisadas de acordo com o método de análise de conteúdo proposto por Bardin (1977). Os resultados revelaram que os clubes brasileiros seguem o modelo por categorias de competições propostas pela CBDA. Alguns aspectos importantes foram evidenciados, tais como: a especialização precoce, o direcionamento para competições de alto nível em curto prazo. Sendo assim, os jovens nadadores são pressionados para que realizem resultados ótimos. O TLP não é realizado dentro das estruturas dos clubes brasileiros entrevistados. Formulou-se um modelo de TLP para a natação brasileira. Como sugestão, recomenda-se que os dirigentes e técnicos devem realizar maiores reflexões sobre o sistema de treinamento infanto-juvenil e de competição de natação no país / This cross-designed and descriptive research meant to verify the process of formation of young Brazilian swimmers under different aspects: organization, structure and load of training; the athlete\'s specialization; selection of talents and the functions of the competition in base categories under the perspective of Long-Term Training - LTT. It also meant to propose a LTT model for the Brazilian swimming. Nine clubs ranking top 10 by the CBDA - the Brazilian Confederation of Aquatic Sports were selected in the month of July 2005. The coaches were interviewed regarding the training aspects for the formation of base categories swimmers aged 08 to 17. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed according to the method proposed by Bardin (1977). The results revealed that the Brazilian clubs follow the model of categories as proposed by CBDA. Such relevant aspects as early specialization and the orientation to short-term achievement to high level competitions were evidenced. Thus, young swimmers are pushed to achieve optimal results. The Brazilian clubs, subject of this research, do not hold their LTT inside their facilities. A LTT model was prepared for the Brazilian swimming. It is suggested that club directors and coaches reflect upon their infant-juvenile training and swimming competitions nationwide

O tema desenvolvido guarda pertinência com a denúncia unilateral do contrato, a qual só deve produzir efeitos depois de transcorrido prazo compatível com eventuais investimentos consideráveis realizados pela contraparte, a teor do art. 473, par. ún., do Código Civil. Sendo assim, a pesquisa foi iniciada com premissas teóricas atinentes à liberdade contratual e suas vicissitudes em distintos momentos históricos. Esclarecido que a liberdade contratual deve ser sopesada com a intervenção Estatal para otimizar o desenvolvimento econômico e o bem-estar social, o trabalho demonstra, inicialmente, a coerência da mencionada norma em meio ao paradigma contemporâneo dominante. Em seguida, foram apresentadas reflexões para explicar a finalidade da inserção do dispositivo legal no ordenamento positivo. Com intuito de vedar o abuso de poder econômico, a norma foi introduzida especificamente para coibir o exercício abusivo do direito de resilição. Sendo este o escopo da norma, a primeira parte do trabalho ofereceu subsídios para justificar porque cabe ao juiz impor a prorrogação contratual, quando o denunciante não respeitar prazos compatíveis com os investimentos empreendidos pela outra parte. Já quanto à segunda parte, foram lançadas elucubrações sobre os distintos aspectos das relações contratuais duradouras. Nesse ponto, foram apontadas importantes contribuições doutrinárias a respeito da influência do aspecto temporal sobre as relações contínuas e, ainda, perspectivas da análise econômica do direito, além da abordagem relacional do contrato. Restando elucidado que a prorrogação do contrato pode (e deve) ser imposta pelo intérprete, na última e terceira parte deste trabalho, é proposta uma interpretação sistemática e axiológica da norma do art. 473, par. ún., do Código Civil. / The subject developed concerns the unilateral termination of the contract, which shall only take effect after certain length compatible with sizeable investments made by the counterparty, as set forth in Article 473, sole paragraph, of the Civil Code. Therefore, the research began with theoretical premises regarding the contractual freedom and its variations in different historical moments. Once clarified that the contractual freedom must be counterbalanced by governmental intervention in order to optimize economic development and social well-being, the study initially demonstrates the consistency of the aforesaid rule in the midst of the currently reigning paradigm. In addition, some reflections were presented to explain the purpose of the insertion of the provision in the written body of laws. Seeking to prevent the abuse of economic power, the ruling was created specifically to diminish abusive use of the right to terminate. Given the scope of the provision, the first part of the paper sustained why should the judge extent the length of the notice when the terminating party fails to comply with a compatible term taken into account the investments carried out by the other party. As for the second part, there are musings about different aspects of long-term contracts. Important contributions from legal doctrine were pointed out concerning the influence of time on long-term relationships, and furthermore on perspectives of the economic analysis of Law, besides the relational approach to the contract. As it becomes plain that the extension of a contract may be, or rather ought to be, imposed by the judge, on the third and last part of the dissertation, it is proposed a systematic and axiological interpretation of the ruling set forth by Article 473, sole paragraph, of the Civil Code.

by Tong Lai Wah, Christina. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-112). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Title Page --- p.i / Authorization Page --- p.ii / Signature Page --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v-viii / List of Figures --- p.ix / List of Tables --- p.x / List of Append --- p.ix xi / Title Page --- p.xii / Abstract --- p.xiii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.14-15 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.16-24 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 2.2 --- End-stage renal disease / Chapter 2.3 --- Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis / Chapter 2.4 --- Patient participation / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Definition of participation / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Benefits of participation / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Problems of patient participation / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Application of patient participation / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusion / Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.25-43 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 3.2 --- Overview of grounded theory / Chapter 3.3 --- Procedures / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Data generation / Chapter - --- Sampling / Chapter - --- Data gathering / Chapter - --- Data recording / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Data analysis / Chapter - --- Open coding / Chapter - --- Constant comparative analysis / Chapter - --- Categorization / Chapter - --- Axial coding / Chapter - --- Theoretical sensitivity / Chapter - --- Memoing / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Theory construction / Chapter - --- Core category / Chapter 3.4 --- Method application / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Data collection / Chapter - --- Sampling / Chapter - --- Interview / Chapter - --- Recording / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Data analysis / Chapter - --- Open coding / Chapter - --- Constant comparative analysis / Chapter - --- Categorization and Axial coding / Chapter - --- Theoretical sensitivity / Chapter - --- Memoing / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Theoretical construction / Chapter - --- Concept formation / Chapter - --- Concept development / Chapter 3.5 --- Credibility & Trustworthiness / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion / Chapter 4 --- Findings --- p.44-72 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 4.2 --- Core category: Integrative Restructuring / Chapter 4.3 --- Emotional Labour / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Entering the active zone / Chapter (a) --- Conditions to go into active zone / Chapter (b) --- Outcomes of emotional labour / Chapter (c) --- Strategies used for emotional labour / Chapter - --- Letting go of emotions / Chapter - --- Aligning cognitive consistency / Chapter - --- Maximizing ego / Chapter - --- Locating self / Chapter - --- Boosting power / Chapter i. --- Active control / Chapter ii. --- Building positive expectancies / Chapter iii. --- Covariance to positive expectancies / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Retreating into comfort zone / Chapter (a) --- Contexts of comfort zone / Chapter (b) --- Conditions to build comfort zone / Chapter (c) --- Strategies used within comfort zone / Chapter - --- Defending / Chapter - --- Relinquishing / Chapter - --- Anchoring / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Migrating between the two zones / Chapter (a) --- Conditions to initiate the move / Chapter (b) --- Covariance to the movement / Chapter (c) --- Strategies to make progress / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion / Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.73-92 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 5.2 --- Theoretical framework / Chapter 5.3 --- Core category: Integrative Restructuring / Chapter 5.4 --- Variables affecting the move to active zone / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Preparations / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Support / Chapter (a) --- Source of support / Chapter (b) --- Context of support / Chapter (c) --- Effects of support / Chapter (i) --- Effects upon support-seekers / Chapter (ii) --- Supporter's reaction to support-giving relationship / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Commitment / Chapter (a) --- Perception of the situation / Chapter (b) --- Cultural influences / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Control / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion / Chapter 6 --- Concluding Chapter --- p.93-100 / Chapter 6.1 --- Limitations / Chapter 6.2 --- Implications / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Practice / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Research / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Teaching / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Policy Making / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Summary / Chapter 6.3 --- Future research / Chapter 6.4 --- Reflections upon the study / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion / References --- p.101-112

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INTRODUCTION: Pain is common in cancer. Pain can present at the time of diagnosis or it can develop during treatment. Cancer-related chronic pain is often treated with long-term (3 or more consecutive refills) opioid prescriptions. Opioids are a controlled substance and are thus regulated at the federal, state, and local levels. OBJECTIVES: The first goal of this study is to examine Boston Children's Hospital's general compliance with federal, state, and local opioid prescribing policies. The second goal of this study is to distinguish cancer patients requiring long-term opioids from non-cancer patients requiring long-term opioids. METHODS: This study was a retrospective chart review using summative qualitative content analysis. This is the process where content is grouped into themes and then is further quantified within each theme. RESULTS: Documents required to ensure compliance with opioid prescribing regulations at the local level are not always well documented. These include the Long-Term Opioid Agreement and the risk evaluation of opioid misuse and abuse using one of several tools annually. At Boston Children's Hospital (BCH), the CRAFFT (car, relax, alone, forget, friends, trouble) questionnaires are used for this purpose. State policies require that, if a patient is not seen at least once every 6 months, physicians must document explicitly why a clinic visit was not possible. These reasons are never clearly listed within the medical record. Additionally, data shows that cancer patients using long-term opioids tend to be younger (mean age 14.4) than non-cancer patients (mean age 26.7). Cancer pain can present either at diagnosis, during treatment, or be present during both. Where n=16 cancer patients, 62.53% experienced pain both at diagnosis and during treatment, 25% experienced pain only during treatment, and 12.5% experience pain only at diagnosis. Finally, data also show that anxiety and comorbidity are common, 34.6% of n=29 patients in both cancer and non-cancer patients using long-term opioids. 34.6% of patients experienced comorbidities of either anxiety or depression. CONCLUSIONS: Despite these discrepancies with documentation, review of patients on long-term opioids revealed those with complex and painful medical conditions generally had valid reasons to require long-term opioids. Therefore, there is no evidence that BCH prescribers are involved in any sort of inappropriate opioid prescribing. Finally, no meaningful conclusions were drawn from data regarding pain score and weight because of inconsistencies in electronic medical record documentation in these areas.

Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) is an inter- and transdisciplinary research field addressing socio-ecological change over time at various spatial and temporal scales. In the Austrian Eisenwurzen region, an LTSER platform was founded in 2004. It has fostered and documented research projects aiming at advancing LTSER scientifically and at providing regional stakeholders with relevant information for sustainable regional development. Since its establishment, a broad range of research activities has been pursued in the region, integrating information from long-term ecological monitoring sites with approaches from social sciences and the humanities, and in cooperation with regional stakeholders. Based on the experiences gained in the Eisenwurzen LTSER platform, this article presents current activities in the heterogeneous field of LTSER, identifying specific (inter-)disciplinary contributions of three research strands of LTSER: long-term ecological research, socio-ecological basic research, and transdisciplinary research. Given the broad array of diverse contributions to LTSER, we argue that the platform has become a relevant "boundary organization", linking research to its regional non-academic context, and ensuring interdisciplinary exchange among the variety of disciplines. We consider the diversity of LTSER approaches an important resource for future research. Major success criteria of LTSER face specific challenges: (1) existing loose, yet stable networks need to be maintained and extended; (2) continuous generation of and access to relevant data needs to be secured and more data need to be included; and (3) consecutive research projects that have allowed for capacity building in the past may be threatened in the future if national Austrian research funders cease to provide resources.