Die Berechnung der Netzverluste in Niederspannungsnetzen kann nur über Umwege erfolgen, da viele Netzbetreiber keine digitalisierten Daten ihrer Netze besitzen. Hier wird ein Ansatz zur Ermittlung der technischen Verluste anhand vorhandener Netzdaten beschrieben. / The major part of network operator of low voltage nets do not have digitised data of their nets. That’s why net losses must be calculated indirectly. This article describes an approach for getting results in a direct way.

This thesis is done within the master program in energy systems engineering at Uppsala University and in cooperation with OX2. The aim was to compare the operation and performance of three different de- and anti-icing systems for wind turbines during the winter 2014/2015. The systems evaluated were de-icing with heating resistances, de-icing with warm air and anti-icing with heating resistances. Inconsistency in the operation of the wind turbines and the systems as well as lack of information made it hard to compare the efficiencies of the systems. The systems showed tendencies to improve the production. Especially examples during single ice events where the systems increased the power output were found, but the examples also showed possible improvements regarding the size of the systems and the duration of the de-or anti-icing cycles. Based on the approximated gain in production, during the studied time period, none of the systems could be determined to be profitable. The gain in production does however not have to be especially large for the systems to become profitable, and the results could be very different in a year with more ice, higher electricity prices or a more consistent operation of the systems. Important characteristics of the systems were found to be the duration of a cycle, the energy required for the operation of the system and the trigger-point for activation of the system. Additional benefits like for instance decreased loads, risk for standstill and ice throws could also be provided by the system.

The relationship between earnings management and tax manipulation has been discussed in academia recently. We contribute to this discussion by using a list of tax evader companies, to test the relationship. The list was supplied by the Swedish Tax Agency and consists of public companies from the Swedish stock exchanges. Our findings show that tax evader companies are more prone to manage their earnings and that they do it by reporting small earnings. The effect of labelling the companies as tax manipulators does also not change the extent that they manipulate their earnings in the future. There is therefore no disciplinary effect from the tax evader fine on a manipulating company to behave more credible in the future. Out of our results the most unexpected was however that when we compare the NASDAQ companies with the ones listed on less liquid stock exchanges the NASDAQ ones were more pervasive in managing their earnings. This goes against our own hypothesis as well as previous literature and shows that investors have to be careful also when investing in premium markets.

In this research, nonlinear structural analysis along with finite element analysis were carried out for a pretensioned concrete beam at different levels of pretension in order to examine the effect of the change in the tendon force on the geometric stiffness of the beam. Several results were obtained for deflection, horizontal displacement and surface strains to investigate how they are affected by the level of pretension under the application of the same load in each case. These computations were compared with the tendon force to conclude whether they can be used to estimate the pretension level by means of simple measurements. The purpose was to develop a methodology for quantifying the prestress losses by taking advantage of the dependence of the prestressed concrete beam stiffness on the tendon force. / text

This study has endeavored to discover the pertinent characteristics associated with sports gambling. Three variables appear to be especially prominent in the literature concerning gambling. Chasing one's losses is a gambling specific behavior that has been linked to pathological gambling (Lesieur, 1984). When gambler's chase their losses, they attempt to win back previously lost wagers with future gambles. In addition, previous research has focused on both the cognitive and decision making processes associated with gambling (Kahneman & Tversky, 1978; Langer, 1975). I have hypothesized that the manner in which cognitive processes, decision making, and chasing one's losses interact is a primary variable that contributes to pathological gambling. An additional hypothesis concerns the manner in which sports knowledge affects gambling behavior. The research described in this dissertation has attempted to examine the relevant cognitive and decision making processes associated with pathological gambling. Subjects engaged in gambling simulation over a six week period of time. This simulation replicated real-world gambling with the exception that money could not be lost. The top three winners were paid a percentage of their earnings in order to help insure internal validity. Results indicate that subjects with a high degree of sports knowledge gambled at a higher level and lost a greater amount of wagers than subjects with a low degree of sports knowledge. Implications associated with this include the possibility that individuals utilize knowledge as way to discount and distort statistical probabilities associated with gambling. In this study, cognition processes and decision making were not related to gambling outcomes. / text

Η παρούσα εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη και κατασκευή μιας μονάδας ανεμομέτρου θερμού σύρματος (Hot wire anemometer). Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Θερμοκινητήρων του Τμήματος Μηχανολόγων και Αεροναυπηγών Μηχανικών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σκοπός είναι η μελέτη, σχεδιασμός, κατασκευή και δοκιμή μιας μονοκάναλης μονάδας θερμού σύρματος σταθερής θερμοκρασίας (constant temperature anemometer CTA). Η μέθοδος του Hot wire anemometer χρησιμοποιείται για την έμμεση ταχύτητα της ροής, με βάση την συνεχή παρακολούθηση των θερμικών απωλειών γύρω από ένα θερμαινόμενο αισθητήρα. Το αποτέλεσμα δεν είναι μόνο συναρτήσει της ταχύτητας της ροής, αλλά επίσης και ορισμένων άλλων χαρακτηριστικών της ροής. Αρχικά μελετούνται και καταγράφονται οι βασικές αρχές που διέπουν την ανεμομετρία θερμού σύρματος. Στη συνέχεια αναπτύσσεται ο ηλεκτρονικός σχεδιασμός του ηλεκτρονικού κυκλώματος CTA. Ενώ αργότερα γίνεται η υλοποίηση του κυκλώματος στο λογισμικό Altium Designer μέσω της οποίας προκύπτει ο σχεδιασμός των πλακετών PCB. Επιπλέον περιγράφεται αναλυτικά η κατασκευή της διάταξης, περιγράφονται τα κυριότερα υποσυστήματα της και εξηγείτε αναλυτικά η αρχή λειτουργίας της. Τέλος γίνεται βαθμονόμηση του κυκλώματος, βαθμονόμηση του αισθητήρα και πιστοποιείται η σωστή λειτουργία της μονάδας λαμβάνοντας μετρήσεις στην έξοδο ενός τρισδιάστατου ακροφυσίου τύπου Boërger. / The present study deals with the design and construction of a "Hot Wire Anemometer" module. The work has been conducted in Thermal Engines Laboratory of the Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics Department of the University of Patras, under the supervision of Professor Demos P. Georgiou. The purpose of the current study was the design, construction and testing of a single channel, Constant Temperature Hot Wire Anemometer unit (CTA). The Hot-wire anemometry is a method for indirectly measuring fluid flow velocity, based on monitoring the thermal losses in a heated measuring element. The result is a function of not only the flow velocity, but also of certain other flow parameters. Initially, some basic principles regarding the Hot Wire Anemometer are discussed and some aspects concerning the governing equations are also given. Furthermore, the development of the electronic CTA circuit shown, while later, the final circuit is implemented by employing the Altium Designer Software through which the Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) for the construction are finally obtained. After the detailed presentation of the device construction, the main components and subsystems are discussed in depth. In addition, the principle of operation is also explained in detail. Finally, a fine calibration is made for both, the electronic circuit and the sensor probe. The proper operation of the system as a final product is then certified by obtaining aerodynamic measurements at the exit of a three dimensional Boërger type nozzle.

Storage of biomass is often associated with problems such as heat development, drymatter losses and reduction of fuel quality. The rise in temperature can potentiallycause a risk of self-ignition in the fuel storage. Moreover, emissions from storage pilescan cause health problems in the surrounding. The dry matter losses and reduction offuel quality can have economical effects. The aim of this thesis project is to developguidelines on how to store large amount of biomass at Vattenfalls heat and powerplants in an optimal way. Storage trials at Idbäckens CHP were done in order to studythe effect of storage on fuel quality, dry matter losses and temperature development.Two storage trials were performed over six weeks with waste wood chips and stemwood chips stored in about 4.5 m high outdoor piles. A trial over four days in whichwaste wood chips was placed on a heated surface was evaluated. A study to test thepossibility of using waste heat to dry waste wood chips was performed.Small but not negligible dry matter losses were observed in both of the piles of storedmaterial. The largest weekly losses were found during the first week of storage and adeclining behavior could thereafter be seen. The accumulated losses during six weeksof storage were 2.0 % and 1.7 % respectively, for waste wood and stem wood. Storageduring six weeks of waste wood and newly chipped stem wood did not cause anymajor deterioration of the fuel quality as such, beside the substance losses.No drying effect could be seen in the heated surface trial. The surface became warm,about 50°C, but it was not sufficient to dry the chips. The conclusion is that it is notpossible to dry large amount of chips on a heated surface with the design used hereand during four days.The overall conclusion is that in order to minimize the dry matter losses the materialshould be handled according to the LIFO (last in first out) principle. Wheneverpossible, try to purchase fuel that has been stored for a while since the more easilydegraded compounds has already been degraded through microbial activity. There is apossibility that the largest losses has already occurred. Furthermore, try also tocomminute the material (reduce the particle size) at the plant and as close in time tocombustion as possible.

The influence of uniformity of heat transfer with respect to the effect of heat treatment was investigated by correlating engineering parameters with the quantified heat treatment effects. Differences in treatment effect in terms of quality, anti-pathogen and chilling injury (CI) control properties among commodities was studied by exposing them to different target temperatures. Similar effects were also evaluated and quantified within an individual commodity by a custom-designed device. This device, whose design parameters were based on a heat transfer simulation, insured that one hemisphere of a tomato was exposed to air at 39°C and 0.24 m s-1; while the other hemisphere was exposed to air at a lower temperature with a velocity of0.24 m s-1 or 0.12 m s-1. / Single-temperature heat treatment was most effective in limiting pathogen development and varied according to the parameter measured: 38°C for hypersensitive response (HR), 36°C for tissue breakdown, 36°C, 38°C or 39°C for mycelium abundance, and 38°C or 39°C for lesion size. Bilateral differences in temperature across the fruit significantly affected disease control: decreasing temperature differences significantly improved the uniformity of disease control. / Some of the effects of heat treatment on tomato quality, such as color development and resistance to CI, appear to be localized. A significant difference in redness was identified between heated parts and unheated parts of tomato fruits immediately after treatment; and the differences persisted during storage. Differences in lightness and chroma were noted on day 4. Delay in ripening caused by heat treatment was confirmed through the higher TA and TSS values of heated tomatoes or heated portion of partially heated tomatoes. / The heated parts of tomatoes showed a stronger resistance to chilling injury. The effective temperature control range for CI was wide, but temperatures higher than 39.5°C for 23 h hot air treatment could lead to adverse effects. / Differences in physiological effects between hemispheres in two chambers was reduced by directly decreasing the temperature difference between upper and lower chambers or relatively increasing the heating air flow rate, highlighting the importance of improving the uniformity of air flow around each individual treated fruit.

DC to DC step-down applications with high input voltage and high voltage conversion ratio operational requirements, such as photovoltaic battery chargers, are subject to high conduction losses, high switching losses and substantial reverse-recovery losses when minority carrier principle diodes are used. The recent introduction of silicon carbide diodes with high breakdown voltages has made possible the elimination of reverse-recovery losses at high voltage levels and as such has sparked interest in their use due to the potential efficiency improvements. This report presents the results of a comprehensive analysis on the use of silicon carbide diodes and their counterparts, ultrafast silicon diodes, in conventional buck converters and isolated current-fed buck converters in high input voltage and high voltage conversion ratio step-down applications. The analysis illustrates both theoretically, with the use of steady-state average models, and experimentally the substantial efficiency benefits of the use of reverse-recovery free silicon carbide diodes in the conventional buck converter and the small but significant improvement in the efficiency of the isolated current-fed buck converter. The improvements of the conventional buck converter paired with silicon carbide diodes are shown to be significant enough to grant the variant the most efficient position for power levels below 1 kW. In addition, the four variants are categorized based on their cost and performance; therefore, providing engineers with a convenient guide to aid their selection of the appropriate converter depending on the operational requirements.

Calculation methods of electric power loss in 10 kV distribution network were analyzed in this study. It was examined what influence to power loss calculations has the cable resistance dependency on temperature and cable load. Voltage losses dependency on step-down transformer load, active and reactive power coefficients cosφ and sinφ was also an object of this research. It was intended to analyze comparative power loss dependences for various cross-section 10 kV cables too. Electric power loss calculations according to average load current are made for the real distribution network.