In the present PhD work, three sophisticated models based on the "Engineering" modeling approach have been utilized to conveniently describe and thoroughly analyze details of Lightning events at the CN Tower. Both the CN Tower and the Lightning Channel are represented by a number of connected in series Transmission Line sections in order to account for the variations in the shape of the tower and for plasma processes that take place within the Lightning Channel. A sum of two Heidler functions is used to describe the "uncontaminated" Return Stroke current, which is injected at the attachment point between the CN Tower and the Lightning Channel. Reflections and refractions at all points of mismatched impedances are considered until their contribution becomes less than 1% of the originally injected current wave. In the proposed models, the problem with the current discontinuity at the Lightning Channel front, commonly taken care of by introducing a "turn-on" term when computing radiation fields, is uniquely treated by introducing reflected and transmitted components. For the first time, variable speed of propagation of the Return Stroke current front has been considered and its influence upon the predicted current distributions along the whole Lightning Channel path and upon the radiated distant fields analyzed. Furthermore, as another novelty, computation of the electromagnetic field is accomplished in Cartesian Coordinates. This fact permits to relax the requirement on the verticality of the Lightning Channel, normally imposed in Cylindrical Coordinates. Therefore, it becomes possible to study without difficulty the influence of a slanted Lightning Channel upon the surrounding electromagnetic field. Since the proposed sophisticated Five-Section Model has the capability to represent very closely the structure of the CN Tower and to emulate faithfully the shape of, as well as physical processes within the Lightning Channel, it is believed to have the potential of truthfully reproducing observed fields. The developed modeling approach can be easily adapted to study the anticipated radiated fields at tall structures even before construction.

Arc Flash events occur due to faults in electrical equipment combined with a significant release of energy across an electrical arc. Due to the large energy release, plasma is generated, pressures increase, and the plasma expands. Under these conditions the plasma becomes excited enough to liquefy metal causing physical damage to equipment and any humans in the vicinity. This thesis investigates the state of art for detection of arc flash events and investigates a method of improving detection reliability, and speed by monitoring the high frequency voltage / current patterns utilizing methods similar to arc flash circuit interrupters (AFCI). A second alternative detection approach is determined through analysis of the physics of plasma development. The current state of art is based upon light detection. However this thesis experimentally investigates what happens before the arc event emits visible light. The results show that current flows to ground during an arc event slightly prior to the production of light. Further it shows through analysis of the physics of plasma that a high speed plasma detector has the potential to identify an arc event before the presence of visible light. Through the design and construction of experimental test setups, and physics analysis, this thesis provides new paths for detecting arc events that present opportunities to improve detection time.

<p>Neuronal current MRI (ncMRI) is a field of study to directly map electrical activity in the brain using MRI, which has many benefits over functional MRI. One potential ncMRI method, Lorentz effect imaging (LEI), has shown promise but needs a better theoretical understanding to improve its use.</p><p>We develop three computational models to simulate the LEI experiments of an electrolyte filled phantom subject to a current dipole based on: ion flow, particle drift, and electromagnetohydrodynamics (EMHD). With comparative experimental results, we use the EMHD model to better understand the Lorentz effect over a range of current strengths. We also quantify the LEI experimental images and assess ways to measure the underlying current strength, which would greatly benefit comparative brain mapping.</p><p>EMHD is a good predictor of LEI signal loss. We can measure the underlying current strength and polarity in the phantom using LEI images. We can also use trends from the EMHD model results to predict the required current density for signal detection in future LEI experiments. We can also infer the electric field strength, flow velocity, displacement, and pressure from the predicted current magnitude in an LEI experiment.</p><p>The EMHD model provides information that greatly improves the utility and understanding of LEI. Future study with our EMHD model should be performed using shorter dipole lengths, higher density and lower strength of current sources, and varying current source frequencies to understand LEI in the setting of mapping brain activity.</p> / Dissertation

Magnetic fields are fundamental to the structure and dynamics of the Sun’s corona. Observations show them to be locally complex, with highly sheared and twisted fields visible in solar filaments/prominences. The free magnetic energy contained in such fields is the primary source of energy for coronal mass ejections, which are important—but still poorly understood drivers of space weather in the near-Earth environment. In this thesis, a new model is developed for the evolution of the large-scale magnetic field in the global solar corona. The model is based on observations of the radial magnetic field on the solar photosphere (visible surface). New active regions emerge, and their transport and dispersal by surface motions are simulated accurately with a surface flux transport model. The 3D coronal magnetic field is evolved in response to these photospheric motions using a magneto-frictional technique. The resulting sequence of nonlinear force-free equilibria traces the build-up of magnetic helicity and free energy over many months. The global model is applied to study two phenomena: filaments and coronal mass ejections. The magnetic field directions in a large sample of observed filaments are compared with a 6-month simulation. Depending on the twist of newly-emerging active regions, the correct chirality is simulated for up to 96% of filaments tested. On the basis of these simulations, an explanation for the observed hemispheric pattern of filament chirality is put forward, including why exceptions occur for filaments in certain locations. Twisted magnetic flux ropes develop in the simulations, often losing equilibrium and lifting off, removing helicity. The physical basis for such losses of equilibrium is demonstrated through 2D analytical models. In the 3D global simulations, the twist of emerging regions is a key parameter controlling the number of lift-offs, which may explain around a third of observed coronal mass ejections.

In this thesis, we investigate the collective electron dynamics in single and coupled superlattice systems under the influence of a DC electric field. Firstly, we illustrate that Bloch oscillations suppress electron transport and the resulting charge domains form self-sustained current oscillations. Upon the application of a tilted magnetic field, stochastic web structures are shown to form in the phase space of the electron trajectory. This occurs only when the Bloch and cyclotron frequencies are commensurate allowing the electrons to demonstrate chaotic unbounded trajectories, leading to an increase in transport. The charge domain dynamics also present additional peaks during such resonances. The rapid changes in the dynamical states found is an example of non-KAM chaos. We show then the amplitude and frequency of current oscillations in a single superlattice can be controlled. Secondly, two models are designed to mutually couple two semiconductor superlattices by a common resistive load. We examine the effects of coupling strength and frequency detuning on the collective current dynamics. The devices are considered to be arranged together on a single substrate as well as on individual substrates. Large AC power is witnessed during anti-phase and in-phase synchronization between current oscillations. Finally, two superlattices are coupled through a resonance circuit incorporating single mode resonances from external influences in the circuit. In this system, chaotic current dynamics are induced with regions of chaos separating different regions of synchronization. High frequency oscillations with minimal phase difference cause the largest power generation. In all three coupling models high frequency components are found in the Fourier power spectra. The power generated in the coupled systems is found greater and at times more than double the power generated in the autonomous superlattice. Thus this thesis provides innovative methods of enhancing and controlling powerful high-frequency signals. This effectively gives manipulation over the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation produced by the superlattice.

Time-series spectropolarimetric observations of polar WX LMi and asynchronous polar BY Cam are presented. Magnetic field properties, radial velocities and optical polarization are investigated via consecutive observations with good phase sampling during a single orbital cycle. Both systems are found to have a decentred dipole magnetic field configuration. One of the poles of WX LMi has a field strength of 49 MG, while the other pole may have possible field strengths of 69, 104 or 207 MG, depending on the harmonic numbers of the cyclotron humps observed in the circularly polarized spectrum. For BY Cam, a field strength of 168 MG is found for one of the poles, while field strengths of 70, 160 or 212 MG are possible for the other pole.

Atualmente, a intensidade de campo elétrico, campo magnético e campo eletromagnético é um fator determinante não só para a implantação de novas instalações, mas também, para as instalações existentes no sistema elétrico. Apesar de não existir nenhum estudo conclusivo que comprove a evidência direta entre a exposição a estes campos e os efeitos nocivos na saúde das pessoas, muitos países, inclusive o Brasil, definiram em suas legislações limites básicos à exposição de campos elétrico e magnético provenientes dos sistemas elétricos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para análise de campo magnético de linhas subterrâneas de alta tensão existentes ou linhas em fase inicial de projeto, visando atender os limites de exposição vigentes na legislação local. Nele é apresentada a metodologia de cálculo de campo magnético baseada na Lei de Biot-Savart e no princípio da superposição. Estudos analíticos para verificação da influência dos parâmetros de instalação e elétricos de linhas sobre o campo magnético são apresentados para linhas subterrâneas de alta tensão compostas por um e dois circuitos com diferentes tipos de instalação e aterramentos. Comparações entre valores analíticos e valores de medições de campo magnético de linhas subterrâneas de alta tensão existentes em operação também são abordadas neste trabalho. As principais técnicas de mitigação de campo magnético utilizadas em linhas subterrâneas de alta tensão, tais como técnicas de compensação envolvendo laços de cabos e técnicas de blindagens com materiais metálicos externos aos cabos, também são apresentadas. Devido ao campo elétrico externo ao cabo isolado ser praticamente zero, assuntos referentes a este campo não são abordados neste trabalho. Por simplicidade, campo magnético refere-se à densidade de fluxo magnético neste documento. / Nowadays, the intensity of electric field, magnetic field and electromagnetic field is a determining factor, not only for implantation of new installations, but also for existing installations in the power system. Although no exist conclusive study that proves the direct evidence between exposure to these fields and adverse effects on human health, many countries, including Brazil, have defined in their laws basic limits for exposure to electric and magnetic fields produced by the electric system. This work aims to contribute to analysis of magnetic field for both existing high voltage underground lines and lines in initial stage of project, aiming the actual exposure limits of the local legislation. In it, is shown the magnetic field calculation methodology based on the Biot-Savart\'s law and the superposition principle. Analytical studies to verify the influence of installation and electrical parameters of lines on the magnetic field are presented for high voltage underground lines consist of one and two circuits with different types of installation and earthing. Comparisons between analytical and measurement values of magnetic field of existing high voltage underground lines in operation are also addressed in this work. The main mitigation techniques of magnetic field used in high voltage underground lines, such as compensation techniques by loop of cables and shielding by metallic materials, are also presented. Due the electric field outside the insulated cable be practically zero, issues related to the electric field are not addressed in this work. For simplicity, the magnetic field refers to the magnetic flux density in this document.

Nesse trabalho foram estudados os compostos intermetalicos do tipo RAg (R = Nd, Gd e Ho) por calculos teoricos desenvolvidos dentro do formalismo da Teoria do Funcional Densidade (DFT). O metodo APW+lo (Augmented Planes Waves + lo- cal orbitals) foi aplicado para resolver a equacao de Kohn-Sham e a Aproximacao do Gradiente Generalizado (GGA) usada para tratar de forma aproximada o potencial de troca-correlacao. O codigo computacional utilizado foi o WIEN2k. As atividades foram focalizadas em duas frentes. Numa delas, determinou-se a fase magnetica do estado fundamental dos compos- tos HoAg e NdAg. Para isso, simulou-se as 4 estruturas magneticas possiveis (para as celulas cristalinas cubicas) desses dois sistemas (uma ferromagnetica (0,0,0) e as antifer-romagneticas: (0,0,¼), (¼,¼,0) e (¼,¼,¼)) e com a confeccao de gra¯cos de energia das celulas cristalinas dessas estruturas magneticas pela variacao dos volumes de tais celulas, chegou-se na estrutura magnetica (¼,¼,0) como a mais provavel para o estado fundamental magnetico de ambos os compostos. Tambem observou-se que o sistema de NdAg apre- senta uma pequena diferenca entre as energias das estruturas antiferromagnetica (¼,¼,0) e ferromagnetica. Creditou-se a esse efeito a explicacao de encontrar-se na literatura re- sultados experimentais diferentes para a estrutura magnetica do composto de NdAg puro e dopado com o atomo de 140Ce (entrando no sitio do Nd). Acredita-se que a dopagem do NdAg com o atomo de 140Ce (em uma porcao reduzida), gera alteracao no sinal da integral de troca (acoplamento RKKY), mudando-o de positivo para negativo, e isso implica na modficacao da fase magnetica do estado fundamental, passando da estrutura (¼,¼,0) µa 0,0,0). Assim, com a informacao anterior da estrutura magnetica do composto de NdAg quando dopado com o atomo de 140Ce, entrou-se na segunda etapa do estudo. Nela, fez-se os calculos das estruturas eletronicas usando a aproximacao de supercelulas nos compostos de GdAg e NdAg dopados com o atomo de Ce, garantindo que esse substituisse um atomo de terra rara nas supercelulas cristalinas montadas para determinar no Ce o campo hiperfino magnetico e suas componentes geradoras. Os compostos de GdAg e NdAg (dopados com Ce), respectivamente, tiveram suas celulas cristalinas montadas ferromagnetica e antiferromagneticamente. Utilizou-se a polarizacao orbital (DFT+U) nos eletrons da camada 4f das terras raras (excluindo-se o atomo de Gd que nao apresenta momento angular). Dessa forma, em ambos os sistemas foi possivel fazer varias simulacoes, nas quais a camada 4f do atomo de Ce foi populada de maneiras diferentes, afim de se obter varios valores de momento angular e com isso diversos resultados de campo hiperfino orbital foram conseguidos; assim, automaticamente o campo magnetico hiperfino tambem assumiu diferentes valores. Escolheu-se os sub-estados da camada 4f do Ce para serem simulados por meio da regra de Hund. Como esperado o campo hiperfino magnetico orbital gerado na camada 4f e a principal componente do campo hiper¯no total no atomo de Ce e ele apresenta sinal contrario µa componente de contato. Apesar dos resultados teoricos do campo hiperfino magnetico terem consideravel discrepancia dos resultados experimentais, pode-se verificar que o unico eletron da camada 4f do atomo de Ce (nos dois compostos) possivelmente esta em um dos seguintes sub-estados da camada 4f: ml = ¡2, ml = ¡1 ou ainda uma combinacao dos dois. / In this work the magnetic hyper¯ne ¯eld acting on Ce atoms substituting the rare-earths in RAg compounds (R = Gd e Nd) was studied by means of ¯rst-principles electronic structure calculations. The employed method was the Augmented Plane Waves plus local orbitals (APW+lo), embodied in the WIEN2k program, within the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT) and with the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) for the exchange and correlation potential. The super-cell approach was utilized in order to simulate for the Ce atoms acting as impurities in the RAg matrix. In order to improve for correlation e®ects within the 4f shells, a Hubbard term was added to the DFT hamiltonian, within a procedure called GGA+U. It was found that the magnetic hyper¯ne ¯eld (MHF) generated by the Ce 4f electron is the main component of the total MHF and that the Ce 4f ground state level is probably a combination of the ml = ¡2 and ml = ¡1 sub-levels. In addition, the ground-state magnetic structure was determined for HoAg and NdAg by observing the behavior of the total energy as a function of the lattice volume v for several possible magnetic ordering in these compounds, namelly, ferromagnetic, and the (0,0,¼), (¼,¼,0) and (¼,¼,¼) types of anti-ferromagnetic ordering of rare-earth atoms. It was found that the ground-state magnetic structure is anti-ferromagnetic of type (¼,¼,0) for both, the HoAg and NdAg compounds. The energy di®erence of the ferromag-netic and antiferromagnetic ordering is very small in the case of the NdAg compound.

Neste trabalho, apresentamos estudos sobre o magnetotransporte em um sistema de bicamadas com uma rede de antipontos triangulares em campos magnéticos baixos sob a aplicação de campos elétricos externos, que são produzidos por voltagens de porta. A bicamada é feita em poços quânticos largos (wide quantum well) de alta densidade eletrônica, formado em heteroestruturas semicondutoras de AlxGa1xAs=GaAs. Oscila- ções magneto-inter-sub-banda (MIS) são observadas em poços quânticos largos de alta densidade eletrônica com duas sub-bandas ocupadas. Estas são originadas pelo espalhamento inter-sub-bandas e tem um máximo para campos magnéticos B que satisfazem a condição de alinhamento entre os leques dos níveis de Landau de cada sub-banda. Oscila- ções de comensurabilidade são observadas na magnetoresistência que é sensível ao arranjo do potencial dos antipontos. A aplicação de campos elétricos faz diminuir o número de oscilações na magnetoresistência para campos magnéticos compreendidos entre 0; 1T e 0; 4T, observando-se uma transição das oscilações MIS aos efeitos de comensurabilidade. Aplicando voltagens de porta podemos variar a amplitude do potencial dos antipontos. / In this work, we present studying about magnetotransport in a bilayer system with triangular antidot lattices in low magnetic elds under the application of external electric eld. The bilayer forms inside a wide quantum well of high electron density in semiconductor heterostructures formed by AlxGa1xAs=GaAs. Magneto-inter-subband (MIS) oscillations are observed in a wide quantum wells of high electron density with two subbands occupied, and they are caused by intersubband scattering and have a maximum for a magnetic eld B that satises the alignment condition between the staircase of Landau level. Commensurability oscillations are observed in magnetoresistance, which is sensitive to the potential of antidot arrangements. The application of electric elds decrease the number of oscillations in the magnetoresistance for magnetic elds between 0; 1T and 0:4T, showing a transition of MIS oscillations to commensurability oscillations. We varied the amplitude of the potential of the antidots applying dierent gate voltages.

Dois modelos descrevendo sistemas magnéticos modulados são estudados na presença de um campo magnético. Na primeira parte consideramos um modelo de Ising com interações competitivas numa única direção espacial (modelo ANNNI). A superfície crítica, a linha tricrítica, a estrutura das fases moduladas, e os diagramas de fases são determinados na aproximação de campo médio. O comportamento crítico e tricrítico é analisado através do método de Grupo de Renormalização. Na segunda parte estudamos um modelo adequado à descrição do composto MnP. Cálculos realizados na aproximação de campo médio e através do método de Grupo de Renormalização contribuem para esclarecer os resultados experimentais acerca do ponto de Lifshitz observado neste composto. / Two models describing modulated magnetic systems are studied in the presence of a magnetic field. The first part is dedicated to the study of an Ising model with competing interactions along one of the spatial directions (ANNNI model). The critical surface, the tricritical line, the structure of the modulated phases, and the phase diagrams are determined in the mean field approximation. The critical and the tricritical behaviour is analised by the Renormalization Group method. The second part is concerned with a model suitable for the description of the compound MnP. Calculations carried out in the mean field approximation and through the Renormalization Group method provide a better understanding of the experimental results on the Lifshitz point observed in this compound.