No / The advances of the polymer melt flow-induced crystallization behaviour and its influence on mechanical properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) in micron injection (MI) were studied in the present paper. Analysis of mechanical performance, including yield stress and elongation at break, for samples adopted from different regions in a molded plaque showed that a higher injection speed, a higher mold temperature and a longer cooling time could effectively enhance the yield stress but negatively promoted the ductility. Then, the mechanisms of such variation of mechanical performance and the factors affecting it were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The super high shear rate during cavity feeding in MI molding not only induced a typical three-layered structure but also developed a highly oriented fibrously morphological structure in the skin layer. However, such fully oriented morphology was much negative in the interlayer and even could not be observed in the core layer. The results from SEM and PLM observations indicated that the orientation morphology varied significantly through the plaque's cross-section and thickness of the each layer changed with the process parameters and geometric position, and finally led to variation of the mechanical performance.

A balance between strength and ductility has been one of the most important considerations in the steel industry. Austenitic steel or multi-phase steel with retained austenite has plasticity-enhancing mechanisms, which can make it achieve high strength and good formability. Due to the occurrence of twinning-based mechanisms in high Mn steels, they have improved strength without sacrificing ductility. However, high Mn steels with extraordinary mechanical properties has not been used in mass production because of its high material cost together with welding problems and so on. As a consequence, many researchers have attempted to decrease the Mn concentration of high Mn twinning-induced plasticity steels without significant sacrifice of the mechanical properties. In the present work, a novel medium Mn steel with high C is designed with the aim of obtaining comparable mechanical properties as high Mn TWIP steel. In addition to Mn, C is also common effective austenite stabilizing element. C and Mn both increase the SFE of austenite. It should be possible to substitute at least some of the Mn in high Mn steels with C and still retain the TWIP effect. If the reduction in Mn content is not compensated for by the addition of other alloying elements, the microstructure will additionally contain some ferrite or martensite. The problem with C concentration is that it will result in the formation of carbide during the cooling process. As long as the carbide formation is suppressed, the formation of ferrite/martensite in medium Mn steels can be inhibited by an increase in the C concentration. In such cases, a soft and formable austenitic microstructure can be achieved by quenching from high austenitization temperatures to retain austenite with appropriate mechanical stability. The precipitation and dissolution of cementite in austenitic medium Mn high C steels capable of deformation-induced twinning were analyzed based on the associated length changes. Al addition was found to significantly retard the kinetics of cementite precipitation, indicating its usefulness in the design of cementite-free austenitic medium Mn steels with high C concentrations. Furthermore, Al addition changes the morphology of intragranular cementite from plate-shaped to equiaxed. The tensile properties of alloy were also examined in the present study. The present contribution discusses the mechanical properties of a bulk medium Mn high C steel with special alloying additions to oppose the precipitation of cementite. In particular, it aims to justify the mechanical properties based on crack nucleation and growth mechanisms. The reported mechanical properties enable a comparison with those of the well-known high Mn and Hadfield steels.

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Les matériaux cellulaires sont des échantillons à très forte porosité qui peuvent être décrits à deux échelles : la mésostructure et la microstructure. Le lien entre l'architecture des matériaux et les propriétés mécaniques a été largement étudié dans la littérature. Les caractéristiques microstructurales peuvent avoir une influence importante sur les propriétés macroscopiques. Le but de ce travail est de relier les caractéristiques architecturales et microstructurales des matériaux cellulaires à leurs propriétés mécaniques grâce notamment à la tomographie aux rayons X. Une nouvelle approche combinant l'imagerie 3D à plusieurs résolutions, le traitement d'images et la modélisation éléments finis a permis de prendre en compte la microstructure de la phase solide. Quatre matériaux cellulaires modèles ont ainsi été étudiés : des mousses d'aluminium, des structures cellulaires périodiques en alliage de cobalt-chrome, des échantillons de β-TCP et des composites hydroxyapatite/β-TCP. Les matériaux métalliques ont été fournis par des collègues d'autres laboratoires, tandis que les matériaux céramiques ont été fabriqués dans le cadre de cette étude. Pour chaque type de matériaux (métaux et céramiques), une structure régulière et une stochastique ont été comparées. Pour utiliser la méthode multi-échelle développée dans ce travail, les échantillons ont d'abord été scannés grâce à la tomographie locale dans laquelle l'échantillon est placé près de la source de rayons X. La tomographie locale permet de scanner la petite partie irradiée de l'échantillon et d'obtenir une image agrandie par rapport aux images à plus basse résolution. Ces images permettent d'observer certains détails de la phase solide non visibles à plus basse résolution. Différentes étapes de traitement d'images ont ensuite été mises en œuvre pour obtenir une image à basse résolution incluant les informations provenant des images à haute résolution. Ceci a été réalisé grâce à une série d'opération de seuillage et sous-résolution des images à haute résolution. Le résultat de ces différentes étapes de traitement d'images donne une image de l'échantillon initial à basse résolution mais qui inclut l'information supplémentaire décelée à haute résolution. Ensuite, des essais mécaniques in situ ont été réalisés dans le tomographe pour suivre à basse résolution l'évolution des échantillons pendant la déformation. Les images initiales citées plus haut ont été utilisées pour produire des maillages éléments finis. Des programmes Java ont été adaptés pour créer des fichiers d'entrée pour les modèles éléments finis à partir des images initiales et des maillages. Les images initiales contenant les informations à propos de la phase solide, les images des essais mécaniques et les modèles éléments finis ont permis d'expliquer le comportement mécanique des échantillons en reliant les sites d'endommagement expérimentaux et les lieux de concentrations de contraintes calculés. / Cellular materials are highly porous systems for which two scales are mainly important: the mesostructure and the microstructure. The mesostructure corresponds to the architecture of the materials: distribution of solid phase “walls” and macroporosity and can be characterized by X-ray tomographic low resolution images. The link between the architecture of the materials and the mechanical properties has been frequently studied. The microstructure refers to the characteristics of the solid phase. Its microstructural features (presence of a secondary phase or of defects due to the sintering) can have a strong influence on the macroscopic properties. The aim of this work is to link the morphological and microstructural features of metallic and ceramic based cellular materials and their mechanical properties thanks to X-ray tomography and finite element modelling. A new method combining X-ray tomography at different resolutions, image processing and creation of finite element modelling enabled to take into account some microstuctural features of the cellular samples. Four different cellular materials were studied as model materials: aluminium foam fabricated by a liquid state process, cobalt periodic structures made by additive manufacturing, β-TCP porous samples fabricated by conventional sacrificial template processing route and hydroxyapatite/β-TCP composites made by additive manufacturing (robocasting). The metal based materials were provided by colleagues while the ceramic based porous materials were fabricated in the frame of the current study. For each type (metals or ceramics), a stochastic and a regular structure have been compared. For implementing the multiscale method developed in this work, the samples were firstly scanned in a so called “local” tomography mode, in which the specimen is placed close to the X-ray source. This allowed to reconstruct only the small irradiated part of the sample and to obtain a magnified image of a subregion. These images enable to observe some details which are not visible in lower resolution. Different image processing steps were performed to generate low resolution images including microstructural features imaged at high resolution. This was done by a series of thresholding and scaling of the high resolution images. The result of these processing steps was an image of the initial sample. Then, in situ mechanical tests were performed in the tomograph to follow the deformation of the sample at low resolution. The above mentioned initial images were used to produce finite element meshes. Special Java programs were adapted to create finite element input files from initial images and meshes. The initial images containing information about the solid phase, the images from the mechanical tests and the finite element models were combined to explain the mechanical behaviour of the sample by linking the experimental damage locations in the sample and the simulated stress concentration sites.