Pas de résumé en français disponible / Locally available building materials are proven energy efficient and eco-friendly, making them a sustainable building material. In the last two decades, use of raw earth as building material is augmented, owing to the environmental concerns construction industry is also reconsidering the use of raw earth, researchers on the other hand are working to understand the mechanical and dynamic behaviour of earthen buildings, yet the study of mechanical parameters possess multiple challenges due to material inert properties exposing the need of new experimental approaches to extract accurate mechanical parameters. Building techniques such as adobe, compressed earth blocks, rammed earth, and laterite building stones are on a verge of reclaiming elite position in construction industry. In this study, experimental investigation on two naturally available building materials, unstabilised rammed earth (USRE) and laterite building stones (LBS) are carried out. The work focuses on the parameters that need to be considered in the experimental procedures, which influences the mechanical properties of USRE and LBS are seen. The locally available soils in the region of Rhone-alps, France and laterite building stones from Burkina Faso are used in this experimental campaign. Rammed earth walls are constructed by compacting moist soil in layers, due to manufacturing technique there is a density gradient within the layer that leads to heterogeneity. On the other hand, the manufacturing parameters of the USRE such as compaction energy and manufacturing water content have a direct influence on the dry density of the material and therefore the strength. The manufacturing parameters and specimens replicating the in-situ condition are very important to understand the behaviour of USRE wall. Hence an experimental procedure to study the unconfined compressive strength, considering the influence of manufacturing parameters and specimens replicating in-situ conditions are performed along with the cyclic loading and unloading to study the elasto-plastic property of the USRE. The test procedure is performed on two different soils that are used to build USRE structures. Along with the compressive strength of USRE, the tensile strength and flexural strength are also presented by subjecting specimens under split tensile test and four point bending test. Another important parameter is the mechanical strength properties of USRE layer interface under lateral loads. A novel experimental procedure to study the interface strength properties are discussed in this study. The experimental procedure is simple and xii compact that can be performed using a simple uniaxial press using inclined metallic wedges that allows rectangular prism to undergo bi-axial loading. With the help of inclined metallic wedges, shear stress and normal stress can be induced on the specimen interface allowing to obtain coulomb’s failure criteria and hence the strength properties of the interface. Laterite building stones (LBS) which are mainly used in tropical countries are porous in nature. The moisture retention capacity of porous building material will bring indoor comfort, but the presence of water molecules within the material and their variation to the outdoor environment is responsible for complex mechanical behaviour. Hence an experimental investigation to analyse the moisture ingress of LBS and their influence on mechanical strength is designed. The moisture ingress is studied by subjecting LBS for moisture sorption and desorption test and moisture buffering test. Then the influence of moisture ingress on mechanical strength (flexure and compression) are investigated using three point bending test and unconfined compression test with loading and unloading cycles. This experimental investigation allows studying the moisture ingress and their influence on strength along with elasto-plastic behaviour of LBS.

Este trabalho aborda o estudo do comportamento mecânico, térmico e reológico do nanocompósito de HMSPP polipropileno de alta resistência do fundido (obtido por radiação gama na dose de 12,5 kGy) e uma argila brasileira bentonítica do Estado da Paraíba (PB), conhecida como chocolate com concentração de 5 e 10 % em massa em comparação a uma argila americana, Cloisite 20A. Foi utilizado nesse nanocompósito o agente compatibilizante polipropileno graftizado com anidrido maleico PP-g-AM com 3 % de concentração em massa, através da técnica de intercalação do fundido utilizando uma extrusora de dupla-rosca e, em seguida, os corpos de prova foram confeccionados em uma injetora. O comportamento mecânico foi avaliado pelos ensaios de tração, flexão e impacto. O comportamento térmico foi avaliado pelas técnicas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e termogravimetria (TGA). O comportamento reológico foi avaliado em um reômetro de placas paralelas. A morfologia dos nanocompósitos foi estudada pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As bentonitas organofílicas e os nanocompósitos foram caracterizados por difração de raios X (DRX) e infravermelho (FTIR). Nos ensaios mecânicos houve um aumento de 9 % na resistência à tração e no módulo de Young, para os nanocompósitos de HMSPPC com argila Cloisite 20A. No ensaio de impacto izod, o nanocompósito HMSPPB 10 % com argila chocolate obteve um aumento de 50 % na resistência ao impacto. / This work concerns to the study of the mechanical, thermal and rheological behavior of the nanocomposite HMSPP - high melt strength polypropylene (obtained at a dose of 12.5 kGy) and a Brazilian bentonite clay from State of Paraiba (PB), known as \"Chocolate\" in concentrations of 5 and 10 % by weight in comparison with one American clay, Cloisite 20A. The compatibilizer agent based on maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, known as PP-g-MA, was added at 3 % weight concentration through the melt intercalation technique using a twin-screw extruder, and afterwards, the specimens were prepared by injection process. The mechanical behavior was evaluated by strength, flexural strength and impact tests. The thermal behavior was evaluated by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA). The rheological behavior was evaluated in parallel-plate rheometer. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The organophilic bentonite and the nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (FTIR). Results of mechanical tests showed a 9 % increase in the tensile strength and Young\'s modulus for the nanocomposites HMSPPC, with Cloisite 20A clay. The nanocomposite HMSPPB 10 %, with \"chocolate\" clay obtained a 50 % increase in the impact strength in the izod impact test.

Este trabalho aborda o estudo do comportamento mecânico, térmico e reológico do nanocompósito de HMSPP polipropileno de alta resistência do fundido (obtido por radiação gama na dose de 12,5 kGy) e uma argila brasileira bentonítica do Estado da Paraíba (PB), conhecida como chocolate com concentração de 5 e 10 % em massa em comparação a uma argila americana, Cloisite 20A. Foi utilizado nesse nanocompósito o agente compatibilizante polipropileno graftizado com anidrido maleico PP-g-AM com 3 % de concentração em massa, através da técnica de intercalação do fundido utilizando uma extrusora de dupla-rosca e, em seguida, os corpos de prova foram confeccionados em uma injetora. O comportamento mecânico foi avaliado pelos ensaios de tração, flexão e impacto. O comportamento térmico foi avaliado pelas técnicas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e termogravimetria (TGA). O comportamento reológico foi avaliado em um reômetro de placas paralelas. A morfologia dos nanocompósitos foi estudada pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As bentonitas organofílicas e os nanocompósitos foram caracterizados por difração de raios X (DRX) e infravermelho (FTIR). Nos ensaios mecânicos houve um aumento de 9 % na resistência à tração e no módulo de Young, para os nanocompósitos de HMSPPC com argila Cloisite 20A. No ensaio de impacto izod, o nanocompósito HMSPPB 10 % com argila chocolate obteve um aumento de 50 % na resistência ao impacto. / This work concerns to the study of the mechanical, thermal and rheological behavior of the nanocomposite HMSPP - high melt strength polypropylene (obtained at a dose of 12.5 kGy) and a Brazilian bentonite clay from State of Paraiba (PB), known as \"Chocolate\" in concentrations of 5 and 10 % by weight in comparison with one American clay, Cloisite 20A. The compatibilizer agent based on maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, known as PP-g-MA, was added at 3 % weight concentration through the melt intercalation technique using a twin-screw extruder, and afterwards, the specimens were prepared by injection process. The mechanical behavior was evaluated by strength, flexural strength and impact tests. The thermal behavior was evaluated by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA). The rheological behavior was evaluated in parallel-plate rheometer. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The organophilic bentonite and the nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (FTIR). Results of mechanical tests showed a 9 % increase in the tensile strength and Young\'s modulus for the nanocomposites HMSPPC, with Cloisite 20A clay. The nanocomposite HMSPPB 10 %, with \"chocolate\" clay obtained a 50 % increase in the impact strength in the izod impact test.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o comportamento à fadiga de algumas misturas asfálticas, à luz de resultados de ensaios de fadiga por compressão diametral à tensão controlada, considerando-se a variação de quatro fatores: tipo de agregado, tipo de ligante, tipo de moldagem e tipo de filler. Todos os corpos-de-prova foram moldados na mesma faixa granulométrica (centro da faixa C do DNER ), segundo os procedimentos dos métodos Marshall, ASTM D 4867 ou AASHTO T 283, variando o tipo de agregado (basalto, granito e gabro), tipo de ligante (CAP 20 e CAP 40) e o tipo de material de preenchimento (cal hidratada). São apresentados resultados dos ensaios de resistência à tração por compressão diametral, módulo de resiliência e de fadiga. Os modelos de fadiga são apresentados em função das diferenças de tensões e deformações. Para avaliar o desempenho relativo das misturas em serviço, foram simuladas três estruturas de pavimentos com a ajuda do programa ELSYM5, para as quais foram determinadas as tensões e deformações atuantes que foram utilizadas nos modelos de fadiga para que todas as misturas fossem avaliadas sob o mesmo referencial. Os resultados indicam que em relação ao tipo de moldagem, as misturas moldadas pelo método da AASHTO T 283 apresentaram melhor desempenho (maior vida de fadiga), sendo que a maioria das misturas moldadas com CAP 40 apresentou um desempenho melhor que as moldadas com CAP 20. Com relação ao tipo de agregado os materiais gábricos apresentaram o melhor desempenho, seguidos pelos basálticos e graníticos. As misturas moldadas com cal hidratada como filler também apresentaram melhor desempenho à fadiga. / The purpose of this research is to evaluate the fatigue behavior of some asphalt mixtures, by means of indirect tests with controlled stress, considering the variation of four factors: aggregate type, asphalt type, molded type and filler type. The specimens was molded in same gradation (center of DNER C gradation), according to Marshall, ASTM D 4867 or AASHTO T 283 design method, with the variation of three aggregates (basaltic, granite and gabbro), two asphalt (CAP 20 and CAP 40) and the presence of lime. Tests results of indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus and fatigue are presented. The fatigue models are constructed as a function of the differences of stress and strain. The fatigue behavior of asphalt mixtures was evaluated based on three structures which the stress and strains was estimated with aid of ELSYM5 program. The tests results indicated that all mixtures molded with AASHTO T 283 design method presented higher fatigue life than the other ones, and almost all asphalt mixtures molded with CAP 40 presented higher fatigue life than mixtures molded with CAP 20. Considering the type of aggregate, the specimens molded with gabbro presented higher fatigue life than basaltic and granite. The mixtures molded with presence of lime presented an increase in fatigue life.

Afin d'optimiser les propriétés d'un composite polymère chargé, il est possible de procéder à un greffage de la charge afin de la rendre compatible avec le milieu continu dans laquelle elle est dispersée. Le sujet de recherche consiste à étudier et optimiser le mécanisme de greffage de molécules organiques à la surface de charges minérales.Développé il y a quelques années par la société GTI Process (groupe Mader), le "giral" est une formulation qui permet d'une part d'obtenir une bonne dispersion entre une charge et une matrice polymère et d'autre part d'augmenter les propriétés mécaniques du matériau composite final. Il se compose d'un silane, d'un acide méthacrylique et d'un dispersant. Toutefois, le mécanisme existant lors de l'ajout de giral dans une formulation charge/résine n'a pas été identifié. Nous nous sommes proposé de le comprendre. Après avoir identifié les interactions entre la surface de la silice et les constituants du giral, il nous a paru intéressant de faire évoluer la formulation du dispersant.Dans un premier temps, ce mécanisme a été étudié sur une charge témoin bien maîtrisée : la silice.La silice retenue a l'avantage de posséder une surface spécifique importante. Des analyses thermogravimétrique et infrarouge ont été réalisées sur différents échantillons (synthétisés à partir de silice et d'un ou plusieurs constituants du giral) afin de déterminer les espèces adsorbées ou greffées à la surface de la silice. Des analyses RMN du solide 13C et 29Si ont également été réalisées dans le but de déterminer les liaisons mises en jeu. En parallèle, des études en CGI (Chromatographie Gazeuse Inverse) ont été menées.Dans un second temps, des nouvelles structures ont été développées pour améliorer le dispersant contenu dans la formulation du Giral puis la formulation en synthétisant un seul composé qui regroupe toutes les fonctionnalités requises pour disperser la silice dans une résine polyester. De plus, ces nouvelles structures vont permettre d’augmenter les propriétés mécaniques du matériau composite final. Tous les composés synthétisés, dans ce travail, ont un squelette polymère qui est la polycaprolactone. L’architecture, la composition, la taille et la structure de ces polymères ont été optimisées suivant la charge à disperser. Nous avons ainsi synthétisé une large gamme de dispersants modèles fonctionnalisés et étudié leur comportement dans l'application. D'autre part, seules les méthodes de synthèse en masse, plus adaptées pour une production industrielle, ont été retenues. Ces polymères ont tout d'abord été synthétisés en laboratoire puis dans le milieu industriel. Une fois les polymères synthétisés, plusieurs essais ont été réalisés pour connaître leur influence au niveau des propriétés mécaniques du matériau composite final, déterminer les structures les plus adaptées pour répondre aux contraintes mécaniques, et connaître les quantités nécessaires pour obtenir les meilleurs résultats. Des mesures de viscosité et des essais mécaniques (essais de traction et de flexion 3 points) ont été réalisés. L'utilisation de ces composés développés au cours de ce travail de thèse ont permis de diminuer la viscosité d’une résine polyester chargée et ainsi de pouvoir augmenter le taux de charge. De plus, les faciès de rupture ont été observés par microscopie électronique à balayage afin d'observer la cohésion entre les charges et la matrice polymère du composite. La rupture apparaît au niveau de la charge et du polymère. L'efficacité de ces nouvelles structures dans l’application s'est avérée comparable, voire meilleure par rapport au dispersant de référence et au giral. / To increase the properties of a composite based with polymer and tiller, it is possible to modify the tiller surface to make it compatible with the polymer in which it is dispersed. The aim is to study and optimize the mechanism of organic molecules grafting on mineral fillers surface. Developed several years ago by GTI Process (Mader group), the "giral" i s a formulation that allows a good dispersion between the tiller and the polymer matrix and also an increase of the final composite material mechanical properties. "Giral" is composed of a silane, a methacrylic acid and a dispersant. However, its mechanism with a mixture based on tiller and pol yester resin has not been identified, we proposed to understand it. After identifying the interaction between the surface of silica and "giral" components, it seemed interesting to modify the dispersant. In a first part, the "giral" mechanism has been studied on silica which is a well-known tiller. Silica used has a high specific surface area. Thermogravimetric and infrared analysis have been performed on different samples (synthesized from silica modified by one or more "giral"components) to determine the adsorbed or grafted species on silica surface. NMR analyses of 13C and 29 Si solid and Inverse gas chromatography studies were also conducted. In a second part, new structures have been developed to improve the dispersant in the "giral" formulation and the formulation itself by synthesizing a single compound that includes all the features required for the dispersion of silica in polyester resin. Moreover, these new structures will help to increase the mechanical properties of the final composite material. All compounds synthesized in this work, have a polymer backbone which is polycaprolactone. The architecture, composition, size and structure of these polymers were optimized according to the tiller used. We have synthesized functionalized dispersants and studied their behavior in the application. On the other hand, only syntheses by mass, more suitable for industrial production, were selected. These polymers have been first synthesized in the laboratory and then in industry. Once the polymers synthesized several tests were done to determine their influence in the final composite material mechanical properties, the most appropriate structures to mechanical stress, and the amounts required for best results. Viscosity measurements and mechanical tests were done. These new dispersants developed have reduced the viscosity of the mixture based on polyester resin and tiller, and thus can increase the tiller rate. Furthermore, the fracture surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy to observe cohesion between the tiller and the polymer matrix. The effectiveness of these new structures in the application are comparable or even better to the "giral" formulation.

Les nanostructures ont des propriétés mécaniques qui diffèrent de celles des matériaux massifs. La compréhension des propriétés mécaniques aux échelles nanométriques requièrent la mise en place d’essais mécaniques combinés à des observations structurales. Au cours de cette thèse nous avons développé un microscope à force atomique (AFM) dédié permettant de solliciter mécaniquement un nano-objet unique sur une ligne de lumière synchrotron. Les possibilités offertes par cette nouvelle approche expérimentale sont démontrées sur deux exemples de sollicitation mécanique in situ: (i) la nanoindentation in situ de cristaux d’or combinée à la diffraction cohérente des rayons X; (ii) la flexion trois points de nanofils d’or associée à la micro-diffraction de Laue. Ces expériences permettent d'accéder au comportement élastique ainsi qu’au comportement plastique du nanomatériau et permettent de déterminer la limite d'élasticité et le type de défauts induits par le chargement mécanique. / Nanostructures were found to exhibit different mechanical properties compared to their bulk counterpart. For obtaining further insight into the mechanical behaviour on the nanoscale, mechanical tests are combined with observation techniques allowing for monitoring the structural evolution. Within this thesis a special atomic force microscope has been developed which is compatible with different X-ray diffraction techniques at synchrotron sources for in situ mechanical testing on single nano-objects. The great potential of the new experimental approach is demonstrated on two kinds of in situ mechanical tests: (i) in situ nano-indentation on Au crystals with coherent X-ray diffraction. (ii) In situ three point bending tests on Au nanowires with μLaue diffraction. These experiments give access to the elastic as well as the plastic behavior of the nanomaterial and allows for determining the elastic limit and the type of defects induced by the mechanical loading.

Nenhuma / Para o aprimoramento da qualidade e confiabilidade dos equipamentos considerados de grande responsabilidade, existe a necessidade de promover maior controle das imperfeições que venham a ocorrer durante os diversos processos de fabricação. Dentre eles, observa-se que nos de soldagem, ocorrem fenômenos físicos e metalúrgicos, termicamente ativados, que resultam no aparecimento de dois tipos principais de imperfeições: tensões residuais e distorções geométricas. O estado de tensões residuais distribuídas nas juntas soldadas representa um fator importante na determinação do valor de carga aplicável e na vida útil do equipamento, para cada aplicação e está diretamente alinhado com o procedimento de soldagem envolvido na fabricação. Assim, o monitoramento do estado de integridade do equipamento, em serviço, deve ser realizado por meio da aplicação regular e periódica de ensaios não destrutivos, adequados às características das descontinuidades relevantes. Vários trabalhos demonstram a sensibilidade do ruído magnético Barkhausen como método complementar de caracterização de materiais ferromagnéticos, na verificação de características de sua microestrutura, tais como tamanho de grão e fases envolvidas e, também, para avaliação do teor de carbono, da presença de descontinuidades superficiais, distribuição de tensões mecânicas e características de resistência à fadiga e fratura. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo experimental sobre a utilização do método não destrutivo baseado na análise do Ruído Magnético Barkhausen - RMB para a detecção e medição de tensões residuais do aço ASTM A 508 de uma junta soldada dissimilar. Para tanto, foram estabelecidas medidas e análises do RMB Também, foram realizadas medidas com o furo central. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a viabilidade de aplicação do RMB como método de END na medição de tensões residuais em juntas soldadas de materiais dissimilares. Algumas limitações para a aplicação prática do método foram encontradas e são apresentadas. / With aim to improve the quality and reliability of great responsibility equipment, it is necessary to promote higher control over the flaws and discontinuities that could appear during the fabrication processes. Welding processes involve thermally activated metallurgical and physical phenomena, resulting in two main types of defects: residual stresses and geometric distortions. Distributed residual stresses state on welded joints represents an important factor to the determination of applicable loading and the lifetime of such equipment, for a particular application and is directly aligned with the welding procedure used for its fabrication. So, their integrity condition - in service - should be verified by means of regular and periodic application of nondestructive tests -- NDT, focused into the characteristics of the relevant flaws. Several studies demonstrate sensibility of magnetic Barkhausen noise as a complementary method useful to characterize ferromagnetic materials, to search some of their micro structural properties, such as: grain size and phases, and to evaluate carbon content, surface discontinuity presence, mechanical stresses distribution, and fatigue and fracture resistance characteristics. The objective of this work is to present an experimental study on the usage of magnetic Barkhausen noise MBN as a nondestructive method for the detection of residual stresses in a dissimilar ASTM A 508 welded joint. Correlations were established comparing the stresses values determined by the MBN analysis with those equivalent ones obtained by means of classical central hole drilling method. The achieved results pointed out the viability of the application of MBN to measure residual stresses in dissimilar welded joints. Some limitations for the practical implementation of such method were found and are mentioned.

Dans le cadre de ce projet de thèse, des microstructures innovantes « composites » Ni-W constituées d’amas de Tungstène multi-cristallins (à grains fins) immergés dans une matrice de la solution solide Ni(W) cfc ont été élaborées par frittage flash (Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)). Différents alliages ont ainsi été fabriqués en contrôlant de manière très précise les fractions volumiques respectives des deux élément Ni et W. En outre, le fait que le Ni soit un matériau particulièrement ductile contrairement au W plus résistant, peut conférer au matériau un bon compromis ductilité/résistance mécanique. Ainsi, en ajustant les taux respectifs de Ni et/ou de W, nous avons réussi à faire cohabiter dans un même matériau les micro-mécanismes de déformation propres à chaque phase, dont les caractéristiques et les évolutions sont ensuite analysées lors de sollicitations mécaniques conventionnelles ou in situ sous Synchrotron. Ainsi, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle de chacune des phases constituant la microstructure vis-à-vis du comportement macroscopique. Il est clairement montré que la proportion et l’arrangement spatial de la phase de W sont des facteurs influents sur la fragilité d’ensemble ainsi que sur les transferts de charge entre phases. Concernant la phase ductile, nous avons pu mesurer des déformations du réseau cristallin d’amplitude inhabituelle, que nous avons reliées à la densité initiale importante de joints de type ∑3, densité qui ensuite diminue fortement sous sollicitation mécanique. / As part of this thesis project, innovative “composites” microstructures Ni-W composed by clusters of multi crystallized (ultra fine grain) W embedded in a matrix of a cfc Ni(W) solid solution were elaborated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Several alloys were processed by controlling precisely the respective volume fractions of the two elements Ni and W. In addition, Ni is a particularly ductile material unlike the more resistant W. So, it may give to the material a good compromise between ductility and mechanical resistance. Thus, by adjusting the respective fractions of Ni and/or W, we obtained in the same material the specific deformation micro-mechanisms of each phase, the characteristics and evolutions of those deformations were after analyzed during conventional mechanical stresses or under in situ Synchrotron. Thus, we have highlighted the role of each phase constituting the microstructure regarding the macroscopic behavior. It is clearly shown that the proportion and spatial distribution of the W phase are key factors on the overall brittleness as well as on the load transfer between the phases. Concerning the ductile phase, we underscored deformations of unusual amplitude, which are connected to the high initial density of ∑3 boundary grains, which then decreases sharply under mechanical stress.