Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The thesis examines mental illness as it is understood and treated by traditional healers in Kavango, based on ethnographic data collected over twelve (12) months in three (3) different phases from 2014 to 2016. The thesis offers ethnographic material and theoretical insight on the socio-cultural construction of three common mental disorders (CMD) which were identified and treated by traditional healers: Nyambi, Kasenge and Ndjangura. I employed the ‘cultural models’ of Dahlberg et al (2010, p. 282) as a framework to understand mental illness and its treatment by traditional healers - who deal with sick persons on a daily basis. The three common mentally related illnesses appear to be specific to the Kavango people, based on their cultural settings. I argue that these mental illness categories are not fixed or objective, but rather reflect the expertise of the Vanganga (Traditional healers) who identify them, and ultimately treat the afflicted. While traditional healers themselves assume that these local notions of mental illness are static, in reality they are not. Rather, these are active concepts constituted by culturally and socially relative categories whose precise boundaries and meanings vary and are highly contested. It was evident that the conceptualization (expression of belief patterns, thoughts and ideas) by the Vanganga (Traditional healers) of the three local mentally related illnesses differed, in the ways they perceived and treated similar conditions. The manner in which these perceived signs and symptoms informed their diagnoses differed, but also overlapped: in terms of basic assumptions that underlay explanations and treatment, and the ways in which the conditions became manifest. The thesis postulates that Traditional healers form part of the local health care system, historically unregulated. There have been calls for the recognition and regulation of traditional healers and their medicines, but to date such recognition and regulation has, if anything, been sporadic, insufficient and controversial. In response to this I provide a new way of classifying traditional healers in Kavango and propose the use of three categories: Kangangwena (assistant traditional healer), Nganga (general traditional healer) and Nkurunganga (expert traditional healer). The thesis discusses the cultural epistemology of traditional healing concerning the use of medicinal plants as treatment for mental illness. Plant knowledge and its application by traditional healers is explored, with the emphasis on the medicinal plants used to treat various mentally related illnesses. In addition, administration methods and the medicinal plants used in the treatment of mental illness are examined. I argue that medicinal plants are believed to possess powers that need to be "enticed or seduced" by healers, in order to produce a therapeutic effect on the muveri (sick person). I contend that medicinal plants are perceived to have an agentivity which is embedded in the community and people who utilize them. Thus, I intend to show that medicinal plants have power that work at different levels via ritual healing ceremonies and communication to the ancestors, as a way of "seducing" them to bring forth their therapeutic effect on the sick person. The plants in question were "seduced" inter alia by boiling, powdering, crushing and soaking, to increase their rate of reaction and generate more therapeutic power. A total of 37 medicinal plant species belonging to 24 families were reported to be used traditionally in Kavango regions in Namibia, to treat the five different categories of mental disorders. The most reported use of plants was of Albizia tanganyicensis, Ancylanthos rubiginosus, Bobgunnia madagascariensis, Dialium engleranum Diospyros virgata, Elaeodendron transvaalense and Guibourtia coleosperma. Roots and leaves were most frequently used in treatment. Remedies were prepared by boiling, while oral intake and steaming were most commonly used by healers to administer them. / National Research Foundation (NRF) and National Commission on Research Science and Technology (NCRST)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:24:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-06-26. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:30:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000853111.pdf: 5598967 bytes, checksum: 3f2c522944b8e77abde2f7bb8f88366f (MD5) / O atual contexto de crise hídrica pelo mundo vem provocando racionamento desde os centros urbanos até mesmo em propriedades rurais. Assim, pesquisas são desenvolvidas para otimizar o uso racional da água, principalmente na questão de irrigação. Então nos últimos anos, vem se pesquisando os efeitos do tratamento magnético na água para a irrigação, que proporciona maior produção, redução do ciclo e economia de água. A fim de comprovar os efeitos de experimentações são utilizadas frequentemente as análises de regressões. Também alguns pesquisadores recooram à técnica mais sofisticadas como os modelos matemáticos fuzzy. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar os efeitos da irrigação com a água tratada magneticamente na cultura da alface utilizando os modelos baseado em regras fuzzy, os quais foram comparandos com os modelos de regressão. Deste modo para avaliar o desenvolvimento da cultura da alface, quando irrigada com água tratada magneticamente e convencional, em diferentes lâminas de reposição baseadas na evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), foi conduzido experimento no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da UNESP, Faculdade Ciências Agronômicas, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, localizada no município de Botucatu, SP. Para o tratamento magnético da água foi utilizado o equipamento Sylocimol. Foi adotado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 2 ciclos de cultivo, sendo realizadas 4 avaliações ao longo de cada ciclo. Na elaboração dos sistemas fuzzy, foram considerados como entradas as lâminas de irrigação, tipo de água e tempo ao longo do ciclo e as saídas foram as avaliações biométricas e nutricional. Pode-se inferir que a irrigação com água tratada magneticamente apresentou um aumento na produção da cultura ... / Current water crises worldwide have caused water rationing, involving urban and rural areas. Several researches have been undertaken to optimize the rational use of water, especially water for irrigation. Researches have recently been conducted on the effects of magnetically treated water for irrigation. Since regression analyses have inherent errors, statistic techniques have been employed to prove the true effects of the experiments and thus more advanced techniques, such as the fuzzy mathematic models, are being used. Current assay analyzes the effects of magnetically treated water in the irrigation of lettuce crops. Fuzzy rules-based models have been developed and results were compared with data collected on the field and with regression models. An experiment was conducted in the Department of Rural Engineering of UNESP, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, on the Lageado Experimental Farm, Botucatu SP Brazil, to evaluate the development of lettuce crops irrigated with magnetically treated water and with conventional water at different replacement levels based on the culture's evapotranspiration (ETc). Rural Sylocimol equipment, produced by Timol, was employed for the magnetic treatment of water. A randomized block design, with 4 evaluations throughout the cycle, with two cycles, was used. For entrance, the fuzzy systems comprised the irrigation water depths, type of water and time throughout the cycle, whereas biometric and nutritional evaluations were used as exits. Results showed that magnetically treated water provided a significant increase in lettuce crops, whilst decrease in irrigation water volume also occurred. Further, fuzzy models registered a decrease in mean square error...

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Even though Tulbaghia violacea has been used to treat and manage epilepsy in South Africa by traditional medicine practitioners, no evidence in any literature has shown any scientific scrutiny of the effectiveness of the plant species in therapy. This project was intended, therefore, to investigate the anticonvulsant effect of the leaf methanol extract of Tulbaghia violacea by studying its effect against tonic convulsion induced by either pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), bicuculline, picrotoxin, strychnine or N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid (NMDLA) in mice. Qualitative phytochemical analysis, acute toxicity and HPLC studies were also carried out on the plant species. The doses of 200 (mg/kg, i.p.) and 400 (mg/kg, i.p.) of the leaf methanol extract of T. Violacae significantly delayed the onset of PTZ (100 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic convulsion in a dose dependent manner. Leaf methanol extract of the plant species (200 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect the incidence of PTZ (100 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic convulsion while 400 mg/kg (i.p.) protected only one mouse against the tonic convulsion. Leaf methanol extract of Tulbaghia violacea (100mg/kg, i.p.) did not significantly affect the onset or incidence of PTZ (100 mg/kg, i.p.)- induce tonic convulsion. Phenobarbitone (12 mg/kg, i.p.), diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and muscimol (2mg/kg, i.p.) significantly delayed the onset of PTZ (100 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic convulsion and also significantly reduced the number of animals convulsing. Muscimol (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) did not significantly affect the onset or incidence of PTZ (100 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic convulsion. However, combined therapy of sub effective doses of the leaf methanol extract of T. Violacea (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and muscimol (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly delayed the onset of PTZ (100mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic convulsion and but did not significantly reduce the number of animals convulsing. The combined therapy of sub effective doses of the leaf methanol extract of T. violacea (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and muscimol (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) protected two of the mice against the tonic convulsion. Leaf methanol extract of Tulbaghia violacea (100-400 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly and dose dependently delayed the onset of tonic convulsion produced by bicuculline (30 mg/kg, i.p.), picrotoxin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or NMDLA (400 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic convulsion but did not affect the incidence of any of the convulsions. Phenobarbitone (12 mg/kg, i.p.), diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or muscimol (2 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly delayed the onset of bicuculline (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or picrotoxin (20 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic convulsion and also significantly reduced the number of animals convulsing. Phenobarbitone (12 mg/kg, i.p.) or diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) did affect significantly affect the onset or incidence of NMDLA (400 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic convulsion. LY233053 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly delayed the onset of tonic convulsion produced by NMDLA (400 mg/kg, i.p.) and also significantly reduced the number of animals convulsing. Leaf methanol extract of Tulbaghia violacea (200 and 400 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly delayed the onset of strychnine (2 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic convulsion but did not significantly affect the number of mice convulsing. The dose of 100 mg/kg (i.p.) of leaf methanol extract of T. violacea did not significantly affect the onset or incidence of strychnine (2 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic convulsion. Phenobarbitone (12 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly delayed the onset of strychnine (2 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic convulsion and also significantly reduced the number of animals convulsing. Diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) did not significantly delay the onset of strychnine (2 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced tonic convulsion and also did not significantly affect the number of mice convulsing. Phenytoin (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or DMSO (0.25 ml, i.p.) did not significantly affect the onset or incidence of bicuculline (30 mg/kg, i.p.), picrotoxin, strychnine or NMDLA-induced tonic convulsion. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the plant species showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, triterpene steroids, quinones and tannins. The LD50 value obtained following oral administration of the leaf methanol extract of Tulbaghia violacea may be greater than 4000 mg/kg. The HPLC fingerprint of the leaf methanol extract of Tulbaghia violacea showed distinct peaks at the following retention times, 2.911, 3.269, 4.010, 7.597, and 15.122 min. The results obtained in this study indicate that the leaf methanol extract of Tulbaghia violacea has anticonvulsant activity. The results obtained also indicate that GABA, glutamic acid and glycine mechanisms may probably be involved in the anticonvulsant activity of the plant extract. The relatively high LD50 obtained for the plant species, given orally, indicate that it is safe in mice.

Chronic non-communicable diseses are a global public health challenge that continuously threatens the development and health of humans. Risk factors such as unbalanced diet-the high consumption of processed food or food from animal origin are responsible for NCDs. NCDs result in weakened immune system, making the host susceptible to opportunistic infections. Thus, the NCDs burden is most times chronic and multiple with the illness and suffering of the affected person numerous. The lack of cure for NCDs, the high cost of drugs, their high side-effects, and the emergence of multiple drug resistance has given rise to the investigation of other sources for therapeutic cure such as medicinal plants. The ethanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of Olea europaea were analysed for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The essential oil was also analysed for their chemical constituents. The n-hexane extracts of O. europaea exhibited no inhibition against all of the microorganisms tested, while the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts exhibited inhibition, with minimum inhibitory concentration values between 0.625 mg/ml to 1.25 mg/ml. The ethanol leaf and ethyl acetate stem extracts exhibited significant activity in the inhibition of 2, 2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin - 6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS) free radical, the n-hexane leaf extract had the overall significant lipid peroxidation inhibition activity, while in the inhibition of 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), the ethanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts had strong activity. Nonanal, phytol, α-Pinene, α-Phellandrene, spatulenol and farnesol were some of chemical components identified after the GC-MS analysis of O. europaea oil. In the final part of the dissertation, Euryops brevipapposus essential oil was assessed for the antioxidant activities using free radical scavenging assays. In addition to this, the antimicrobial activities were assessed and the chemical composition was analysed using GC-MS. The essential oil demonstrated significant antioxidant activity against 2, 2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH), 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and lipid peroxides with IC50 value of 0.0000000671 mg/ml, 1.05 mg/ml, and 1.170 mg/ml respectively. The essential oil also showed significant activity against all microorganisms tested with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 0.055 mg/ml to 0.5 mg/ml. α-pinene, α- Phellandrene, germacrene D, β-pinene, trans- β.-Ocimene, bicyclogermacrene and β -Phellandrene were some of the chemical compounds identified in E. brevipapposus oil. The study has shown that E. brevipapposus and O. europaea are abundant in phytochemical compounds which were thought to be the root cause for the activities demonstrated. Therefore, these therapeutic properties observed validate and elucidate the traditional usage of the both plants in the treatment /management of diseases.

1 Abstract Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacognosy Student: Olga Krupová Supervisor: PharmDr. Tomáš Siatka, CSc. Title of diploma thesis: Modern phytotherapy - revision of usage of medicinal plants according to clinical trials Key words: phytotherapy, medicinal plants, liver diseases, painful joints, nervousness and insomnia, clinical trials The aim of diploma thesis was to review the said effects of the herbs, to make a list of herbs used in popular traditional medicine of selected diseases and to verify their use by giving documented evidence. This thesis addresses in detail three ranges of problems in which the use of herbal therapy could be considered. Following three ranges of problems were selected: liver diseases, painful joints, nervousness and insomnia. Clinical studies were explored to substantiate the effects of individual herbs or their substances. Preclinical studies were used in case of deficiency in clinical studies. The outcome of this thesis was to approve or - on the contrary - to disapprove the effects quoted by the use of folk medicine herbs. From the result of this thesis it emerges, that not all popular quoted herbal indications are verified by sufficient evidence. However, for a considerable part of the quoted herbs their effects were...

Xihuangcao is a folk medicinal herb used in southern China with three botanical origins: Isodon lophanthoides (IL), I. lophanthoides var. graciliflorus (ILG) and I. serra (IS). They are often used indiscriminately, numerous commercially available herbal products list Xihuangcao as an ingredient without listing the source. This situation has led to a growing concern about the differentiation and quality evaluation of Xihuangcao. To address this concern, a systematic study was conducted to identify the origin. The study is divided into five parts, which aimed to establish and apply the authentication methods of the origins. Four Isodon species were recorded in research papers as the plant sources. However, a new classification suggested in 2004 and two of the IL varieties were merged. In the ancient herbal documents, ILG was first recorded as the origin plant. IL was the major species in the ancient texts, IS was only listed as an additional sources in recent herbal references. The“yellow juices which proven to be the exudates of glandular scales was the key identification features recorded. Macroscopic and microscopic studies provided identification features of the three Isodon species. IL and ILG share very similar features, but IS can be easily distinguished. By morphological features, IL and ILG can be distinguished by the shape of leaves, which IL has a broader leaves than ILG; IS can be identified by its very bitter taste and broadly winged petioles. By microscopic features, IL and ILG have a tiny difference in the shape of epidermal cells of leaf, and IS can be recognized by small raphides of calcium oxalate. In the UPLC-MS fingerprinting and tissue-specific profiling, the chemical profiles the three species were revealed. The chemical profiles of IL and ILG were similar, while IS has its specific chemical profiles. Twenty-seven characteristic peaks were chosen and showed a good distinction of the three species. The tissue-specific profiling of leaves showed the diterpenoids of all the species were accumulated only in the glandular scales. Lipidomics study on IL, ILG and IS was also conducted. A total of 92 lipids were identified. The variation of lipid profiles of the three Isodon species was further quantified, the results showed that the contents of the lipids in the three Isodon species varied. Statistical analyses showed IS has distinctly different lipid profile, while that of IL and ILG are very similar. Finally, the methods of macroscopic microscopic authentication and UPLC-MS fingerprinting were applied in identifying the source species of commercial Xihuangcao products. Twenty-seven batches of Xihuangcao decoction pieces were identified, results showed ILG is the major source of the collected samples. The ingredients in eight Xihuangcao herbal tea bags were also identified. IS is the major species, and none of the samples match their labels. The study provided valuable information on the authentication and quality control of folk medicinal herb Xihuangcao. The work also provided fundamental information on further studies on the chemical constituents of IL and ILG, also and role of lipids in the production of bioactive diterpenoids in Isodon species

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T18:29:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-09-10. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-05T18:33:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000858208.pdf: 1878847 bytes, checksum: 8f6fdef99db08464121bfbaeb6e2b589 (MD5) / A espécie Baccharis dracunculifolia pode ser utilizada na recuperação de áreas degradadas e antropizadas por atividades agrícolas além de proporcionar diversos benefícios à saúde, todavia não existem bancos de germoplasma de sementes e mudas para atender a esta demanda, o que poderá acarretar na exploração inadequada da espécie como aconteceu à Baccharis trimera. Dentro desse contexto, a finalidade deste trabalho é a de fornecer subsídios para a exploração sustentada da espécie, bem como, o desenvolvimento do melhoramento genético para produção de óleo essencial e para a formação de um banco de germoplasma de sementes com ampla variabilidade genética. Os materiais vegetais utilizados para este estudo foram divididos em dois grupos, foram coletadas, num gradiente altitudinal, plantas de populações naturais em Campos do Jordão, Ubatuba, e Campinas. Encontrou-se 56 constituintes na composição do óleo essencial, extraído por hidrodestilação, das populações naturais estudadas nos anos de 2012 e 2013, sendo, somente, oito constituintes comuns a todas as populações, o composto transnerolidol foi a substância majoritária para todas as populações (variando de 21,6 a 40,8%), Essas populações estão bem estruturadas quimicamente sugerindo que há a influência da altitude, em especial para os compostos químicos das populações de Campos do Jordão. No outro grupo, foi um teste de procedências e progênies instalado no CPQBA/UNICAMP, no qual se avaliou a produtividade de óleo essencial extraído por destilação por arraste a vapor d'água e massa fresca de da parte aérea para as estimativas de parâmetros genéticos, o rendimento variou de 0,1% a 0,3% e, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as médias. A produtividade do óleo essencial em ... / The Baccharis dracunculifolia species can be used in the recovery of deforested areas and disturbed by agricultural activities in addition to providing many health benefits, but there are no germplasm collections of seeds and seedlings to meet this demand, which may result in inadequate exploitation of the species as it happened to Baccharis trimera. In this context, the purpose of this work is to provide subsidies for the sustainable exploitation of the species, as well as the development of genetic improvement for essential oil production and the formation of a germplasm bank of seeds with wide genetic variability. The plant materials used for this study were divided into two groups, were collected in an altitudinal gradient, plant natural populations in Campos do Jordão, Ubatuba, and Campinas. 56 constituents were found in the essential oil composition, extracted by hydrodistillation, natural populations studied in the years 2012 and 2013, with only eight constituents common to all populations, the trans-nerolidol compound was the major substance for all populations (ranging from 21.6 to 40.8%), These populations are well structured chemically suggesting that there is the influence of altitude, especially for the chemical compounds of the population of Campos do Jordão. In the other group, it was a test provenances and progenies installed in CPQBA/UNICAMP, in which it evaluated the essential oil yield extracted by distillation by steam distillation of water and fresh mass of shoots for the estimation of genetic parameters, the yield ranged from 0.1% to 0.3%, and no significant differences were observed between the averages. The yield of essential oil kg/1000 m2 on average, ranged from 13 to the population of Campinas 15 for the population of Ubatuba. The characteristic of weight, on average, the progeny was higher for the population of Campinas (1.6 kg), followed by Ubatuba ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:53:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_fg_me_botib.pdf: 1324385 bytes, checksum: 098c0c4808d0caba195973ae55c28e37 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Aansiedade, um dos mais freqüentes distúrbios do sistema nervoso central, afeta uma em cada oito pessoas da população mundial, sendo que nem todos os pacientes respondem às drogas disponíveis que, ainda, podem induzir tolerància e/ou dependência. A depressão ê caracterizada como um distúrbio do humor seriamente deprimido acompanhado de sintomas adicionais tais como sentimentos de desvalia, anedonia, podendo muitas vezes chegar ao suicidio. A terapêutica disponível para essas patologias apresentam diversos efeitos colaterais importantes e não são capazes de controlar os quadros em todos os pacientes, além da demora para o início de suas ações. Deste modo a avaliação de novos compostos pode ser útil no sentido de se encontrar novas altemativas de tratamento, mais eficazes e seguras. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade ansiolítica e antidepressiva dos óleos essenciais de Mentha piperita e de Cananga odorata em dois modelos comportamentais validados, o labirinto em cruz elevado e o teste de suspensão pela cauda por via inalatória em camundongos. Os resultados dos testes farmacológicos mostraram que o óleo essencial de Mentha piperita aumentou significativamente o tempo de permanência e o número de entradas nos braços abertos do labirinto em cruz elevado, na concentração de 0,01% quando comparados com o grupo controle, indicando um efeito do tipo ansiolítico. O óleo essencial de Cananga odorata reduziu significativamente o parâmetro primário de tempo de imobilidade, no teste de suspensão pela cauda, nas concentrações de 0,10/0 e 1,0%, indicando um efeito do tipo antidepressivo. Além disso, observou-se também um aumento na latência para imobilidade reforçando o efeito do tipo antidepressivo. No teste do campo aberto, nenhuma diferença significante foi observada em qualquer dos parâmetros registrados (freqüência da locomoção e... / Anxietyis one of the most frequent central nervous system disorder affecting one everyeight people in the world population. Al1the patients submitted to treatment do not always achieve a good response, and the drugs availabIe for treatment can Iead to tolerance and dependency. Depression is a chronic mental disorder c1inically characterized by a pervasive Iow mood, Ioss of interest or pIeasure in daiIy activities, Iow self-esteem, and a high suicidal tendency. The availabIe drugs present important collateral effects and they are not capabIe to control the pictures in alI the patients, also de1ayto beginning the action. This way, the efforts to fmd in new substances with potential therapeutic activity are justified. The present study aimed at assessing a possible anxiolytic and antidepressant effect in mice exposed to the inhalation of the essential oil of Mentha piperita and Cananga odorata, evaluated in experimental models of anxiety (eIevated pIus-maze) and depression (tail suspension test). The resuIts showed that the essential oil of Mentha piperita 0,01%induced a significant increase in the time spent and number ofvisits in the open arms, when compared with the control group indicating the anxiolytic-like effect.The essential oil of Cananga odorata 0,1% e 1,0%reduced immobility time in the tail suspension test, indicating the antidepressant-like effect. Moreover, we observed that an mcrease the Iatency to immobility emphasizing the antidepressant-like effect. ln the open-field test, we not observed any difference between the groups (frequency of Iocomotion and rearing). These effects can be attributed of the olfactory system activation for volatile components the essential oil or by absorption through biological membranes

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:32:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_tl_me_botib.pdf: 3746236 bytes, checksum: be2c15431b077576e1fdb01ed6258eee (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A histamina é um mediador que participa de uma série de doenças como asma alérgica e outros processos alérgicos e de hipersensibilidade, assim como da resposta inflamatória, reações de pigmentação da pele e úlcera gástrica. Desta forma, a inibição de sua liberação pode contribuir com a produção de efeitos benéficos, preventivos ou curativos, destas doenças. A prospecção a partir de produtos naturais encontra nas espécies vegetais a principal e mais promissora fonte de novas moléculas. Na busca de novos ativos e com base em estudos etnofarmacológicos, quatro espécies vegetais foram selecionadas com bases em dados etnofarmacológicos para serem estudadas com o objetivo de realizar uma triagem preliminar in vitro de espécies medicinais inibidoras da secreção de histamina a partir de mastócitos. A atividade inibitória de extratos metanólicos de diferentes partes das espécies Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.)Kuntze, Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich ex Juss, Caesalpinia ferrea L. e Hymeneae stigonocarpa foi avaliada em mastócitos peritoneais de ratos em condições normais e após estímulo da liberação de histamina induzido por agentes secretagogos, o composto 48/80 e Ionóforo A 23187. A liberação mastócitaria de histamina foi realizada pelo método fluorométrico automático utilizando-se um sistema de fluxo continuo modular automático. Todas as espécies não influenciaram a liberação espontânea de histamina, assim como foram capazes de inibir de forma diferenciada a liberação de histamina induzida pelos agentes secretagogos, destacando-se os efeitos produzidos pelos extratos de caule e folhas de Hymenaea stigonocarpa e folhas de Caesalpinia ferrea, as quais se apresentam como espécies promissoras para estudos in vivo e de fracionamento biomonitorado de seus constituintes químicos ativos / Histamine is a mediator that participates in a number of diseases like asthma and other allergic and hypersensitivity processes, as well as inflammatory responses, skin pigmentation and gastric ulcer. In this way, the inhibition of its release may contribute to the production of beneficial effects, preventive or curative, on these diseases. The research of natural products found in plant species the main and most promising source of new molecules. In the search of new active products and based on ethnopharmacological studies, four plant species were selected to be studied in order to perform a preliminary screening of medicinal species with inhibitory activity on histamine secretion from mast cells. The inhibitory activity of methanol extracts from different parts of the Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze, Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich ex Juss, Caesalpinia ferrea L. and Hymeneae stigonocarpa was evaluated using rat peritoneal mast cells in normal conditions and after stimulation of histamine release induced by the secretagogues agents such as compound 48/80 and ionophore A 23187. The mast cell release of histamine was analyzed by automatic fluorometric method using a continuous and automatic flow system. All species did not affect the spontaneous release of histamine and were able to differentially inhibit histamine release induced by secretagogue agents, highlighting the effects produced by extracts from leaves and stems of Hymenaea stigonocarpa and leaves of Caesalpinia ferrea, which are presented as a promising species for in vivo studies and bioassay-guided fractionation of active chemical constituents

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:32:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bonamin_f_me_botib.pdf: 1545418 bytes, checksum: d6f2898b2291df6c2a9c1ffe45f0ebde (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O estudo de novos compostos oriundos de plantas medicinais potencializa a descoberta de novas substâncias bioativas utilizadas na terapêutica. A caracterização fitoquímica do óleo essencial de Citrus aurantium, uma espécie medicinal que possui fortes indicativos de uso popular para gastrites e distúrbios do trato gastrintestinal (MORAES et al., 2009), apontou a presença do monoterpeno β-mirceno (1,43%) como um dos constituintes de sua composição. O resultado mais surpreendente deste composto é com relação a dose terapêutica de 7.5 mg/kg para a obtenção desta ação protetora gástrica em todos os animais avaliados. Os índices de proteção do β-mirceno na dose de 7.5 mg/kg variam de 60 a 86% de proteção da mucosa gástrica e duodenal o que representa uma equivalência a 13 vezes a ação da cimetidina (dose 100 mg/kg) ou 4 vezes o efeito do lansoprazol (30 mg/kg), duas drogas antiulcerogênicas padrão utilizadas em doses terapêuticas muito superior ao β-mirceno. Este monoterpeno mostrou-se efetivo no modelo de indução de úlcera por etanol absoluto com porcentagem de proteção de 66% e o controle positivo, a cimetidina, com 67% de proteção gástrica. Essa ação gastroprotetora ocorre devido à um aumento na produção de muco gástrico (p<0,05) mesmo não favorecendo a expressão de PGE2 na mucosa gástrica. Além disso, a potente atividade gastroprotetora do β-mirceno é completamente dependente da presença de NO e dos grupamentos sulfidrílicos (SHs) aliada à sua incrível atividade antisecretória gástrica, sem, no entanto, alterar a motilidade intestinal dos animais sob sua influência. Nossos resultados também apontam para uma potente ação antioxidante do β-mirceno quando o mesmo exerceu efetiva ação antiulcerogênica (86% de proteção) frente a lesões gástricas induzida pelo... / The study of new compounds derived from medicinal plants enhances the discovery of new bioactive substances used in therapy. The phytochemical analysis of the essential oil of Citrus aurantium, a medicinal plant that has strong indications of popular use for gastritis and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (MORAES et al., 2009), noted the presence of the monoterpene β-myrcene (1.43%) as one of the constituents of its composition. The most surprising result of this compound is in relation to therapeutic dose of 7.5 mg/kg to obtain this protective action stomach in all animals evaluated. The rates of protection of β-myrcene at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg range from 60 to 86% protection of gastric and duodenal mucosa which represents an equivalent to 13 times the action of cimetidine (dose 100 mg/kg) or 4 times the effect of lansoprazole (30 mg/kg), two drugs antiulcerogenic standard used in therapeutic doses that are higher than β-myrcene. This monoterpene was effective in the model of induction of ulcer by absolute ethanol, whose percentage protection was 66%, and to positive control, cimetidine, 67% of gastric protection. This gastroprotective action occurs due to an increase in the production of gastric mucus (p<0.05) although does not promote the expression of PGE2 in the gastric mucosa. Furthermore, the potent gastroprotective activity of β-myrcene is completely dependent on the presence of NO and sulfhydryl groups (SHs) combined with its incredible gastric antisecretory activity without, however, alter the motility of the animals under its influence. Our results also point to a potent antioxidant activity of β-myrcene when it exercised effective anti-ulcer action (86% protection) against gastric lesions induced by the process of ischemia and reperfusion of the celiac artery that contributes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)