Background: SF processing has been firstly applied on the processing and storage of the rhizome of Dioscareapersimilis Prain et Burkill. in Wenxian country since 1900. Due to the simple, quick and low-cost characteristics of SF, it soon became a common postharvesting method for CMMs. However, recent studies showed that SF can either cause chemical changes to CMMs or affect human health. The awareness of identification of sulfur-fumigated CMMs is arisen. Comparing with chemical methods, FM is more simple and user-friendly to be established in authentication. Also, recent studies showed that different chemical profiles of CMMs can emit fluorescence differently. This research aimed to validate if FM was suitable for identification of sulfur-fumigated CMMs through using Codonopsis Radix and Ginseng Radix as examples. Method: 16 herbal samples were collected in different commercial market in different time, in which 6 of them was Codonopsis Radix and 8 of them was Ginseng Radix. Firstly, their chemical profiles of the samples were analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS to make a chemical authentication. Then, their fluorescence characteristic were localized and captured on their transverse sections. Result: All the samples of Codonopsis Radix and 2 samples of Ginseng Radix were confirmed to be sulfur-fumigated as compounds sulfates or sulfites were detected. Investigated by fluorescence, herbal samples emitted blue and yellow fluorescence in different intensity under blue and green light filter. The fluorescence of groups of laticiferous tubes and resin canals were remarkable in Codonopsis Radix and Ginseng Radix respectively. Sulfur-fumigated samples showed similar characteristic to those raw samples. It was significant that samples of Codonopsis Radix emitted fluorescence differently even all of them were sulfur-fumigated. Conclusion: In the present study, samples with different growing condition, storage time and SF processing had some variation in their fluorescence characteristics. The result showed that fluorescence microscopy was not probable for identification of the sulfur-fumigated CMMs. The application of FM on the identification of sulfur-fumigated CMMs should be further investigated comprehensively. Key works: sulfur-fumigation; Codonopsis Radix; Ginseng Radix; authentication; fluorescence microscopy; UHPLC-QTOF-MS 背景：硫磺薰蒸中藥技術是在1900年由溫縣人民發明並最早記載於河南溫縣縣誌的。由於硫磺薰蒸技術擁有最高效，低成本，便於操控的優點，因此一直被藥農及中藥開發藥廠用於中藥防蟲及乾燥加工。但近年不少論文開始報道有關硫磺對中藥材的危害性，其中以硫磺薰蒸會影響中藥材內部的化學成分和藥理活性的報告最令人擔憂。礙於高效液相色譜法(HPLC)等化學檢測手段的複雜性，使用化學手段鑒別硫磺熏蒸藥材存在困難及難以普及。而近年實驗證明，中藥材裏不同的化學成分在熒光顯微鏡下會發放出不同熒光顔色。本研究以人參和黨參為例子，為應用熒光顯微鏡鑒別硫磺熏蒸中藥材，提供科學證據支持。 實驗方法：本研究採集了6個黨參及8個人參樣品進行分析。實驗首先以高效液相色譜-四極杆飛行時間串聯質譜(UHPLC-QTOF/MS)技術分析各樣品的化學成分用於鑒別樣品有否被硫磺熏蒸。然後各樣品先進行冷凍切割，並在熒光顯微鏡下進行橫切面觀察，從外到内觀察各特徵結構的熒光顔色，比較不同樣品的熒光差別。 結果：實驗結果顯示所有黨參樣品及2個白皮參樣品存在硫磺熏蒸后產生的硫酸鹽或亞硫酸鹽化合物，提示該樣品被硫磺熏蒸。所有樣品在熒光顯微鏡下都顯示不同程度的藍色及綠色熒光。儘管所有黨參樣品均被硫熏，但其顯示的熒光仍存在明顯差異，其中以樣品5和6最爲明顯。而被硫熏的人參樣品，其熒光則非常類似於非硫熏樣品。非硫熏的人參其熒光仍存在個體差異，其中2個樣品的熒光強度較其他為強及明顯。黨參内的乳管群及人參内的樹脂道，其熒光強度及顔色最爲突出。 結論：研究結果表明不同來源的樣品，其熒光特徵存在區別。熒光顯微鑑定技術不能有效鑒別市場上的黨參和人參是否經過硫磺熏蒸。熒光顯微鑑定硫磺熏蒸中藥方面的應用有待深入及系統探討。 關鍵詞：硫磺熏蒸；黨參；人參；熒光顯微鏡；中藥鑒別；高效液相色譜-四極杆飛行時間串聯質譜(UHPLC-QTOF/MS)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_alm_me_botib.pdf: 590776 bytes, checksum: 8b55e04bfd5d2925a1cf2b9ac4822357 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Brassica oleracea é uma espécie botânica popularmente conhecida como “couve”. É utilizada na alimentação e também na medicina popular, devido às suas ações antiulcerogênica e quimiopreventiva do câncer, entre outras. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial genotóxico e antigenotóxico do extrato de folhas de Brassica oleracea em células somáticas e germinativas de camundongos in vivo, usando o Ensaio Cometa e o teste do micronúcleo. Os animais (camundongos Swiss albinos machos) foram divididos em oito grupos experimentais (n=6). O grupo controle negativo recebeu água destilada e o controle positivo 80 mg/kg de doxorrubicina (DXR). Três diferentes doses do extrato foram testadas (500, 1000 e 2000 mg/kg) para a avaliação do potencial genotóxico. As mesmas doses do extrato foram utilizadas simultaneamente com injeção intraperitoneal de DXR (uma hora após o tratamento com o extrato via gavage), para a avaliação dos potenciais antigenotóxico e anticlastogênico/antianeugênico. As células analisadas pelo Ensaio Cometa foram leucócitos de sangue periférico coletados 4 e 24 horas após os tratamentos, e células do fígado, cérebro, medula óssea e testículos, coletadas 24 horas após os tratamentos. Para o Teste do Micronúcleo, foram analisadas células de medula óssea, coletadas 24 horas após os tratamentos. Os dados obtidos foram estatisticamente analisados utilizando-se ANOVA e teste de Tukey-Kramer. A ausência de genotoxicidade e aneugenicidade/clastogenicidade foi observada para as três doses do extrato. No entanto, as três doses testadas induziram um decréscimo significante de danos no DNA das células analisadas pelo Ensaio Cometa, assim como redução no número de eritrócitos policromáticos micronucleados analisados pelo Teste do Micronúcleo, em comparação ao grupo controle positivo... / Brassica oleraceae is a botanical specie popularly known as “kale”. Is used in the feeding and also in folk medicine due to its anti-ulcerogenic and cancer chemopreventive activities, among others. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the genotoxic and antigenotoxic potential of the Brassica oleraceae extract in different cells of mice in vivo, using the comet assay and micronucleus test. The animals (male Swiss mice) were divided in eight experimental groups (n = 6). The negative control group received distilled water and the positive control 80mg/kg of doxorubicin (DXR). Three different doses of the extract were tested (500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg) to evaluate the genotoxic potential. The same extract doses followed by DXR injection (one hour after the treatment) were used to evaluate the antigenotoxic and anticlastogenic/antianeugenic potentials. The cells analyzed by comet assay were leukocytes from peripheral blood collected 4 and 24 hours after the treatments, and liver, brain, bone marrow and testicles cells collected 24 h after the treatments. Bone marrow cells collected 24 hours after the treatments were analyzed by micronucleus test. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test. The absence of genotoxic and aneugenic/clastogenic effects was observed with the three tested doses of the extract. On the other hand, the three tested doses of the extract induced a significant decrease in the DNA damage in all cells analyzed by comet assay, and a reduction in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, in comparison with DXR positive control group. Under the experimental conditions employed in the present experiment, the results obtained showed that Brassica oleraceae extract is not genotoxic and presents a clear chemoprotection against DNA damage induced by doxorubicin

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Submitted by Helena Souza Ronchi null (hsronchi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T18:43:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Helena Ronchi_Mestrado.pdf: 4630046 bytes, checksum: 4e3e8e4ff5df0e6404d7667cdbf167b9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T20:01:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ronchi_hs_me_bot.pdf: 4630046 bytes, checksum: 4e3e8e4ff5df0e6404d7667cdbf167b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T20:01:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ronchi_hs_me_bot.pdf: 4630046 bytes, checksum: 4e3e8e4ff5df0e6404d7667cdbf167b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esse trabalho tem como objetivo identificar o potencial das florestas nativas da Área de Proteção Ambiental – APA Corumbataí, Botucatu e Tejupá – perímetro Botucatu de fornecer recursos florestais para os usos medicinal e alimentício. A identificação das espécies nativas com usos medicinais e alimentícios ocorreu em duas fases. A primeira consiste em uma revisão de trabalhos científicos onde registram o uso (medicinal e alimentício) das espécies nativas encontradas na APA. E a segunda trata-se de um levantamento uso (medicinal e alimentício) das espécies nativas a partir do conhecimento dos proprietários rurais inseridos na APA. Para aquelas identificadas com esses usos foi calculado o valor potencial de exploração sustentável (VPES) para indicar se as espécies com tais usos podem ser exploradas sustentavelmente. O VPES foi avaliado para aquelas espécies que apresentaram freqüência de citação nas entrevistas maior ou igual a 40% e, também, para aquelas nativas na área da APA e que apresentam interesse em políticas públicas (Relação de espécies de interesse do SUS e a Lista de espécies nativas da sociobiodiversidade com valor alimentício). Na primeira fase, foram identificadas, na região da APA, 735 espécies nativas (de diferentes hábitos de crescimento), onde 219 espécies (30%) possuem o uso medicinal e 110 (15%) com o uso alimentício. No levantamento das espécies a partir do conhecimento dos proprietários rurais, foram identificadas 49 espécies, de 19 famílias diferentes, onde 65% dessas plantas possuem o uso como fonte de alimento, 28,6% como fonte de medicamento e 6% das plantas possuem os dois usos. Para ambas as fases, a família mais representativa, enquanto uso medicinal, foi a Fabaceae. Já para o uso alimentício, a mais representativa foi a Myrtaceae. E em relação ao VPES, 8 espécies atingiram o valor para serem exploradas sustentavelmente, porém muitas espécies que também poderiam ser exploradas não são por falta de pesquisas tanto sobre a sua produtividade quanto manejo. / This work aims to identify the potential of the native forests of the Environmental Protection Area - APA Corumbataí, Botucatu and Tejupá - Botucatu perimeter of natural resource management for medicinal and food uses.The identification of native species with medicinal and food uses occurred in two phases. The first one consists in a literature review of scientific studies where the use (medicinal and food) of the native species found in the APA is reported. The second phase is a survey of the use (medicinal and food) of the native species from the knowledge of the rural owners inserted in the APA. The potential value of sustainable exploitation (VPES) will be calculated to indicate whether species with such uses can be sustainably exploited.The VPES was evaluated for those Species that presented frequency of citation in interviews greater than or equal to 40% and also for those native to the area of the APA and that stand out in public policies (List of species of interest of the SUS and List of species Native of sociobiodiversity with food value). In the first part, 735 native species (different growth habits) were identified, where 219 species (30%) had medicinal use and 110 (15%) with alimentary uses. In the surveying of the species from the knowledge of the rural owners, 49 species were identified, from 19 different families, where 65% of these plants have their use as food source, 28.6% as a source of medicine, and 6% of the plants have both uses. For both phases, the most representative family, as medicinal use, was Fabaceae. On the other hand, within the alimentary use, the most representative was Myrtaceae. Regarding the VPES, 8 valuable exploitation species to be exploited in a sustainable way, however many species that are also exploited are not for lack of research on their production.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:59:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fortunato_fm_me_araiq.pdf: 534461 bytes, checksum: f33b194f1f2b641bb83734982c950e44 (MD5) / Esta dissertação versa sobre o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos empregando a amostragem de suspensão na determinação simultânea de Cd e Pb e de Cr e Ni em plantas medicinais pela espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite. A utilização de Ir como modificador permanente possibilitou determinar Cd e Pb simultaneamente em suspensões 0,5% m/v de plantas medicinais empregando calibração com soluções aquosas. As temperaturas de pirólise e de atomização foram 1000°C e 2200°C, respectivamente. As massas caracteristicas foram 1,8 pg Cd e 59 pg Pb, limites de detecção de 0,024 μg g-1 Cd e 0,24 μg g-1 Pb e desvios padrão relativos da ordem de 5,3% (Cd) e 3,5% (Pb). Os resultados da análise de três materiais de referência certificados foram concordantes com os valores certificados ao nível de 95% de confiança (teste-t). Para determinação simultânea de Cr e Ni não foi necessário o uso de modificadores químicos e foram empregados suspensões 0,5% (m/v) e calibração aquosa. As temperaturas de pirólise e de atomização foram de 1600°C e 2300°C, respectivamente. As massas caracteristicas foram 5,8 pg Cr e 31 pg Ni e os limites de detecção 0,04 μg g-1 Cr e 0,3 μg g-1 Ni. Os desvios padrão relativos foram 2,8% e 2,2% para Cr e Ni, respectivamente. Quatro materiais de referência certificados de plantas foram analisados e os resultados foram concordantes com os teores certificados a 95% de confiança (teste-t). Dez plantas medicinais foram analisadas pelos métodos propostos e os teores dos analitos variaram de 0,19 a 0,34 μg g-1 Cd, 1,02 a 1,91 μg g-1 Pb, 1,73 a 11,6 μg g-1 Cr e 0,78 a 5,54 μg g-1 Ni. Estas concentrações estão compatíveis com as usualmente encontradas em plantas medicinais / This dissertation deals with the development of analytical methods employing slurry sampling in simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb, Cr and Ni in medicinal plants by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Tue use of iridium with permanent modifier allowed simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in 0.5% (m/v) slurries of medicinal plants using aqueous standards calibration. The pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were 1000°C and 2200°C, respectively. The characteristic masses were 1.8 pg Cd and 59 pg Pb, limits of detection were 0.024 μg g-1 Cd e 0.24 μg g-1 Pb and relative standard deviation the order of 5.3% (Cd) and 3.5% (Pb). Results obtained for analysis of three certified reference materials were in agreement with certified values at 95% confidence level (t-test). For simultaneous determination of Cr and Ni did not require chemical modifier and 0.5% (m/v) slurries and aqueous calibration were employed. Pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were 1600°C and 2300°C, respectively. The characteristic masses were 5.8 pg Cr and 31 pg Ni and the limits of detection 0,04 μg g-1 Cr e 0,3 μg g-1 Ni. The relative standard deviation were 2.8% and 2.2% for Cr and Ni, respectively. Four plant certified reference materials were analyzed and results were in agreement at a 95% confidence level (t-test) with certified values. Ten medicinal plant samples were analyzed by the proposed methods and found concentrations were in the range of 0.19 - 0.34 μg g-1 Cd, 1.76 - 11.60 μg g-1 Cr, 0.78 – 5.54 μg g-1 Ni and 1.02 - 1.91 μg g-1 Pb ranges. These levels are comparable to levels commonly found in medicinal plants

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_lp_me_araiq.pdf: 965130 bytes, checksum: dbb3a6d9ec846ccdcb7e27caa43c9b5b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O uso de fitoterápicos padronizados com eficácia e segurança garantidas tem mostrado resultados surpreendes em diversos países. Contudo, o Brasil ainda possui deficiências na correta caracterização dos produtos brutos e falta de um controle de qualidade mais rigoroso para esses materiais. As etapas necessárias para utilização de uma planta como fitoterápico são, primeiramente, a comprovação da sua eficácia e segurança através de ensaios farmacológicos seguidas da correta caracterização química do extrato e quantificação de alguns marcadores escolhidos para representarem a sua identidade. Astronium urundeuva é uma planta brasileira utilizada na medicina popular, para a qual são reportadas atividades antiulcerogênica e antiinflamatória, assim como efeito no trânsito gastrointestinal e em colites, sendo um alvo interessante para utilização como fitoterápico. Extratos foram preparados por percolação como descrito pela farmacopéia brasileira e avaliados por ESI-IT-MS e LC-MS apresentando em sua composição majoritária galotaninos e derivados. A caracterização química foi obtida através de duas diferentes abordagens, para os compostos majoritários análise por FIA-ESI-IT-MS forneceram indício sobre quais as substâncias presentes no extrato e HPLC-PDA com adição de padrão confirmou as identidades dessas substâncias, enquanto que os compostos minoritários tiveram que passar por uma etapa adicional de pré-concentração utilizando GPC em Sephadex LH20, depois da qual as substâncias foram identificadas ou pelo mesmo procedimento que os compostos majoritários ou por isolamento e caracterização utilizando HPLC em escala semipreparativa e espectroscopia de NMR. Dessa forma foi possível a identificação de 10 compostos fenólicos, assim como 8 galotaninos os quais foi possível... / The use of standardized phytotherapics with attested efficacy and safety has shown surprisingly good results in many countries. Nevertheless, Brazil still has deficiencies at the correct chemical characterization of raw products, and lack of a more rigorous quality control of those materials. The necessary steps for the use of a plant as a phytotherapic are, at first, proof of the efficacy and safety through pharmacological essays followed by the correct chemical characterization of the extract and quantification of some markers chosen to represent its identity. Astronium urundeuva is a Brazilian traditional herb used in folk medicine, it is reported that it shows antiulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory activity, as effect at the gastric transit and colitis, being an interesting target to be used as a phytotherapic. Extracts were prepared by percolation as described by Brazilian Farmacopeia and screened by FIA-ESI-IT-MS and LC-MS showing a major composition of gallotannins and derivatives. The chemical characterization was achieved with two different approaches, for the major compounds FIA-ESI-IT-MS analysis provided a clue about which substances were present at the extract and HPLC-PDA with standard addition confirm the identities of these substances, while the minor compounds had to go through an additional step of pre-concentration achieved by gel permeation chromatography using Sephadex LH20, after that the substances were identified either by the same procedure as for the major compounds or by isolation and characterization using HPLC in semi preparative scale and NMR spectroscopy. This way it was possible to identify 10 phenolic compounds, also 8 gallotannins which it was possible only to attribute the degree of polymerization since they are hardly isolated and there are no standards available. An HPLC-PDA... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

CAPES / O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a influência de diferentes concentrações dos extratos brutos etanólicos (EET) e diclorometânicos (EDC) das espécies medicinais antimaláricas Bidens pilosa L. (picão-preto), Phyllanthus niruri L. (quebra-pedra), Petiveria alliacea L. (guiné) e Senna hirsuta L. (fedegoso), sobre a germinabilidade (GER), tempo médio de germinação (TMG), velocidade média de germinação (VMG), comprimento de radícula (RAD) e comprimento de hipocótilo (HIP) de Lactuca sativa L. (alface) e Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O´Donel (corda-de-viola). O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, distribuído em um trifatorial (espécie antimalárica vs. extrator vs. concentração). Os bioensaios foram realizados com quatro repetições de 25 sementes, para os testes germinativos, e 10 sementes pré-germinadas, para os bioensaios de crescimento. As sementes germinadas foram contadas diariamente, para a obtenção do TMG e VMG, enquanto a GER, RAD e HIP foram mensurados após 144 horas da aplicação dos extratos. Paralelamente ao estudo de atividade alelopática, objetivou-se também analisar a atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos EET e EDC das quatro espécies antimaláricas utilizadas nos bioensaios, assim como, da espécie Quassia amara L. (quássiaamarga). As análises antioxidantes foram realizadas através de três metodologias distintas, sendo elas: sequestro do radical ABTS•+ e sequestro do radical DPPH•, ambas realizadas com os EET e EDC, e poder antioxidante de redução do Ferro (FRAP), realizada apenas com os EET, assim como o teor de compostos fenólicos totais (TCF). Os EET foram comparados aos antioxidantes comerciais BHT (butil hidroxitolueno), BHA (butil hidroxianisol) e α-tocoferol. Os resultados dos bioensaios dos extratos brutos das plantas antimaláricas, e suas respectivas concentrações, demonstraram efeitos inibitórios, e em alguns casos estimulatórios, de magnitudes diferentes sobre os processos de germinação e/ou crescimento das espécies alvo. O aumento das concentrações dos EET e EDC de P. alliacea e do EET de S. hirsuta, não afetaram o TMG, VMG e GER de corda-de-viola, sendo que o EDC de P. alliacea também não influenciou sobre RAD e HIP da mesma, enquanto o EET de B. Pilosa apresentou ótimos resultados de inibição do RAD e HIP de alface e GER, TMG, VMG, RAD e HIP de corda-de-viola. Em todas as metodologias de atividade antioxidante analisadas, o EET de Q. amara demonstrou-se como o tratamento mais eficaz, seguido do EET de P. niruri, sendo estes, analisados em Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência de Fase-Reversa (CLAE-FR), evidenciando a presença de rutina, miricetina, quercetina e ácido gálico para ambas as espécies, sendo estes compostos, reconhecidos por suas propriedades antioxidantes. As análises antimicrobianas foram realizadas através da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) dos extratos das plantas, com concentrações entre 5,0 e 0,88 mg mL-1, em microplacas de 96 poços inoculadas com Baccilus cereus ATCC 11.778. Os EET de Q. amara, P. niruri e S. hirsuta e o EDC de B. pilosa apresentaram concentração inibitória mínima (MIC) = ≤0,088 mg mL-1. Dessa forma, os dados apresentados nesse estudo indicam, em especial, um potencial uso do EET de B. pilosa e do EET de Q. amara como fontes de moléculas com atividade herbicida, antioxidantes e antimicrobianas, sendo estes extratos, importantes fontes para a busca de moléculas que possam ser utilizadas como protótipos para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos nas indústrias de agroquímicos, alimentícia e /ou farmacêutica, requerendo estudos futuros quanto a extração, purificação, isolamento e identificação dos compostos bioativos e seus respectivos mecanismos de ação. / The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of different concentrations of crude ethanol extracts (EET) and dichloromethanic (EDC) of antimalarial medicinal species Bidens pilosa L. (beggartick), Phyllanthus niruri L. (shatter stone), Petiveria alliacea L. (guinea) and Senna hirsuta L. (sicklepod) on germination (GER), mean germination time (TMG), mean speed of germination (VMG), radicle (RAD) and hypocotyls (HIP) of Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) and Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O'Donel (rope-glory). The experimental design was completely randomized, distributed in a factorial (species antimalarial vs. extractor vs. concentration). Bioassays were performed with four replicates of 25 seeds for germination tests, and 10 pre-germinated seeds for the growth bioassays. Germinated seeds were counted daily for obtaining the TMG and VMG while GER, DAR and HIP were measured after 144 hours of application of the extracts. In parallel to the study of allelopathic activity aimed also to examine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of EET and EDC of four malarial species used in bioassays, as well as the species Quassia amara L. (quássia amarga). Analyses antioxidants were performed through three different methodologies, namely: scavenging of ABTS•+, scavenging DPPH•, both performed with EET and EDC, and antioxidant power reduction iron (FRAP), performed with EET, as well as the content of total phenolic compounds (TCF). The EET were compared to commercial antioxidant BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and α-tocopherol. The results of bioassays of extracts of plants antimalarial and their respective concentrations showed inhibitory effects, and in some cases stimulatory, different magnitudes of the processes of germination and/or growth of the target species. Increasing the concentration of EET and EDC of P. alliacea and EET of S. hirsuta, did not show significant results for variables TMG, VMG and GER of corda-de-viola, and the EDC of P. alliacea also did not influence RAD HIP. The EET of B. Pilosa showed excellent results compared to inhibition of RAD and HIP lettuce and GER, TMG, VMG and RAD rope-glory, suggesting the use of this extract for future work of purification, isolation and identification of bioactive substances. In all methods of antioxidant activity analyzed, the EET of Q. amara shown as the most effective treatment, followed by EET of P. niruri, which are analyzed in High Performance Liquid Chromatography Reverse-Phase (HPLC-RP), indicating the presence of rutin, myricetin, quercetin and gallic acid for both species, these compounds being recognized for its antioxidant properties. Analyses were performed using antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts with concentrations between 5.0 and 0.88 mg mL-1 in 96-well microplates inoculated with Baccilus cereus ATCC 11.778. The EET of Q. amara, P. niruri and S. hirsuta and EDC of B. pilosa showed minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) = ≤ 0.088 mg mL-1. Thus, the data presented in this study indicate the potential use of the EET of B. pilosa and EET of Q. amara as sources of molecules having herbicidal activity, antioxidants and antimicrobial properties, and these extracts are important sources for the search of molecules that can be used as a prototype for the development of new products in the agrochemical industries, food and/or pharmaceuticals, requiring future studies on the extraction, purification, isolation and identification of bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action.

Processing of Chinese medicinal materials (CMMs) is a unique technique for preparing decoction pieces. According to the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, processing can reduce the toxicity, alter the indications and enhance the efficacy of the herbs. Pinelliae Rhizoma (PR), the dried tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit., is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Although toxic, it is commonly used for treating cancer, cough and phlegm. TCM doctors usually prescribe raw PR to manage cancer and Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum cum Zingibere et Alumine (PRZA), the product of raw PR processed with ginger juice and alumen, for treating cough and phlegm. To guarantee the quality of a processed herb, standardized processing procedure is critical. However, the current manufacturing protocol of PRZA varies greatly among different places in China. In addition, the mechanisms involved in raw PR's toxicities, the toxicity-reducing effect of processing, and the anticancer effects of raw PR are still not fully understood. In this study, we standardized the manufacturing procedure for PRZA, and explored the mechanisms involved in raw PR-induced cardiotoxicity, the toxicity-reducing effect of processing, and the anti-liver cancer effects of raw PR.;Our results showed that the standardized manufacturing procedure for PRZA is as follows: soak raw PR in water until the center of the cut surface is devoid of a dry core, boil for 6 h after adding 12.5 kg alumen and 25 L freshly squeezed ginger juice for each 100 kg of raw PR, then take out and dry. The toxicity and bioactivity assays demonstrated that PRZA produced using our optimized protocol could reduce the cardiotoxicity, and enhance the antitussive and expectorant efficacies of raw PR, supporting the traditional processing theory; and raw PR exhibited more potent anti-liver cancer efficacy than PRZA, supporting the common clinical practice. Moreover, as expected raw PR and PRZA showed different chemical profiles. These results suggest that our optimized protocol for producing PRZA is appropriate. The optimized protocol, shown to be applicable for PRZA industrial production, will be included in the upcoming "National Standards for Processing CMMs" (全國中藥炮製規範) to update the 1998 edition of this China national standard handbook.;Using a comprehensive metabolomics approach, we explored the underlying mechanisms of raw PR-induced cardiotoxicity and the toxicity-reducing effect of processing. Results showed that inhibition of mTOR signaling and activation of the TGF-b pathway may contribute to raw PR-induced cardiotoxicity, and free radical scavenging may be responsible for the toxicity-reducing effect of processing.;In Summary, in this study we achieved the follows: 1) standardized the manufacturing procedure for PRZA; 2) found that processing with ginger juice and alumen reduced the toxicity of raw PR, and discovered the potential mechanisms for raw PR-induced cardiotoxicity and the toxicity-reducing effect of processing; 3) demonstrated the anti-liver cancer activities and some underlying mechanisms of action of raw PR. Our findings provide a standardized manufacturing procedure for PRZA, help in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in raw PR-caused cardiotoxicity and the toxicity-reducing effect of processing, and provide a pharmacological basis for the clinical application of raw PR in liver cancer treatment. The outcome of this study should guarantee the safety and efficacy of PRZA, and provide scientific justifications for the traditional processing theory of PR.

Orientador: Luiz Claudio Di Stasi / Banca: Alessandra Gomero / Banca: Ricardo Orsi / Resumo: A histamina é um mediador que participa de uma série de doenças como asma alérgica e outros processos alérgicos e de hipersensibilidade, assim como da resposta inflamatória, reações de pigmentação da pele e úlcera gástrica. Desta forma, a inibição de sua liberação pode contribuir com a produção de efeitos benéficos, preventivos ou curativos, destas doenças. A prospecção a partir de produtos naturais encontra nas espécies vegetais a principal e mais promissora fonte de novas moléculas. Na busca de novos ativos e com base em estudos etnofarmacológicos, quatro espécies vegetais foram selecionadas com bases em dados etnofarmacológicos para serem estudadas com o objetivo de realizar uma triagem preliminar in vitro de espécies medicinais inibidoras da secreção de histamina a partir de mastócitos. A atividade inibitória de extratos metanólicos de diferentes partes das espécies Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.)Kuntze, Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich ex Juss, Caesalpinia ferrea L. e Hymeneae stigonocarpa foi avaliada em mastócitos peritoneais de ratos em condições normais e após estímulo da liberação de histamina induzido por agentes secretagogos, o composto 48/80 e Ionóforo A 23187. A liberação mastócitaria de histamina foi realizada pelo método fluorométrico automático utilizando-se um sistema de fluxo continuo modular automático. Todas as espécies não influenciaram a liberação espontânea de histamina, assim como foram capazes de inibir de forma diferenciada a liberação de histamina induzida pelos agentes secretagogos, destacando-se os efeitos produzidos pelos extratos de caule e folhas de Hymenaea stigonocarpa e folhas de Caesalpinia ferrea, as quais se apresentam como espécies promissoras para estudos in vivo e de fracionamento biomonitorado de seus constituintes químicos ativos / Abstract: Histamine is a mediator that participates in a number of diseases like asthma and other allergic and hypersensitivity processes, as well as inflammatory responses, skin pigmentation and gastric ulcer. In this way, the inhibition of its release may contribute to the production of beneficial effects, preventive or curative, on these diseases. The research of natural products found in plant species the main and most promising source of new molecules. In the search of new active products and based on ethnopharmacological studies, four plant species were selected to be studied in order to perform a preliminary screening of medicinal species with inhibitory activity on histamine secretion from mast cells. The inhibitory activity of methanol extracts from different parts of the Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze, Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich ex Juss, Caesalpinia ferrea L. and Hymeneae stigonocarpa was evaluated using rat peritoneal mast cells in normal conditions and after stimulation of histamine release induced by the secretagogues agents such as compound 48/80 and ionophore A 23187. The mast cell release of histamine was analyzed by automatic fluorometric method using a continuous and automatic flow system. All species did not affect the spontaneous release of histamine and were able to differentially inhibit histamine release induced by secretagogue agents, highlighting the effects produced by extracts from leaves and stems of Hymenaea stigonocarpa and leaves of Caesalpinia ferrea, which are presented as a promising species for in vivo studies and bioassay-guided fractionation of active chemical constituents / Mestre