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Après dissolution du combustible et séparation des différents éléments par le procédé PUREX, la majeure partie des produits de fission et des actinides mineurs est calcinée puis vitrifiée dans des verres de conditionnement des déchets nucléaires. Parmi ces produits de fission, certains précipitent et ne sont pas immobilisés dans la phase vitreuse dédiée aux déchets de haute activité à vie longue. Les éléments platinoïdes Pd-Rh-Ru sont insolubles dans le verre nucléaire. En fonction du potentiel d'oxygène imposé par la fritte de verre, ils précipitent sous la forme de phases oxydes complexes ou de composés intermétalliques principalement alliés aux éléments chalcogènes Te et Se. Au contraire, le molybdène reste oxydé lors des dernières étapes du procédé de vitrification. Très réactif vis-à-vis des oxydes constitutifs de la fonte verrière, il forme majoritairement des molybdates. Au cours de cette thèse, la thermodynamique des systèmes chimiques contenant le molybdène (Mo), les éléments platinoïdes Pd-Rh-Ru et les chalcogènes Se-Te ont été étudiés expérimentalement. En parallèle, la thermodynamique de ces systèmes chimiques est également modélisée par la méthode Calphad. L'objectif de cette modélisation est de prédire les phénomènes de cristallisation du molybdène et des platinoïdes observés au cours des étapes de vitrification en fonction de la composition et de la température. Ces modélisations permettent d'effectuer des calculs d'applications en lien avec le procédé industriel de vitrification. / After the dissolution of the used fuel and the separation of several elements by the PUREX process, the high level nuclear wastes composed of fission products and minor actinides are reprocessed and vitrified in nuclear glasses at AREVA La Hague plant. Some of the fission products precipitate : they are not solubilized in the glass matrix. On the one hand, platinoids Pd-Ru-Rh are not soluble in the nuclear glasses. Depending on the oxygen potential, they form complex solid oxyde phases or intermetallic compounds containing chalcogen elements such as selenium and tellurium. On the other hand, the molybdenum forms only oxide phases during the vitrification process. It reacts strongly with the oxide phases present in the glass melt to form mainly molybdate phases. Some of these phases are only temporary formed but other are more stable and can precipitate in the glass matrix when a large amount of molybdenum is supplied. In this thesis, the thermodynamics of the chemical systems containing molybdenum, the platinoid elements Pd-Rh-Ru and the chalcogen elements Se and Te were experimentally investigated. At the same time, these chemical systems were modeled with the Calphad method so as to be able to predict the crystallization phenomena of molybdenum and the platinoids occurring during the vitrification as a function of the composition and the temperature. These modelings are useful to perform application calculations in relation with the vitrification process.

Thesis (M.Ch.E.)--University of Delaware, 2008. / Principal faculty advisors: Mark A. Barteau and Douglas J. Buttrey, Dept. of Chemical Engineering. Includes bibliographical references.

PINTO, Raffael Costa de Figueiredo. Caracterização das propriedades estruturais de molibdatos e óxidos nanoestruturados através de espectroscopia Raman. 2013. 153 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2014-11-14T18:15:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_rcfpinto.pdf: 19513880 bytes, checksum: 347a0a66f86770a72458aeaf8a47de65 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2014-11-14T18:22:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_rcfpinto.pdf: 19513880 bytes, checksum: 347a0a66f86770a72458aeaf8a47de65 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-14T18:22:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_rcfpinto.pdf: 19513880 bytes, checksum: 347a0a66f86770a72458aeaf8a47de65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / In this work we have been investigated the vibrational properties of nanostructured oxides (monoxides) and modified molybdates with yttrium and indium by means of Raman spectroscopy. In the monoxides nanostructured Al2O3, CeO2, ZrO2, TiO2, MnO2 and SnO2, were focused the pressure and temperature effects over the referred molybdates stability. While for the yttrium and indium molybdates, besides temperature effects also has been studied the pressure effects on them. The change of yttrium concentration in the molybdate allows in some cases remark the Negative Thermal Expansion (NTE). For the nanostructured oxides, the nanoparticles of ZrO2 and TiO2 exhibit different phase transitions at high temperatures due each compound apart. When compared with traditional oxides, the mentioned nanostructured oxides exhibit an excelent catalitic performance in the dehidratation of the glicerol, due synergic effects arising from access to active sites caused by defects in its structure. Due the electronic effect of the CeO2 and its stability at high temperatures, this material is a promising option for catalytic applications. / Neste trabalho foram investigadas as propriedades vibracionais de óxidos nanoestruturados (monóxidos) e molibdatos modificados com ítrio ou índio, através de espectroscopia Raman. No estudo dos monóxidos nanoestruturados Al2O3, CeO2, ZrO2, TiO2, MnO2 e SnO2, foram enfocados os efeitos da temperatura sobre a estabilidade dos mesmos, ao passo que para os molibdatos de ítrio e índio, além dos efeitos da temperatura também foram estudados os efeitos da pressão sobre os mesmos. A modificação da concentração de ítrio nos molibdatos permitiu, em alguns casos, a visualização da expansão térmica negativa (NTE). No caso dos óxidos nanoestruturados, as nanopartículas de monóxidos ZrO2 e TiO2 apresentaram também transições de fases distintas derivadas desses óxidos em temperaturas elevadas. Comparado com os óxidos tradicionais, os referidos óxidos nanoestruturados exibiram um excelente desempenho catalítico na desidratação do glicerol, devido aos efeitos sinergéticos oriundos da acessibilidade dos sólidos aos sítios ativos devido à presença de defeitos na sua estrutura. Em virtude do efeito promotor eletrônico do CeO2 e sua estabilização em elevadas temperaturas, este material é promissor para aplicações catalíticas na produção de óxidos.

OLIVEIRA, Glaydson Francisco Barros de. Fônons em arsenatos e molibdatos de terras-raras. 2012. 76 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2012. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-05-05T17:18:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_gfboliveira.pdf: 3078993 bytes, checksum: 55955275e68814a7e33226ee36f8cd9e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-05-07T16:52:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_gfboliveira.pdf: 3078993 bytes, checksum: 55955275e68814a7e33226ee36f8cd9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T16:52:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_gfboliveira.pdf: 3078993 bytes, checksum: 55955275e68814a7e33226ee36f8cd9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / The Raman spectroscopy technique was used to investigate the room-temperature phonon characteristics of two series of single crystals containing rare-earth elements: (i) the rare-eartharsenates (REAsO4), RE=Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, and Lu) and (ii) the rare-earth molybdates (RE2(MoO4)3). For the REAsO4(RE=Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, and Lu)series the Raman data were interpreted in a systematic manner based on the known tetragonal zircon structure of these compounds, and assignments and correlations were made for the observed bands. We found that the wavenumbers of the internal modes of the AsO4 tetrahedron increased with increasing atomic number. This increase seems to be correlated to the contraction of the RE–O bond length. For three out of four lattice wavenumbers observed, this tendency was not nearly so marked as in the case of the internal mode wavenumber. For the RE2(MoO4)3(RE = Sm, Eu, Gd and Tb) series the Raman spectra exhibit fewer bands than those predicted by the group theory analysis. Due to the large band overlap, correct assignment was given only to the n1 and n3 modes of the MoO4tetrahedra. We observe that the vibrations from tetrahedra II and III are degenerated. The slightly increase of the frequency of the modes n1 and n3 as RE goes from Sm to Tb is likely to be related to the contraction of the orthorhombic cell. We also recorded the Raman spectra of REGd((MoO4)3) (RE = Sm, Er and Tb). No changes were observed. However, when Mo is partially substituted by W, an extra high-frequency mode appears in the Raman spectrum. / Neste trabalho utilizamos a técnica de espectroscopia Raman para investigar as características dos fônons de duas séries de cristais contendo elementos terras-raras: (i) arsenatos de terras-rara (REAsO4) e (ii) molibdatos de terras-rara (RE(MoO4)3). Para a série REAsO4 interpretamos os resultados de modo sistemático baseado na estrutura tetragonal do tipo zircon destes compostos. Utilizamos correlações com outras publicações para fazer a designação dos modos observados. Notamos que as frequências dos modos internos do tetraedro AsO4 aumenta a medida que número atômico do elemento RE aumenta. Este aumento parece estar relacionado com a diminuição das distâncias das ligações RE – O. Entretanto, esta diminuição não foi observada de maneira marcante para os modos de baixa frequência. Para a série RE2 (MoO4)3 (RE = Sm, Eu, Gd and Tb), observamos que os espectros Raman exibem menos modos do que aqueles previstos pela análise de teoria de grupos. Devido à sobreposição das bandas, conseguimos designar com certeza apenas os modos n1 e n3 do tetraedro MoO4. Observamos que as vibrações dos tetraedros II e III são degenerados. A frequência dos modos n1e n3 aumentam ligeiramente quando o elemento RE varia de Sm até Tb, e isto deve estar relacionado com a contração da célula ortorrômbica. Também registramos os espectros Raman dos compostos REGd((MoO4)3) (RE = Sm, Er e Tb). Não foram observadas alterações significativas nos espectros Raman. No entanto, quando Mo é parcialmente substituído por W, um modo de alta freqüência adicional aparece no espectro de Raman.

PINTO, Raffael Costa de Figueiredo. Caracterização das propriedades estruturais de molibdatos e óxidos nanoestruturados através de espectroscopia Raman. 2013. 153 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-10-26T18:14:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_rcfpinto.pdf: 19513880 bytes, checksum: 347a0a66f86770a72458aeaf8a47de65 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-10-26T18:14:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_rcfpinto.pdf: 19513880 bytes, checksum: 347a0a66f86770a72458aeaf8a47de65 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-26T18:14:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_rcfpinto.pdf: 19513880 bytes, checksum: 347a0a66f86770a72458aeaf8a47de65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / In this work we have been investigated the vibrational properties of nanostructured oxides (monoxides) and modified molybdates with yttrium and indium by means of Raman spectroscopy. In the monoxides nanostructured Al2O3, CeO2, ZrO2, TiO2, MnO2 and SnO2, were focused the pressure and temperature effects over the referred molybdates stability. While for the yttrium and indium molybdates, besides temperature effects also has been studied the pressure effects on them. The change of yttrium concentration in the molybdate allows in some cases remark the Negative Thermal Expansion (NTE). For the nanostructured oxides, the nanoparticles of ZrO2 and TiO2 exhibit different phase transitions at high temperatures due each compound apart. When compared with traditional oxides, the mentioned nanostructured oxides exhibit an excelent catalitic performance in the dehidratation of the glicerol, due synergic effects arising from access to active sites caused by defects in its structure. Due the electronic effect of the CeO2 and its stability at high temperatures, this material is a promising option for catalytic applications. / Neste trabalho foram investigadas as propriedades vibracionais de óxidos nanoestruturados (monóxidos) e molibdatos modificados com ítrio ou índio, através de espectroscopia Raman. No estudo dos monóxidos nanoestruturados Al2O3, CeO2, ZrO2, TiO2, MnO2 e SnO2, foram enfocados os efeitos da temperatura sobre a estabilidade dos mesmos, ao passo que para os molibdatos de ítrio e índio, além dos efeitos da temperatura também foram estudados os efeitos da pressão sobre os mesmos. A modificação da concentração de ítrio nos molibdatos permitiu, em alguns casos, a visualização da expansão térmica negativa (NTE). No caso dos óxidos nanoestruturados, as nanopartículas de monóxidos ZrO2 e TiO2 apresentaram também transições de fases distintas derivadas desses óxidos em temperaturas elevadas. Comparado com os óxidos tradicionais, os referidos óxidos nanoestruturados exibiram um excelente desempenho catalítico na desidratação do glicerol, devido aos efeitos sinergéticos oriundos da acessibilidade dos sólidos aos sítios ativos devido à presença de defeitos na sua estrutura. Em virtude do efeito promotor eletrônico do CeO2 e sua estabilização em elevadas temperaturas, este material é promissor para aplicações catalíticas na produção de óxidos.

Ces travaux proposent une nouvelle approche pour appréhender la durabilité chimique de matrices de conditionnement de déchets radioactifs partiellement cristallisées. Dans le cadre des études menées sur le stockage en formation géologique profonde, les études de comportement à long terme se sont jusqu’alors focalisées sur des matrices vitreuses homogènes. Cependant, les phases cristallines peuvent être à l’origine de modifications de composition chimique des matrices vitreuses et de leurs propriétés : la description et la compréhension de leur influence sur la durabilité chimique sont alors de première importance. Un protocole d’étude de la durabilité de matrices hétérogènes modèles d’intérêt nucléaire contenant des phases cristallines de différentes natures a donc été développé. Il s’appuie sur une description détaillée de la morphologie, microstructure et structure des matrices vitreuses et des phases cristallines ainsi que sur l’étude de différents régimes d’altération. Trois phases cristallines susceptibles de se former lors d’une augmentation du taux d’incorporation en déchet au sein des verres de conditionnement de type Uranium Oxyde ont été étudiées : les molybdates d’alcalins et d’alcalino-terreux, les silicates de terres rares et l’oxyde de ruthénium.Les résultats acquis ont mis en évidence que la composition et la structure du verre englobant sont les paramètres qui pilotent les cinétiques d’altération des matrices vitreuses partiellement cristallisées. Ce comportement est identique quelle que soit la nature des phases cristallines tant qu’elles n’induisent pas de gradient de composition et qu’elles ne percolent pas au sein de la matrice vitreuse. Fort de ces enseignements, une méthodologie d’étude de matrices partiellement cristallisées sans gradient de composition est proposée. Son développement clé réside dans l’évaluation en première approche du comportement des matrices partiellement cristallisées au travers de l’étude expérimentale de la matrice vitreuse englobante dans les différents régimes d’altération. Cette méthodologie pourrait être adaptée aux cas de nouvelles formulations de verres de compositions plus complexes (p. ex. verre à haut taux d’incorporation) pouvant contenir des cristaux formés au cours du refroidissement. / This work describes a new approach to help understand the chemical durability of partially crystallized nuclear waste conditioning matrices. Among the studies carried out on nuclear waste deep geological disposal, long-term behavior studies have so far been conducted on homogeneous glassy matrices. However, as the crystalline phases may generate modifications in the chemical composition and properties of such matrices, the description and a better understanding of their effects on the chemical durability of waste packages are of primary importance.A protocol to study the durability of heterogeneous model matrices of nuclear interest containing different types of crystalline phases was developed. It is based on a detailed description of the morphology, microstructure and structure of the glassy matrix and crystalline phases, and on the study of various alteration regimes. Three crystal phases that may form when higher concentrations of waste are immobilized in Uranium Oxide type conditioning glasses were studied: alkali and alkaline earth molybdates, rare earth silicates and ruthenium oxide.The results highlight the roles of the composition and the structure of the surrounding glassy matrix as the parameters piloting the alteration kinetics of the partially crystallized glassy matrices. This behavior is identical whatever the nature of the crystalline phases, as long as these phases do not lead to a composition gradient and do not percolate within the glassy matrix. Given these results, a methodology to study partially crystallized matrices with no composition gradient is then suggested. Its key development lies firstly in the evaluation of the behavior of partially crystallized matrices through the experimental study of the residual glassy matrix in various alteration regimes. This methodology may be adapted to the case of new glass formulations with more complex compositions (e.g. highly waste-loaded glass), which may contain crystals formed during cooling.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Neste trabalho utilizamos a tÃcnica de espectroscopia Raman para investigar as caracterÃsticas dos fÃnons de duas sÃries de cristais contendo elementos terras-raras: (i) arsenatos de terras-rara (REAsO4) e (ii) molibdatos de terras-rara (RE(MoO4)3). Para a sÃrie REAsO4 interpretamos os resultados de modo sistemÃtico baseado na estrutura tetragonal do tipo zircon destes compostos. Utilizamos correlaÃÃes com outras publicaÃÃes para fazer a designaÃÃo dos modos observados. Notamos que as frequÃncias dos modos internos do tetraedro AsO4 aumenta a medida que nÃmero atÃmico do elemento RE aumenta. Este aumento parece estar relacionado com a diminuiÃÃo das distÃncias das ligaÃÃes RE â O. Entretanto, esta diminuiÃÃo nÃo foi observada de maneira marcante para os modos de baixa frequÃncia. Para a sÃrie RE2 (MoO4)3 (RE = Sm, Eu, Gd and Tb), observamos que os espectros Raman exibem menos modos do que aqueles previstos pela anÃlise de teoria de grupos. Devido à sobreposiÃÃo das bandas, conseguimos designar com certeza apenas os modos n1 e n3 do tetraedro MoO4. Observamos que as vibraÃÃes dos tetraedros II e III sÃo degenerados. A frequÃncia dos modos n1e n3 aumentam ligeiramente quando o elemento RE varia de Sm atà Tb, e isto deve estar relacionado com a contraÃÃo da cÃlula ortorrÃmbica. TambÃm registramos os espectros Raman dos compostos REGd((MoO4)3) (RE = Sm, Er e Tb). NÃo foram observadas alteraÃÃes significativas nos espectros Raman. No entanto, quando Mo à parcialmente substituÃdo por W, um modo de alta freqÃÃncia adicional aparece no espectro de Raman. / The Raman spectroscopy technique was used to investigate the room-temperature phonon characteristics of two series of single crystals containing rare-earth elements: (i) the rare-eartharsenates (REAsO4), RE=Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, and Lu) and (ii) the rare-earth molybdates (RE2(MoO4)3). For the REAsO4(RE=Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, and Lu)series the Raman data were interpreted in a systematic manner based on the known tetragonal zircon structure of these compounds, and assignments and correlations were made for the observed bands. We found that the wavenumbers of the internal modes of the AsO4 tetrahedron increased with increasing atomic number. This increase seems to be correlated to the contraction of the REâO bond length. For three out of four lattice wavenumbers observed, this tendency was not nearly so marked as in the case of the internal mode wavenumber. For the RE2(MoO4)3(RE = Sm, Eu, Gd and Tb) series the Raman spectra exhibit fewer bands than those predicted by the group theory analysis. Due to the large band overlap, correct assignment was given only to the n1 and n3 modes of the MoO4tetrahedra. We observe that the vibrations from tetrahedra II and III are degenerated. The slightly increase of the frequency of the modes n1 and n3 as RE goes from Sm to Tb is likely to be related to the contraction of the orthorhombic cell. We also recorded the Raman spectra of REGd((MoO4)3) (RE = Sm, Er and Tb). No changes were observed. However, when Mo is partially substituted by W, an extra high-frequency mode appears in the Raman spectrum.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Os molibdatos tÃm sido introduzido como possÃvel substituinte dos cromatos, como pigmento anticorrosivo, devido a suas propriedades de inibiÃÃo, sua baixa toxicidade e a possibilidade de formaÃÃo de um filme de conversÃo em superfÃcies metÃlicas semelhante à camada de conversÃo formada pelos cromatos. Neste trabalho, foram formuladas tintas com os seguintes pigmentos: Cromato de zinco, fosfato de zinco, fosfato Molibdato de zinco e fosfato Molibdato de zinco-cÃlcio. Foi formulado ainda, uma tinta sem pigmentos (verniz) e outra somente com a carga. O trabalho consiste em um estudo comparativo do desempenho anticorrosivo das pinturas formuladas, por testes cÃclicos em laboratÃrio (cÃmara de nÃvoa salina) e imersÃo total. As principais tÃcnicas empregadas foram: monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto, curvas de polarizaÃÃo e impedÃncia eletroquÃmica. De um modo geral, o cromato de zinco apresentou melhores resultados. PorÃm, em certas condiÃÃes de trabalho, os pigmentos nÃo tÃxicos apresentaram resultados satisfatÃrios. / Os molibdatos tÃm sido introduzido como possÃvel substituinte dos cromatos, como pigmento anticorrosivo, devido a suas propriedades de inibiÃÃo, sua baixa toxicidade e a possibilidade de formaÃÃo de um filme de conversÃo em superfÃcies metÃlicas semelhante à camada de conversÃo formada pelos cromatos. Neste trabalho, foram formuladas tintas com os seguintes pigmentos: Cromato de zinco, fosfato de zinco, fosfato Molibdato de zinco e fosfato Molibdato de zinco-cÃlcio. Foi formulado ainda, uma tinta sem pigmentos (verniz) e outra somente com a carga. O trabalho consiste em um estudo comparativo do desempenho anticorrosivo das pinturas formuladas, por testes cÃclicos em laboratÃrio (cÃmara de nÃvoa salina) e imersÃo total. As principais tÃcnicas empregadas foram: monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto, curvas de polarizaÃÃo e impedÃncia eletroquÃmica. De um modo geral, o cromato de zinco apresentou melhores resultados. PorÃm, em certas condiÃÃes de trabalho, os pigmentos nÃo tÃxicos apresentaram resultados satisfatÃrios.

This work deals with the search for new molybdate-type catalyst formulations for the activation of light alkanes and their conversion to alkenes. In the first part, we showed that is possible to stabilize the beta-phase of NiMoO4 (as pure phase) by incorporating a certain amount of Co in its lattice. The sol-gel method was also applied to the synthesis of solid solutions of NiMoO4 and CoMoO4. The main difference between the bulk and silica-dispersed Ni-Co-Mo catalysts prepared by citrate or sol-gel methods as well as impregnation, is related to the fact that it is possible to stabilize the beta-Ni1-xCoxMoO4 phase throughout the whole composition range in the dispersed catalysts. Moreover, the catalytic data emphasize the advantage of using mixed Ni-Co molybdates in comparison with simple Ni or Co molybdates and also the fact that a higher activity is reached when these active phases are dispersed in a silica matrix. In the second part, we reported on the synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of solid solutions of Ni and Co molybdates dispersed on different supports such as Al2O3, MgO, TiO2, ZrO2 and Al2O3-MgO. These experiments demonstrate that supporting or dispersing the mixed Ni1-xCoxMoO4 phase on any kind of support leads to the preferential stabilization of the beta-phase. It was also shown that catalysts characterized by intermediate acid-base properties give better catalytic performances than those with high acidity or high basicity. Bi and/or Ln- (La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Tb) modified Ni, Co and mixed Ni-Co molybdates were prepared, characterized and investigated from the point of view of their catalytic behaviour. The incorporation of a lanthanide in Ni and/or Co molybdate stabilizes the b-phase for citrate-prepared catalysts. Concerning the catalytic activity of these solids, a strong enhancement of the catalytic activity and the selectivity towards propene is observed when solid solutions of beta-NiMoO4 and beta-CoMoO4 are modified by a lanthanide, except in the case of Sm. The Tb-modified catalyst is the one displaying the highest propene productivity, but the most selective catalysts are those modified by La or Pr. Incorporation of Ce strongly improves the catalytic activity, more than propene selectivity. The presence of Bi in the formulation of the catalyst results in a lower propene selectivity.