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Yes / This paper analyses the impact of household adoption of mobile money services on child labour and schooling in Tanzania. The paper uses data drawn from the Tanzania National Panel Surveys (TNPS), for the survey periods as follows: 2008/09, 2010/11, 2012/13, and 2014/15. The TNPS are national representative surveys conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of Tanzania in collaboration with the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LMSA-ISA). The surveys collect detailed information on individual, household, and community-level characteristics. The panel nature of the TNPS allows for the same households to be interviewed over time. The study uses a difference-in-differences approach, and instrumental variables strategy to investigate the nexus between mobile money adoption and child labour and school enrolment in Tanzania. The findings of this study reveal a positive and significant effect of mobile money adoption on school enrolment, but a negative effect on children’s labour market activities. Moreover, the study identifies heterogenous impacts across child’s gender and age; and remittances receipt and education expenditure are the potential pathways through which mobile money adoption affects child labour and school enrolment. Overall, the results suggest that policies that enhance financial inclusion such as the introduction of mobile money can be effective in improving child’s school enrolment and a decline in the incidence of child labour.

Previous research suggests that activating concepts of money and wealth can increase motivation to achieve personal goals. In this dissertation, I investigate how money affects pursuit of important personal goals, and how this motivation may be affected by goal attainability. In eight studies, I show that priming concepts of money and wealth leads individuals to pursue important personal goals to a greater degree than control groups, but only when a goal is more attainable. In contrast, when a goal is less attainable, those primed with money will be less likely to work towards goals relative to control groups. Furthermore, I examine why money may have a detrimental effect on motivation when individuals are faced with less attainable but important goals, and argue those primed with money become more concerned with maintaining a sense of efficacy, and thus disengage from pursuit when success is less certain. Thus, this research identifies the needs made salient by activating money-"validating one's abilities. Finally, I show the relevance of these findings for consumer behavior, and discuss the additional implications of this work, as well as future research directions. / Ph. D.

The current study examines the consumer socialization practices of American parents, and provides an analysis of the various ways in which they socialize their children into a consumer role within the family. Drawing from literature on gendered patterns of consumerism, familial consumer socialization, and the culture of money, this study's aim is to describe how parents teach their children to enter a consumer role, how to spend, save, and budget money, and how to culturally value (or devalue) money and wealth. This study also explores whether children's gender or differences by socioeconomic status (SES) play a part in how parents socialize their children into a consumer role. Twenty five parents were interviewed and answered questions regarding the actual tools, methods, and strategies they employ in their children's socialization into a consumer role, such as whether parents shop with their children, set allowances, or assist children in opening savings and checking accounts. Additional questions assessed the meanings parents give to money and a consumer role, such as whether parents stress the importance or the vanity of wealth. This analysis contributes to existent knowledge about the nuanced ways in which parents socialize their children as competent consumers, and has implications for familial relationships and gender and class inequality in regards to family and consumer activities. / Ph. D.

published_or_final_version / Criminology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

A stable money demand function plays a vital role in the analysis of macroeconomics, especially in the planning and implementation of monetary policy. With the use of cointegration and error correction model estimates, this study examines the existence of a stable long-run relationship between real money demand (RM2) and its explanatory variables, in South Africa, for the period 1990-2007. The explanatory variables this study uses are selected on the basis of different monetary theories, including the Keynesian, Classical and Friedman‟s modern quantity theory of money. Based on these theories, the explanatory variables this thesis uses are real income, an interest rate, the inflation rate and the exchange rate. All variables have the correct signs, as expected from economic theory, except the inflation rate. Thus real income and inflation have positive coefficients, while the interest rate and exchange rate coefficients are negative. The results from unit root tests suggest that real income, interest rate and the inflation rate are found to be stationary, while RM2 and the exchange rate are non-stationary. Results from the Engle-Granger test suggest that RM2 and its all explanatory variables are cointegrated. Hence, we find a long-run equilibrium relationship between the real quantity of money demanded and four broadly defined macroeconomic components: real income, an interest rate, the inflation rate and the exchange rate in South Africa. Overall, the study finds that the coefficient of the equilibrium error term is negative, as expected, and significantly different from zero, implying that 0.20 of the discrepancy between money demand and its explanatory variables is eliminated in the following quarter. This evidence suggests that the speed of adjustment for money demand implies the money market in South Africa needs about four quarters to re-adjust to equilibrium. This observation agrees with the public statements of the South African Reserve Bank. Whether this will hold after November 2009 is the obvious subject of future research. / Thesis (M.Comm.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

Ökonomen wie Wirtschaftspolitiker berufen sich auf die Neutralitätstheorie des Geldes, wenn sie eine Entpolitisierung der Geldpolitik fordern. Sowohl die Theorie der Geldneutralität als auch das Paradigma der Entpolitisierung der Geldpolitik sind jedoch problematisch. Die politökonomischen Entwicklungen nach der globalen Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise 2007/2008 und die jüngsten Kontroversen über die Rolle und Bedeutung von Geld haben dies deutlich vor Augen geführt. Die vorliegende Arbeit diskutiert zunächst die konzeptionellen Grundlagen und theoretischen Modelle der Geldneutralität. Anschließend werden die zentralen theoretischen Annahmen und Aussagen der Neutralitätstheorie aus einer kritischen heterodoxen Perspektive hinterfragt. Es wird argumentiert, dass Geld eine nicht-neutrale Produktionskraft ist, die weder ökonomisch noch sozial neutral ist. Die Bedingungen, unter denen Geld verfügbar ist und zirkuliert, sind richtungsweisend für die ökonomische Entwicklung. Daher kann es auch kein neutrales Geld oder gar eine apolitische Geldpolitik geben. / The assumption of the neutrality of money is a widespread belief in mainstream economics. Accordingly, money is regarded as a neutral means of exchange that has no lasting effects on the real side of the economy. This study questions the conceptual validity of the neutrality assumption and its theoretical models arguing that its basic insights and predictions are problematic because they misrepresent the circumstances and conditions of the real economy. First, it discusses the conceptual grounds of the neutrality argument, which is based on the classical dichotomy approach and the notion of exogenous money. In a second step, it exposes the theoretical weaknesses of both the traditional and the contemporary versions of the neutral money models, that is, of the quantity theory and the rational-choice theory, by questioning its basic assumptions and implications. Finally, it argues from a critical heterodox perspective that rather than exogenous and neutral, money is endogenous and non-neutral, both in economic and social terms.

prepared by Miranda Fan Suk Han, Joannie Wong Wai Fong. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves [135]-[138].

by Luk Hing Tak. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-121). / ABSTRACT / acknowledgment / CONTENTS / LIST OF CHARTS / LIST OF TABLES / CHAPTERS / Chapter 1. --- introduction / Chapter 2. --- litterature revtew on money. credit and informal finance / Chapter 2.1 --- The Great Depression / Chapter 2.2 --- Money-credit relationship / Chapter 2 3 --- Models in credit-output analysis / Chapter 2.4 --- """Money view"" versus “Credit view´ح to monetary transmission mechanism" / Chapter 2.5 --- informal finance in the developing countries / Chapter 2.6 --- Summary / Chapter 3. --- ftnanciai. DEVELOPMENT in taiwan / Chapter 3.1 --- Current economic profile / Chapter 3.2 --- Monetary reform and other measures / Chapter 3.3 --- Taiwan's dual financial system / Chapter 3.4 --- Money supply and banking system / Chapter 3.5 --- Other financial institutions / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary / Chapter 4. --- "emptrtcal analysis of ""money-output´ح link and ""CREDIT-output"" link" / Chapter 4.1 --- Methodology / Chapter 4.2 --- Transformation and filtering data / Chapter 4.3 --- Causality test procedure / Chapter 4.4 --- Empirical results / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary / Chapter 5. --- SIGNIFICANCE OF UNORGANIZED MONEY MARKET / Chapter 5.1 --- The unorganized money market in Taiwan / Chapter 5.2 --- Empirical results with the inclusion of unorganized money market / Chapter 5.3 --- Financial instruments in the unorganized money market / Chapter 5.4 --- significance of the unorganized financial market / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 7. --- BIBLIOGRAPHY

by Chan Mei-shan. / Bibliography: leaves 39-40 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985