Introdução: Um dos índices mais utilizados como indicador das condições de saúde de uma determinada área é o Coeficiente de Mortalidade Infantil (CMI). A mortalidade é condicionada por diversos fatores, como, os fatores biológicos, políticos e sociais, bem como por comportamentos culturalmente definidos e atitudes que historicamente caracterizam o estágio de desenvolvimento de um país ou de uma região. Objetivo: Analisar as causas de mortalidade infantil tardia, com ênfase nas causas básica de óbito e fatores a ela relacionados na Subprefeitura da Capela do Socorro, região sul do município de São Paulo, Brasil nos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo do universo de óbitos de crianças com idade de 28 dias a 364 dias, ocorridos de janeiro a outubro dos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009, na Subprefeitura da Capela do Socorro, do Município de São Paulo. Os óbitos ocorridos na região nos períodos de estudo escolhidos foram identificados a partir do SIM, Foram analisados 113 óbitos. As variáveis das características de pré-natal, parto, nascimento, maternas e de assistência foram levantadas a partir do SINASC e da Declaração de Óbito. Resultados: O CMI na Subprefeitura da Capela do Socorro no ano de 2007 foi 17,1 por cento, tendo uma diminuição do CMI para os anos de 2008 e 2009, ficando em torno de 12 por cento. O coeficiente de mortalidade pós-neonatal no mesmo período, nos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009 foi respectivamente de 4,9 por cento, 4,0 por cento e 4,6 por cento. As causas de óbitos pós-neonatais mais freqüentes foram: as Malformações Congênitas, as Afecções do Período Perinatal e as Doenças do Aparelho respiratório. Conclusão: Apesar do Coeficiente de mortalidade infantil e seus componentes (neonatal e pós-neonatal) evidenciarem uma tendência de redução durante os períodos analisados, a região apresenta sempre coeficientes mais elevados do que os do Município de São Paulo. / ntroduction: One of the most widely used index as an indicator of the health status of a given area is the Infant mortality rate (IMR). The mortality is conditioned by several factors, such as biological factors, political and social as well as culturally defined behaviors and attitudes that have historically characterized the stage of development of a country or a region. Objective: analyze the causes of late mortality, with emphasis on basic causes of death and related factors in the region of Capela do Socorro, south of São Paulo city, Brazil in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Methods: Descriptive study of the universe of deaths of children aged 28 to 364 days, which occurred from January to October of the years 2007, 2008 and 2009 in the Chapel of the Municipality of Socorro, the city of São Paulo. The deaths occurred in the region during the study periods chosen were identified from the SIM, 113 deaths were analyzed. The variables of the characteristics of prenatal care, childbirth, birth and care received were taken from SINASC and Death Certificates. Results: The Municipality of CMI in Capela do Socorro in 2007 was 17.1 per cent, with a decrease in the CMI for the years 2008 and 2009 and stayng around 12 per cent. Post-neonatal mortality coefficient of the same period in the years 2007, 2008 and 2009 was respectively 4.9 per cent, 4.0 per cent and 4.6 per cent. The most frequent causes of post-neonatal deaths were: congenital malformations, disorders of the Perinatal Period and Respiratory Diseases. Conclusion: Although the infant mortality rate and its components (neonatal and postneonatal) revealed a declining trend during the periods examined, the region always showed higher coefficients than those of São Paulo.

Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo e ecológico, com o objetivo de investigar a relação dos determinantes sociais da saúde com os coeficientes de mortalidade prematura por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no município de Ribeirão Preto, no período de 2010 a 2014. Participaram do estudo indivíduos que foram a óbito prematuro com idade entre 30 a 69 anos tendo como causa básica as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, residentes na zona urbana do município e independentemente do local de óbito. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa. Os dados foram obtidos no Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de Ribeirão Preto e no site da Fundação Seade e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. O estudo foi realizado de março de 2015 a agosto de 2018. Para análise, na fase exploratória utilizou-se estatística descritiva, padronização de coeficientes de mortalidade prematura e anos potenciais de vida perdidos. Em relação a análise espacial, os casos de óbitos prematuros foram geocodificados através do QGIS 2.18. Aplicou-se a técnica de varredura no software SATScan 9.6, visando detectar aglomerados no espaço de alto e baixo risco relativo por setor censitário. A padronização dos coeficientes de mortalidade prematura foi realizada por setor censitário e o Índice de Moran local univariado e bivariado no software GeoDa 1.12. Os mapas temáticos dos coeficientes de mortalidade prematura foram elaborados por setor censitário e da técnica de varredura por meio do software QGIS 2.18. De 2010 a 2014, ocorreram 4.762 óbitos prematuros por DCNT no município de Ribeirão Preto. As doenças cardiovasculares e neoplasias apresentaram os maiores coeficientes de mortalidade prematura para ambos os sexos. O sexo masculino apresentou maiores coeficientes para doenças cardiovasculares e o sexo feminino para as neoplasias. Em relação aos anos potenciais de vida perdidos, as neoplasias apresentaram os maiores valores. Ao relacionar anos potencias de vida perdidos por sexo, se mantém o mesmo padrão dos coeficientes de mortalidade prematura. A análise de varredura mostrou que os aglomerados de risco estavam nas áreas do Distrito de Saúde Central, Norte e Oeste. As áreas de proteção foram identificadas no Distrito de Saúde Leste e Sul. Houve correlação espacial positiva para os determinantes sociais de saúde relacionados a renda, sexo e raça com os coeficientes de mortalidade prematura, visto que os homens são mais vulneráveis, assim como, os negros e brancos. As pessoas com baixa renda apresentaram uma maior mortalidade prematura pelas doenças crônicas investigadas. Os resultados confirmaram que a posição socioeconômica a partir de variáveis de renda, sexo, escolaridade e raça está relacionada com a mortalidade prematura. Esses resultados podem subsidiar a implementação de políticas públicas de saúde e sociais, em especial, para os grupos mais vulneráveis diminuindo o impacto dos fatores de risco e a carga destas doenças no município de Ribeirão Preto / This is a descriptive and ecological cross-sectional study to investigate the relationship between the social determinants of health and the coefficients of premature mortality due to chronic non-transmissible diseases in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, from 2010 to 2014. Participated in the study individuals who died prematurely, aged between 30 and 69 years, with chronic non-transmissible diseases residing in the urban area of the municipality and regardless of the place of death as the basic cause. The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee. The data were obtained from the Department of Epidemiological Surveillance of the Municipal Health Department of Ribeirão Preto and the website of the Seade Foundation and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The study was conducted from March 2015 to August 2018. For the analysis, at the exploratory phase was used descriptive statistics, standardization of coefficients of premature mortality and potential years of life lost. In relation to the spatial analysis, the cases of premature death were geocoded through QGIS 2.18. The scanning technique was applied in the software SATScan 9.6, aiming to detect clusters in the space of high and low relative risk by census sector. The standardization of the coefficients of premature mortality was performed by census tract and the univariate and bivariate local Moran Index in GeoDa software 1.12. The thematic maps of the coefficients of premature mortality were elaborated by census sector and the scanning technique through the software QGIS 2.18. From 2010 to 2014, there were 4,762 premature deaths by CNCD in the city of Ribeirão Preto. Cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms presented the highest coefficients of premature mortality for both sexes. Males presented higher coefficients for cardiovascular diseases and females for neoplasms. In relation to the potential years of life lost, the neoplasms had the highest values. By relating years of life potencies lost by sex, the same pattern of premature mortality coefficients is maintained. The scanning analysis showed that clusters of risk were located in the areas of the Central, North and West Health District. Protection areas were identified in the Eastern and Southern Health District. There was a positive spatial correlation for the social determinants of health related to income, sex and race with the coefficients of premature mortality, since men are more vulnerable, as are the black and white. People with low income presented higher premature mortality due to the chronic diseases investigated. The results confirmed that socioeconomic status based on income, sex, schooling and race variables are related to premature mortality. These results may support the implementation of public health and social policies, especially for the most vulnerable groups, reducing the impact of risk factors and the burden of these diseases in the city of Ribeirão Preto

The reproductive success of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) is typically the lowest of the seven sea turtle species. Why this vital rate is decreased has remained unanswered for nearly a century. Recently, detailed postmortem examination of leatherback hatchlings identified muscular pathologies that suggested possible selenium deficiency. High bodily burdens of mercury compounds are associated with selenium depletion. Selenium is a necessary detoxifying nutrient that itself can be toxic at elevated concentrations. Mercury compounds are toxicants with no known biological function. High bodily concentrations of mercury can be detrimental to marine organismal health, reproduction and survival, both directly and indirectly through inducing selenium depletion. The goals of this dissertation are to evaluate several related hypotheses to explain low leatherback nest success. ... Because leatherbacks take in high volumes of prey, high tissue concentrations of mercury and selenium can result. This study provides the first evidence that chemical contaminants may explain low reproductive success in leatherback sea turtles. / by Justin R. Perrault. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

Introdução: Um dos índices mais utilizados como indicador das condições de saúde de uma determinada área é o Coeficiente de Mortalidade Infantil (CMI). A mortalidade é condicionada por diversos fatores, como, os fatores biológicos, políticos e sociais, bem como por comportamentos culturalmente definidos e atitudes que historicamente caracterizam o estágio de desenvolvimento de um país ou de uma região. Objetivo: Analisar as causas de mortalidade infantil tardia, com ênfase nas causas básica de óbito e fatores a ela relacionados na Subprefeitura da Capela do Socorro, região sul do município de São Paulo, Brasil nos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo do universo de óbitos de crianças com idade de 28 dias a 364 dias, ocorridos de janeiro a outubro dos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009, na Subprefeitura da Capela do Socorro, do Município de São Paulo. Os óbitos ocorridos na região nos períodos de estudo escolhidos foram identificados a partir do SIM, Foram analisados 113 óbitos. As variáveis das características de pré-natal, parto, nascimento, maternas e de assistência foram levantadas a partir do SINASC e da Declaração de Óbito. Resultados: O CMI na Subprefeitura da Capela do Socorro no ano de 2007 foi 17,1 por cento, tendo uma diminuição do CMI para os anos de 2008 e 2009, ficando em torno de 12 por cento. O coeficiente de mortalidade pós-neonatal no mesmo período, nos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009 foi respectivamente de 4,9 por cento, 4,0 por cento e 4,6 por cento. As causas de óbitos pós-neonatais mais freqüentes foram: as Malformações Congênitas, as Afecções do Período Perinatal e as Doenças do Aparelho respiratório. Conclusão: Apesar do Coeficiente de mortalidade infantil e seus componentes (neonatal e pós-neonatal) evidenciarem uma tendência de redução durante os períodos analisados, a região apresenta sempre coeficientes mais elevados do que os do Município de São Paulo. / ntroduction: One of the most widely used index as an indicator of the health status of a given area is the Infant mortality rate (IMR). The mortality is conditioned by several factors, such as biological factors, political and social as well as culturally defined behaviors and attitudes that have historically characterized the stage of development of a country or a region. Objective: analyze the causes of late mortality, with emphasis on basic causes of death and related factors in the region of Capela do Socorro, south of São Paulo city, Brazil in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Methods: Descriptive study of the universe of deaths of children aged 28 to 364 days, which occurred from January to October of the years 2007, 2008 and 2009 in the Chapel of the Municipality of Socorro, the city of São Paulo. The deaths occurred in the region during the study periods chosen were identified from the SIM, 113 deaths were analyzed. The variables of the characteristics of prenatal care, childbirth, birth and care received were taken from SINASC and Death Certificates. Results: The Municipality of CMI in Capela do Socorro in 2007 was 17.1 per cent, with a decrease in the CMI for the years 2008 and 2009 and stayng around 12 per cent. Post-neonatal mortality coefficient of the same period in the years 2007, 2008 and 2009 was respectively 4.9 per cent, 4.0 per cent and 4.6 per cent. The most frequent causes of post-neonatal deaths were: congenital malformations, disorders of the Perinatal Period and Respiratory Diseases. Conclusion: Although the infant mortality rate and its components (neonatal and postneonatal) revealed a declining trend during the periods examined, the region always showed higher coefficients than those of São Paulo.

Tse Lap-Ah. / "July 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Thesis (Dr. P.H.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 1977. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 38-11, Section: B, page: 5304. Dissertation Abstracts International order no. 79-6549. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 167-173).

This study deals with the topic of social class and mortality. In particular, the analyses are concentrated on the question of how social differences developed in an era which was characterised by industrialisation, urbanisation and sanitary improvements. This work also discusses how the problems of social class and health were dealt with in the nineteenth Century. The development of medicai care and public health are especially studied. The development of mortality in different social classes is analysed on micro level in the town of Sundsvall during the 19th century, for which the parish registers for the period 1803-1894 have been transferred on to data. This town became the centre of an expansive saw mill area from the middle of the Century. In contrast to the view of contemporary witnesses, inequality seems to have been fairly small in some age groups, but the pattems diverged between them. Mortality among adults was largely dependent on cultural variables such as life style and attitudes, and social differences played a minor role. Men had much higher mortality than women. The development does not seem to have been primarily affected by industrialisation, urbanisation or sanitary improvements. For children 1-14 years old, on the other hand, conditions created by industrialisation and urbanisation seem to have been of the utmost importance. Child mortality increased from 1860, affecting first of all working class children. Overcrowding increased the spread of infectious diseases. Sanitary improvements may have had an effect on the mortality level from around 1880, but more definitely in the 1890's. The same is also the case regarding infant mortality. They may have had some impact on the initial decline in infant mortality, but the connection appears to be stronger in the 1890's. The social inequality in infant mortality was insignificant until late 19th centuiy, but increased at that time. Among infants, feeding practises were also of importance. / digitalisering@umu

In 1995 and 2000 a total of 29 886 non surgical ED visits at Uppsala University Hospital were registered. Presenting complaint, admittance to a ward, length of stay, in-hospital mortality, discharge diagnoses, 30-day and long-term mortality were registered. The presenting complaints were sorted into 33 presenting complaint groups (PCGs). For different PCGs there was different in-hospital fatality rate. Compared to the largest PCG, chest pain, the gender and age adjusted OR was 2.12 (95% CI 1.01 – 4.44) for the miscellaneous complaint group and 2.04 (95 % CI 1.35 – 3.08) for the stroke–like symptom group. Within a given PCG the in-hospital mortality could vary depending on discharge diagnoses. By relating PCG and long term mortality to the expected mortality in the population, the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) could be calculated. The SMR was found to be highest in seizure 2.62 (95 % CI 2.13 – 3.22), intoxication 2.51 (95% CI 2.11-2.98) and symptoms of asthma 1.8 (1.65 – 2.06). For the same discharge diagnoses the long term mortality could differ considerably depending on PCG at ED arrival (p<0.001). Between 1995 and 2000 there was a 30 % increase in ED visits at the non surgical ED. PCGs representing lesser severe conditions had increased. Demographic changes could account for 45 % of the increment and the remaining increase could be ascribed to change in visiting pattern. In the 2000 cohort 41.0 % of all visits were performed by re-visitors. The number of revisits and five-year mortality had an inversed u-shaped relationship were patients with three re-visits within the same year had an increased mortality compared to patients with more or less visits. Conclusion: It is possible to define presenting complaint groups (PCGs) that are robust and consistent over time and useful as a tool for epidemiological studies in the ED.

INTRODUCTION: Improving maternal and child health care are two of the Millennium Development Goals of the World Health Organization. India is one of the countries worldwide most burdened by maternal and child deaths. The aim of the study was to describe how families participate in nurse-based antenatal and child health care, and the effect of this in relation to referrals to specialist care, institutional deliveries and mortality. METHODS: The intervention took place in a remote rural area in India and was influenced by Swedish nurse-based health care. A baseline survey was performed before the intervention commenced. The intervention included education program for staff members with a model called Training of Trainers and the establishment of clinics as both primary health centers and mobile clinics. Health records and manuals, and informational and educational materials were produced and the clinics were equipped with easily handled instruments. The study period was between 2006 and 2009. Data were collected from antenatal care and child healthcare records. The Chi-square test was used to analyze mortality differences between years. A focus group discussion and a content analysis were performed. RESULTS: Families' participation increased which led to more check-ups of pregnant women and small children. Antenatal visits before 16 weeks among pregnant women increased from 32 to 62% during the period. Women having at least three check-ups during pregnancy increased from 30 to 60%. Maternal mortality decreased from 478 to 121 per 100 000 live births. The total numbers of children examined in the project increased from approximately 6000 to 18 500 children. Infant mortality decreased from 80 to 43 per 1000 live births. Women and children referred to specialist care increased considerably and institutional deliveries increased from 47 to 74%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that it is possible in a rural and remote area to influence peoples' awareness of the value of preventive health care. The results also indicate that this might decrease maternal and child mortality. The education led to a more patient-friendly encounter between health professionals and patients. / <p>Article No. 2140</p><p>Funding Agencies|Pravara Medical Trust, India||Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sweden||Linkoping University||County Council in Ostergotland, Sweden||</p>

In previous research on pricing mortality-linked securities, the no-arbitrage approach is often used. However, this method, which takes market prices as given, is difficult to implement in today's embryonic market where there are few traded securities. In particular, with limited market price data, identifying a risk neutral measure requires strong assumptions. In this thesis, we approach the pricing problem from a different angle by considering economic methods. We propose pricing approaches in both competitive market and non-competitive market. In the competitive market, we treat the pricing work as a Walrasian tâtonnement process, in which prices are determined through a gradual calibration of supply and demand. Such a pricing framework provides with us a pair of supply and demand curves. From these curves we can tell if there will be any trade between the counterparties, and if there will, at what price the mortality-linked security will be traded. This method does not require the market prices of other mortality-linked securities as input. This can spare us from the problems associated with the lack of market price data. We extend the pricing framework to incorporate population basis risk, which arises when a pension plan relies on standardized instruments to hedge its longevity risk exposure. This extension allows us to obtain the price and trading quantity of mortality-linked securities in the presence of population basis risk. The resulting supply and demand curves help us understand how population basis risk would affect the behaviors of agents. We apply the method to a hypothetical longevity bond, using real mortality data from different populations. Our illustrations show that, interestingly, population basis risk can affect the price of a mortality-linked security in different directions, depending on the properties of the populations involved. We have also examined the impact of transitory mortality jumps on trading in a competitive market. Mortality dynamics are subject to jumps, which are due to events such as the Spanish flu in 1918. Such jumps can have a significant impact on prices of mortality-linked securities, and therefore should be taken into account in modeling. Although several single-population mortality models with jump effects have been developed, they are not adequate for trades in which population basis risk exists. We first develop a two-population mortality model with transitory jump effects, and then we use the proposed mortality model to examine how mortality jumps may affect the supply and demand of mortality-linked securities. Finally, we model the pricing process in a non-competitive market as a bargaining game. Nash's bargaining solution is applied to obtain a unique trading contract. With no requirement of a competitive market, this approach is more appropriate for the current mortality-linked security market. We compare this approach with the other proposed pricing method. It is found that both pricing methods lead to Pareto optimal outcomes.