O presente trabalho aborda, através da perspectiva histórica da Comunicação, a trajetória de uma agência de publicidade brasileira: a MPM Propaganda. Primeiro lugar no ranking brasileiro por uma década e meia, esta empresa é fundamental para o entendimento do contexto da atividade publicitária, pois o seu sucesso no mercado ilustra o potencial atingido pelas agências de capital nacional. A inauguração da MPM no Rio Grande do Sul, em 1957, possibilita articular o contexto gaúcho com o nacional, devido à expansão da agência a partir da década de 1960. Parte-se da relação histórica entre a publicidade e o capitalismo, ambientando-se na realidade brasileira as conformações da atividade publicitária típicas de um capitalismo retardatário. Ao tratar o pressuposto da publicidade como agente fundamental no sistema capitalista, articula-se a história da atividade publicitária a partir de fases da industrialização e da publicidade no Brasil, permitindo um entendimento sobre o contexto que envolveu a entrada da MPM no mercado, sua ascensão no contexto nacional, e o fim de sua trajetória ao ser adquirida por uma agência multinacional em 1991.

O presente trabalho aborda, através da perspectiva histórica da Comunicação, a trajetória de uma agência de publicidade brasileira: a MPM Propaganda. Primeiro lugar no ranking brasileiro por uma década e meia, esta empresa é fundamental para o entendimento do contexto da atividade publicitária, pois o seu sucesso no mercado ilustra o potencial atingido pelas agências de capital nacional. A inauguração da MPM no Rio Grande do Sul, em 1957, possibilita articular o contexto gaúcho com o nacional, devido à expansão da agência a partir da década de 1960. Parte-se da relação histórica entre a publicidade e o capitalismo, ambientando-se na realidade brasileira as conformações da atividade publicitária típicas de um capitalismo retardatário. Ao tratar o pressuposto da publicidade como agente fundamental no sistema capitalista, articula-se a história da atividade publicitária a partir de fases da industrialização e da publicidade no Brasil, permitindo um entendimento sobre o contexto que envolveu a entrada da MPM no mercado, sua ascensão no contexto nacional, e o fim de sua trajetória ao ser adquirida por uma agência multinacional em 1991.

O presente trabalho aborda, através da perspectiva histórica da Comunicação, a trajetória de uma agência de publicidade brasileira: a MPM Propaganda. Primeiro lugar no ranking brasileiro por uma década e meia, esta empresa é fundamental para o entendimento do contexto da atividade publicitária, pois o seu sucesso no mercado ilustra o potencial atingido pelas agências de capital nacional. A inauguração da MPM no Rio Grande do Sul, em 1957, possibilita articular o contexto gaúcho com o nacional, devido à expansão da agência a partir da década de 1960. Parte-se da relação histórica entre a publicidade e o capitalismo, ambientando-se na realidade brasileira as conformações da atividade publicitária típicas de um capitalismo retardatário. Ao tratar o pressuposto da publicidade como agente fundamental no sistema capitalista, articula-se a história da atividade publicitária a partir de fases da industrialização e da publicidade no Brasil, permitindo um entendimento sobre o contexto que envolveu a entrada da MPM no mercado, sua ascensão no contexto nacional, e o fim de sua trajetória ao ser adquirida por uma agência multinacional em 1991.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Introducción: El pronóstico vital al alta hospitalaria de los enfermos con traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) ingresados en Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) ha sido realizado mediante el uso del Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). El de los pacientes ingresados en UCI mediante el uso de los sistemas generales de medición de gravedad, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) y Mortality Prediction Model II (MPM II).Hipótesis: 1º.- Demostrar que el sistema MPM II ajusta mejor la predicción de mortalidad hospitalaria que el GCS y los sistemas APACHE II y SAPS II, en aquellos pacientes que ingresan en UCI a causa de un TCE.2º.- Que el sistema MPM II es reproducible, y por lo tanto, sus conclusiones fiables.Material y Método: 1º.- 401 pacientes ingresados consecutivamente a causa de un TCE, en 137 UCIs de 12 países de Europa y Norteamérica. Se calculó la puntuación del GCS, APACHE II, SAPS II, MPM II0 al ingreso y del MPM II24 a las 24 horas. Se utilizó una regresión logística para convertir el GCS en una probabilidad de morir y se hallaron las probabilidades de fallecer generadas por los otros sistemas. Se halló la calibración y la discriminación para cada uno de estos sistemas. 2º.- 5% (119 casos) de una muestra randomizada de una población de 2332 pacientes ingresados consecutivamente en 15 UCIs de Catalunya y Baleares. Se halló la reproducibilidad de las variables del sistema MPM II, entre los datos recogidos por un observador de forma prospectiva y los recogidos por otro observador de forma retrospectiva.Resultados: 1º.- El sistema MPM II, tanto al ingreso como a las 24 horas, calibra mejor que el GCS, APACHE II y SAPS II. El estadístico C era de 18.4 para GCS, 68.2 para APACHE II y de 30.3 para SAPS II. Todos ellos presentan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los resultados predichos y los hallados (p<0.05). MPM II0 y MPM II24 presentan un estadístico C menor, de 11.8 y de 10.8 respectivamente, y no muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los resultados predichos y los hallados (p>0.30). La discriminación de todos los sistemas fue superior al 89%. 2º.- La reproducibilidad de las variables del sistema MPM II, medido mediante el índice de concordancia kappa, muestra una concordancia alta-moderada. La reproducibilidad global del sistema MPM II medida mediante el uso del coeficiente de correlación intraclases, es superior al 85%. Conclusiones: 1º.- El sistema MPM II ajusta mejor la predicción de mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes ingresados en UCI a causa de un TCE, que la calculada mediante los sistemas APACHE II, SAPS II y GCS. Los resultados obtenidos mediante el uso del sistema MPM II son fiables y reproducibles para grupos de pacientes. / Introduction: The vital prognosis at hospital discharge of patients admitted to Critical Care Units (CCU) because a head injury, has been estimated using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The prognosis of those patients admitted to a CCU, has been estimated using the general severity of illness systems, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) and Mortality Prediction Model II ( MPM II ).Hypothesis: 1º.- To demonstrate that system MPM II performs better the hospital mortality than GCS, APACHE II y SAPS II, in those patients admitted to CCU because a head injury. 2º.- To demonstrate that system MPM II is reproducibile, and then, its conclusions trustworthy.Material and Method: 1º.- 401 patients consecutively admitted to CCU because a head injury, from 137 CCUs in 12 European and North American countries. The GCS score was obtained, and the APACHE II, SAPS II and MPM II0 at admission and MPM II24 at 24 hours, scores too. Logistic regression was used to convert the GCS into a probability of death. Performance of the general severity systems (APACHE II, SAPS II, MPM II) and GCS, in order to predict the hospital mortality was assessed by evaluating calibration and discriminationusing The probabilities of death.2º.- From 2.332 patients consecutively admitted to 15 CCU in Catalonia and Balearic Islands, a 5% random sample (119 cases) was studied, in order to assess the agreement between two differents observers. One collected the data prospectively, and the other one retrospectively.Results: 1º.- The MPM II system, both at admission and at 24 hours, calibrate better than GCS, APACHE II and SAPS II. C statistis was 18.4 using GCS, 68.2 using APACHE II and 30.3 using SAPS II. All of them showed statistic differences between predicted mortality and observed results (p<0.05). MPM II0 and MPM II24 showed a lower C statistic ( 11.8 and 10.8 respectively), and did not showed ststistic differences between predicted and observed mortality (p>0.30). The discrimination of all systems was very good, more than 89%. 2º.- The MPM II variables reproducibility, measured using the concordance kappa index, was moderate to high. The global reproducibility, measured using the intraclass correlation coefficient, was higher than 85%. Thus, the mortality predictions using MPM II are trustworthy.Conclusions: The MPM II performs better the hospital mortality prediction in patients admitted to CCU because a head injury, than those calculated using GCS, APACHE II or SAPS II. The results obtained using MPM II are, in group of patients, trustworthy and reproducibles.

Le bois est un matériau complexe, hétérogène et anisotrope. Ses propriétés mécaniques varient fortement en fonction de l'essence et de l'échelle considérées. Pour mieux comprendre le comportement du bois en fonction de sa structure, nous proposons dans le cadre de cette thèse une étude expérimentale à l'échelle des tissus qui est réalisée sur plusieurs types de bois : bois de peuplier, y compris bois de tension et bois d'épicéa. Compte tenu des faibles dimensions des échantillons testés, les mesures de déformation sont effectuées « sans contact » afin de s'assurer de ne pas perturber l'échantillon en cours de l'essai.Les premières séries de mesures sont réalisées sur les trois zones (tendue, normale, opposée) et selon les 3 directions matérielles (longitudinale, radiale et tangentielle) d'une tige de peuplier inclinée. Les résultats obtenus permettent de comparer des comportements mécaniques du bois de peuplier dans toutes les zones considérées en fonction de ses propriétés microscopiques.Les deuxièmes séries de mesures sont réalisées en compression, grandes déformations, dans la chambre d'un ESEM (Microscope électronique à balayage environnemental) sur du bois feuillu (peuplier) et sur du bois résineux (épicéa). Grâce aux images obtenues en période d'essai, du domaine élastique jusqu'à la densification, la réponse de chaque type du bois à la même sollicitation est illustrée.Enfin, une partie de la modélisation numérique par la MPM (Materiel Point Method) est proposée dans notre projet envisagé comme prolongement de ce travail. Il permettra de simuler le comportement mécanique du bois en grande déformation. / Wood is a complex, heterogeneous and anisotropic material. Its mechanical properties are highly variable according to the species and scale considered. In order to better understand the behaviour of wood in relation to its structure, this PhD work proposes an experimental study at the tissue scale. This work is performed on several types of wood: poplar, including tension wood and spruce. Considering the small dimensions of the tested samples, a “non-contact” method is used to limit perturbations, therefore ensuring the measurement precision.The first series of measurements were realised in the three zones (tension, normal, opposite) and for the three material directions (longitudinal, radial and tangential) of an inclined poplar tree. The results obtained allowed us to compare the mechanical properties of poplar wood in all zones in relation to their microscopic features.The second series of tests were performed in the chamber of an ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope) on hardwood (poplar) and softwood (spruce). With the images obtained during the test, from the elastic zone to the densification, the response of each type of wood to the same solicitation is presented and commented.Finally, some numerical modelling by the MPM (Material Point Method) is proposed as prospects of the present work. It will allow the mechanical behaviour of wood in large deformation to be predicted.

Material point method (MPM) is a numerical tool which was originally used for modelling large deformations of solid mechanics problems. Due to the particle based spatial discretiza- tion, MPM is naturally capable of handling large mass movements together with topological changes. Further, the Lagrangian particles in MPM allow an easy implementation of history dependent materials. So far, however, research on MPM has been mostly restricted to explicit dynamic formu- lations with linear approximation functions. This is because of the simplicity and the low computational cost of such explicit algorithms. Particularly in MPM analysis of geomechan- ics problems, a considerable attention is given to the standard explicit formulation to model dynamic large deformations of geomaterials. Nonetheless, several limitations exist. In the limit of incompressibility, a significantly small time step is required to ensure the stability of the explicit formulation. Time step size restriction is also present in low permeability cases in porous media analysis. Spurious pressure oscillations are another numerical instability present in nearly incompressible flow behaviours. This research considers an implicit treatment of the pressure in MPM algorithm to simu- late material incompressibility. The coupled velocity (v)-pressure (p) governing equations are solved by applying Chorin’s projection method which exhibits an inherent pressure stability. Hence, linear finite elements can be used in the MPM solver. The main purpose of this new MPM formulation is to mitigate artificial pressure oscillations and time step restrictions present in the explicit MPM approach. First, a single phase MPM solver is applied to free surface incompressible fluid flow problems. Numerical results show a better approximation of the pressure field compared to the results obtained from the explicit MPM. The proposed formulation is then extended to model fully saturated porous materials with incompress- ible constituents. A solid velocity(v S )-fluid velocity (v F )-pore pressure (p) formulation is presented within the framework of mixture theory. Comparing the numerical results for the one-dimensional consolidation problem shows that the proposed incompressible MPM algorithm provides a stable and accurate pore pressure field even without implementing damping in the solver. Finally, the coupled MPM is used to solve a two-dimensional wave propagation problem and a plain strain consolidation problem. One of the important features of the proposed hydro mechanical coupled MPM formulation is that the time step size is not dependent on the incompressibility and the permeability of the porous medium.

Le bois est un matériau complexe, hétérogène et anisotrope. Ses propriétés mécaniques varient fortement en fonction de l'essence et de l'échelle considérées. Pour mieux comprendre le comportement du bois en fonction de sa structure, nous proposons dans le cadre de cette thèse une étude expérimentale à l'échelle des tissus qui est réalisée sur plusieurs types de bois : bois de peuplier, y compris bois de tension et bois d'épicéa. Compte tenu des faibles dimensions des échantillons testés, les mesures de déformation sont effectuées " sans contact " afin de s'assurer de ne pas perturber l'échantillon en cours de l'essai.Les premières séries de mesures sont réalisées sur les trois zones (tendue, normale, opposée) et selon les 3 directions matérielles (longitudinale, radiale et tangentielle) d'une tige de peuplier inclinée. Les résultats obtenus permettent de comparer des comportements mécaniques du bois de peuplier dans toutes les zones considérées en fonction de ses propriétés microscopiques.Les deuxièmes séries de mesures sont réalisées en compression, grandes déformations, dans la chambre d'un ESEM (Microscope électronique à balayage environnemental) sur du bois feuillu (peuplier) et sur du bois résineux (épicéa). Grâce aux images obtenues en période d'essai, du domaine élastique jusqu'à la densification, la réponse de chaque type du bois à la même sollicitation est illustrée.Enfin, une partie de la modélisation numérique par la MPM (Materiel Point Method) est proposée dans notre projet envisagé comme prolongement de ce travail. Il permettra de simuler le comportement mécanique du bois en grande déformation.

The Material Point Method (MPM) is a modern finite element method that is classified as a point based method or meshless method, while it takes the advantage of two kinds of spatial discretisation that are based on an arbitrary Eulerian-Lagrangian description of motion. The referenced continuum is represented by the material points, and the motions are tracked through a computational background mesh, that is an arbitrary constant mesh which does not move the material. Hence, in the MPM mesh distortion especially in the large deformation analysis is naturally avoided. However, MPM has been employed to simulate difficult problems in the literature, many are still unsatisfactory due to the lack of rigorous validation. Therefore, this thesis firstly provides a series of simple case studies which any numerical method must pass to test the validity of the MPM, and secondly demonstrate the capability of the MPM in simulating difficult problems such as degradation of highly swellable polymers during large swelling that is currently difficult to handle by the standard finite element method. Flory’s theory is incorporated into the material point method to study large swelling of polymers, and degradation of highly swellable polymers is modelled by the MPM as a random phenomenon based on the normal distribution of the volumetric strain. These numerical developments represent adaptability of the MPM and enabling the method to be used in more complicated simulations. Furthermore, the advantages of this powerful numerical tool are studied in the modelling of an additive manufacturing technology called Selective Laser Melting (SLM). It is shown the MPM is an ideal numerical method to study SLM manufacturing technique. The focus of this thesis is to validate the MPM and exhibit the simplicity, strength, and accuracy of this numerical tool compared with standard finite element method for very complex problems which requires a complicated topological system.

Project management methods can be used in many areas of human activity. In this diploma thesis they are applied to the creation of an e-shop communication campaign. The theoretical part describes the basic concepts of project management and presents the stages of the life cycle of the project. The main part of the theoretical part is the project planning phase with a focus on time analysis, analysis of resources, costs and risks. The described methods and analyzes are applied in the practical part to a real project - the communication campaign of the newly created e-shop Motovidlo.cz, which offers various printed products. The final part of the thesis deals with the success of the project, the fulfillment of the goals and recommendations for the project team.