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This paper deals with the propagation of waves. Here is the wavelength distribution according to the wavelength. It focuses on the UHF and SHF band in which IEEE802.11n operates. Contains model breakdown by cell type. Describes which propagation methods are dominant in the cell type. Several propagation patterns are presented, which are then modeled in Matlab environment.The models are then compared to experimental measurements.

The thesis is focused on PLC technology issues and thus the data transmission over a power-line. This work describes characteristics of the PLC technology, its usage, functional principles and used modulation techniques. The main part of the work describes individual kinds of interferences in the network. The method of necessary steps against these interferences by using the right modulation and relevant coding is also described in the thesis. On the basis of theoretical knowledge, the models of interferences are realized in Matlab/Simulink. The simulative model of power-lines with random parameters is designed and realized for each elected techniques of modulation (BPSK, QPSK, ASK, FSK). The method of PLC channels modeling is chose as a multipath signal spreading for topology with one and two branching and the dependence of their transmission functions are inquired too. The analysis of interference influence on the data transmission is performed via the created models. All acquired results are compared and evaluated in the conclusion of this thesis.

Master’s thesis belongs to the Cognitive radio network sphere. These networks utilize frequency spectrum more effectively than networks used in present radio communications. The Cognitive radio concept makes coexistence of classic and cognitive radio networks possible. Attention is aimed at spectrum sensing as the key task of the Cognitive radio. Main properties of the cyclostationary detector, as the detector, that reaches high probability of the detection at a very low signal to noise ratio with apriori knowledge of the transmitted signal's cyclic frequency, are examined in this paper. The OFDM signals, that inherit cyclostationarity from cyclic prefix, used in the real systems have been chosen for testing the properties of the detector. The influences of decimation and multipath propagation on the probability of detection are quantitatively expressed. The optimal values for the weights of the multicycle detector are determined.

This thesis deals with an analysis of a system called Digital Audio Broadcast and describes its mathematical model created in MATLAB program. In the first part basic blocks of a transmitter and a receiver are analyzed along with their principles. Then different types of transmission channels for static, portable and mobile receivers are described. The second part contains description of the DAB mathematical model itself. Individual blocks are described in the order of the DAB signal path, from the transmitter through the transmission channel to the receiver side. In this part the graphical user interface is also described. In the final part the results of experimental measurements and simulations are presented.

Les applications des techniques radar au milieu urbain constituent un domaine émergent. Une des difficultés principales est liée à la complexité du milieu de propagation induit par les bâtiments présents dans la scène. En effet, la présence de ces bâtiments génère d’une part des zones d’ombre à l’intérieur desquelles une cible n’est pas en visibilité directe, et d’autre part de nombreux multi-trajets produits par les possibles réflexions et diffractions sur les surfaces environnantes. Ces multi-trajets sont souvent vus comme une gêne, limitant les capacités de détection en radar. Or ils peuvent aussi être exploités à l’avantage du radar afin de détecter et localiser des cibles situées dans les zones d’ombre (cible en NLOS). L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est donc la mise en place de méthodes de traitement du signal permettant la détection et la localisation d’une cible en NLOS en milieu urbain et l’application de ces techniques pour détecter et localiser une cible en NLOS à partir de signaux réels. Pour cela, nous avons proposé dans un premier temps deux solutions pour la détection et la localisation de la cible en exploitant les multi-trajets. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons développé deux filtres particulaires pour pister une cible en milieu urbain en présence de multi-trajets. Ces algorithmes ont été appliqués aux données réelles issues d’une expérimentation et ont montré des résultats prometteurs : même avec une connaissance approximative de la géométrie de la scène, il a été possible de détecter, localiser et suivre une cible en exploitant uniquement l’information fournie par les retards des multi-trajets. / The applications of radar techniques to the urban environment constitute an emerging subject. One of the main difficulties is related to the complexity of the propagation environment induced by the buildings present in the scene. Indeed, the presence of these buildings generates on the one hand shadow areas within which a target is not in line of sight, and on the other hand, many multipaths produced by reflections and diffractions on the surrounding surfaces. Classically, these multipaths are often seen as an inconvenience, limiting radar detection capabilities. However, these multipaths can also be exploited to the advantage of the radar to detect and locate targets located in the shadow areas (target in NLOS). The objective of this thesis work is therefore to develop signal processing methods allowing the detection and localization of a target located in shadow areas in urban environment and to apply these techniques for detecting and locating a target in NLOS from realistic or even real signals. For this, we first proposed two solutions for detection and localization of a target by exploiting multipath information. In a second step, we developed two particle filters to track a target in urban environment in the presence of multipaths. These algorithms have been applied to real data and showed promising results: even with an approximate knowledge of the geometry of the scene, it has been possible to detect, locate and track a target by exploiting only the information on multipath delays.

Positioning with high precision and reliability is considered as an important feature of new wireless radio networks such as 5G. In areas where satellite positioning is not available or is not reliable enough, 5G can work as an alternative. An example is inside factories where autonomous vehicles might need to be positioned in complex environments. This work aims to investigate if multipath propagation of radio signals can be exploited to improve indoor positioning. A 5G simulator that simulates the propagation of a reference signal in a factory environment is used. Distances corresponding to several paths between the user equipment (UE) and the transmission/reception point (TRP) can be estimated given the received reference signal. These distance estimates are used together with a partially known map of the environment to develop and evaluate the algorithms in this thesis. The developed multipath-assisted algorithms are based on two different target tracking methods, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) and a particle filter (PF). Both alternatives use a data association algorithm to determine how measurements should be paired with propagation paths. Both filters that exploit multipath propagation are shown to greatly improve positioning accuracy compared to a line-of-sight (LOS) based alternative. The multipath-assisted algorithms can achieve an accuracy below 0.9 m in 90 % of all cases in a complex environment, which is more than tenfold better than the LOS based alternative considered here. The PF also shows an ability to track a UE in a complex environment using very few TRPs, while the EKF and LOS based methods do not succeed in this case. / Positionering med hög precision och tillförlitlighet anses vara en viktigt funktion i nya trådlösa radionätverk som 5G. I områden där satellitpositionering inte är tillgängligt eller inte är tillräckligt pålitligt, kan 5G fungera som ett alternativ. Ett exempel är inuti fabriker där autonoma fordon kan behöva positionera sig i komplexa miljöer. Det här arbetet syftar till att undersöka om flervägsutbredning av radiosignaler kan utnyttjas för att förbättra positionering i inomhusmiljöer. En 5G-simulator som simulerar utbredningen av en referenssignal i en fabriksmiljö används. Avstånden för flertalet vägar från användarenheten till basstationen kan estimeras givet den mottagna referenssignalen. Dessa avståndsestimat används tillsammans med en delvis känd karta av miljön för att utveckla och utvärdera algoritmer i det här arbetet. De utvecklade flervägsutbredningsassisterade algoritmerna baseras på två olika målföljningsmetoder, ett utökat Kalmanfilter och ett partikelfilter. Båda alternativen använder en associeringsalgoritm för att bestämma hur avståndsmätningar ska paras ihop med utbredningsvägar. De två filtren som studeras i detta arbete ger en stor förbättring av positioneringen jämfört med ett alternativ som inte använder flervägsutbredning. De flervägsutbredningsassisterade algoritmerna uppnår en precision på under 0,9 m i 90 % av fallen i en komplex miljö, vilket är mer än tio gånger bättre än alternativet utan flervägsutbredning. Partikelfiltret visar också en förmåga till positionering med väldigt få basstationer, vilket de andra metoderna inte klarar av i den komplexa miljön.

This dissertation explores the role of polarization, combining, and equalization operating over frequency-selective channels to improve the reliability of wireless communications systems in terms of BER for two applications: 5G mobile networks (operating in the mmWave band and NR FR1), and aeronautical mobile telemetry systems (operating in L band). The equivalent discrete-time models for a variety of spatial combining techniques at 5G mmWave bands were derived to investigate the performance of co-located cross-polarized antenna elements when polarization diversity is used and also when a combination of spatial and cross-polarized antennas is exploited. In both cases, ML combining has the lowest BER and EPC produced the worst results. The use of co-located cross-polarized antenna elements also is examined in 5G FR1 assuming post-FFT processing of the two antenna element outputs in a mobile-to-mobile setting. The optimum strategy, in the ML sense, for incorporating the two antenna outputs is developed. The optimum combining strategy together with a FDE is compared to the traditional combining techniques: MRC, EGC, and SC, where the last two also require a FDE. Computer simulations performed over a stochastic channel model with polarization state information show that the difference between ML detection and MRC (the best performing methods) and SC with FDE (the worst performing method) is 2 dB. The similar results were observed with pilot based channel estimators, however the difference in this case was the presence of a BER floor at low values of $N_0$ and caused by channel estimation errors. In aeronautical mobile telemetry applications, the ML combiner is derived and shown to be equivalent to the summing the outputs of two filters matched to the channels in the horizontal and vertical polarization states. For historical reasons, current systems combine right-hand and left-hand circularly polarized antenna feed outputs using a MRC. To compare the two combining approaches, the aeronautical telemetry multipath channel was extended to include polarization state information. The simulation results for SOQPSK-TG with a CMA equalizer show that the post-equalizer BER for the two approaches is the same.

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GNSS-Messungen werden neben systembedingten Fehlereinflüssen vor allem von den Auswirkungen der Mehrwegeausbreitung und Signalbeugung insbesondere in der Empfangsumgebung dominiert. Verschiedene Dienste z.B. der Landesvermessungsämter haben deshalb ein primäres Interesse daran, die Auswirkungen der Effekte möglichst gering zu halten oder aber genau bestimmen zu können, um Korrekturwerte zu generieren. Mehrwege- und Beugungseffekte lassen sich besonders innerhalb von Netzstrukturen gut bestimmen. Liegen Sollkoordinaten aller Beobachtungsstationen vor gelingt dies auch in Echtzeit. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden neben einer detaillierten Beschreibung der jeweiligen Einflussgrößen auch Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die genannten Effekte zu erkennen und Maßnahmen zur Reduktion der Auswirkungen auf das Meßergebnis zu ergreifen. Kern der Untersuchungen ist ein zweistufiges Modell zur Reduzierung von Mehrwegeeffekten in Echtzeit innerhalb von (Referenz-) Stationsnetzen durch Bestimmung von Korrekturwerten für originale und abgeleitete Meßwerte pro Epoche, Station und Satellit.