Nos dias atuais a busca pela utilização de cargas de reforço aos materiais poliméricos tem sido o grande alvo dos pesquisadores e da indústria. Neste trabalho nanocompósitos de PVC foram obtidos através de duas rotas de preparação, mediante a mistura no estado fundido, utilizando-se uma extrusora monorosca. Empregaram-se diferentes concentrações de montmorilonita e velocidades de injeção nos nanocompósitos. Estes foram caracterizados por suas morfologias, propriedades termomecânicas e termo-dinâmico-mecânicas. O grau de intercalação e esfoliação dos nanocompósitos foi caracterizado por difração de raios X, MET e MEV. O inchamento da argila em plastificante, anterior ao processamento, parece ter induzido um maior grau de intercalação e uma esfoliação parcial em todos os sistemas. As análises termogravimétricas demonstraram pouca influência da carga sobre a estabilidade térmica dos nanocompósitos. / Nowadays the search for the use of reinforcement fillers into polymeric materials has been the great objective of researchers and industry. In this work PVC nanocomposites were obtained through two routes of preparation, by melt blending in a single-screw extruder. Additionally different montimorillonite concentrations and injection speeds were applied to nanocomposites preparation. These were characterized by morphological, thermo-mechanical and thermo-dynamic-mechanical properties. The degree of intercalated and exfoliated of nanocomposites was characterized by x ray diffraction, MET e MEV. The swelled clay in plasticizer, prior of the processing, seems to have induced a higher degree of intercalation and partial exfoliation in all systems. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated small influence of the nanofillers on the nanocomposites thermal stability.

abstract: The use of nanoparticle-in-matrix composites is a common motif among a broad range of nanoscience applications and is of particular interest to the thermal sciences community. To explore this morphological theme, crystalline inorganic composites were synthesized by mixing colloidal CdSe nanocrystals and In2Se3 metal chalcogenide complex (MCC) precursor in hydrazine solvent and then thermally transform the MCC precursor into a crystalline In2Se3 matrix. The volume fraction of CdSe nanocrystals was varied from 0 to ~100% .Rich structural and chemical interactions between the CdSe nanocrystals and the In2Se3 matrix were observed. The average thermal conductivities of the 100% In2Se3 and ~100% CdSe composites are 0.32 and 0.53 W/m-K, respectively, which are remarkably low for inorganic crystalline materials. With the exception of the ~100% CdSe samples, the thermal conductivities of these nanocomposites are insensitive to CdSe volume fraction.This insensitivity is attributed to competing effects rise from structural morphology changes during composite formation. Next, thermoelectric properties of metal chalcogenide thin films deposited from precursors using thiol-amine solvent mixtures were first reported. Cu2-xSeyS1-y and Ag-doped Cu2-xSeyS1-y thin films were synthesized, and the interrelationship between structure, composition, and room temperature thermoelectric properties was studied. The precursor annealing temperature affects the metal:chalcogen ratio, and leads to charge carrier concentration changes that affect Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity. Incorporating Ag into the Cu2-xSeyS1-y film leads to appreciable improvements in thermoelectric performance. Overall, the room temperature thermoelectric properties of these solution-processed materials are comparable to measurements on Cu2-xSe alloys made via conventional thermoelectric material processing methods. Finally, a new route to make soluble metal chalcogenide precursors by reacting organic dichalcogenides with metal in different solvents was reported. By this method, SnSe, PbSe, SnTe and PbSexTe1-x precursors were successfully synthesized, and phase-pure and impurity-free metal chalcogenides were recovered after precursor decomposition. Compared to the hydrazine and diamine-dithiol route, the new approach uses safe solvent, and avoids introducing unwanted sulfur into the precursor. SnSe and PbSexTe1-x thin films, both of which are interesting thermoelectric materials, were also successfully made by solution deposition. The thermoelectric property measurements on those thin films show a great potential for future improvements. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2016

Microorganisms attachment to the surfaces located in the marine water has become a significant problem. Historically, the antifouling properties of the coatings were achieved by using biocides, which had a negative consequence to the marine environment. Currently, alternative environmental friendly methods are required. This thesis aimed to investigate and produce the antifouling coatings that can be used as potential candidates in the marine industry. In this study, a range of novel polymer nanocomposite coatings was fabricated via the method of solvent and tested based on the strategy of microbial adhesion. The composition of the coatings mainly contains polidimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and different nanomaterials. The coatings applied on glass substrate were characterised using X-ray spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In biofouling assays, attachment of bacteria B. Subtilis and three marine microalgae (Skeletonema sp., Amphora sp., D. Salina) was investigated in laboratory scale. The obtained results suggested that small amount of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix can improve the antifouling settlement behaviour of the coatings. All microalgae attached more on PDMS/SiO2 and control surfaces (glass and PDMS) compared to the coatings containing multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and sodium bismuth titanate (NBT). The influence of contact time, surface roughness and surface wettability was also studied. The microbial attachment varied significantly with respect to contact time and surface properties. There was no obvious evidence showing that the wetting properties and the roughness of the coatings have an effect on growth ... [cont.].

Orientador: Alcides Lopes Leão / Banca: Elisabete Frollini / Banca: Pedro de Magalhães Padilha / Resumo: O momento atual de maior preocupação ambiental global, a crescente escassez dos recursos fósseis, bem como as novas regulagens ambientais força a busca por materiais que sejam renováveis e compatíveis com o ambiente. Novos materiais estão sendo desenvolvidos a partir de várias fontes naturais e, entre eles a celulose é o mais abundante dos polímeros naturais e um dos mais utilizados. Logo, o objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado foi obter nanofibras de celulose tendo como fonte a fibra vegetal de curauá. Os processos utilizados foram químicos e mecânicos, baseados nos processos de polpação e branqueamento, a fim de isolar a celulose, seguido de processos mecânicos para atingir a escala nanométrica. As nanofibras de celulose propiciam vantagens como melhoria nas propriedades mecânicas e de barreira, além de manter a transparência de polímeros em geral. A fim de comprovar a capacidade de reforço em matrizes poliméricas, as nanofibras de celulose obtidas foram incorporadas nas mesmas. No entanto, para evitar a tendência de aglomeração das nanofibras, principalmente quando retiradas do meio aquoso, o álcool polivinílico (pva) foi escolhido como a matriz polimérica a ser testada, devido à sua compatibilidade com nanofibras de celulose, por ambos serem de natureza hidrofílica, o que aumenta a compatibilidade interfacial de fases entre a nanocelulose e a matriz escolhida. Após a incorporação das nanofibras na matriz polimérica ocorreram significativas melhoras nas propriedades mecânicas da matriz. Ao incorporar 4% de nanofibras da celulose de curauá obteve-se um ganho de 36% e 67% para a tração e para o módulo de young, respectivamente. Com 5% de nanofibras, o aumento nas propriedades foram ainda mais significativos em torno de 44% para a tração máxima e 448% para o módulo de young / Abstract: Nowadays is a era of greatest environmental concern, with growing scarcity of fossil resources, as well as new environmental regulations obligating the search for materials that are renewable and environmentally friendly. New materials are being developed from various natural sources, and among them, cellulose is the most abundant natural polymers and the one most used. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to obtain cellulose nanofibers fibers from curaua plant. The procedures used were based on chemical and mechanical treatment. Pulping and bleaching, in this sequence were done in order to isolate the cellulose, followed by mechanical processes to achieve the nanometer scale. The cellulose nanofibers provide advantages such as improvement of mechanical properties and barrier, besides maintaining transparency of polymers in general. To prove the capacity of reinforcement in polymer matrices, the cellulose nanofibers obtained were incorporated into them. However, to avoid the tendency of nanofibers agglomeration when removed from water, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was chosen as the polymer matrix to be tested, for the reasons that both are hydrophilic in nature and compatible to cellulose nanofibers, which increases the interface between the matrix and the nanocelulose chosen. After the incorporation of nanofibers in the polymer matrix, a significant improvement were observed in its mechanical properties by incorporating 4% of cellulose nanofiber curauá which provided a gain of 36% and 67% for tension and Young's modulus, respectively. With 5% of nanofibers, the increase in properties was even more significant at around 44% for maximum tension and 448% for Young's modulus / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:52:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_sf_me_botfca.pdf: 1653750 bytes, checksum: 3aa87de3ba9ede42d6a64a6e7aef2e61 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O momento atual de maior preocupação ambiental global, a crescente escassez dos recursos fósseis, bem como as novas regulagens ambientais força a busca por materiais que sejam renováveis e compatíveis com o ambiente. Novos materiais estão sendo desenvolvidos a partir de várias fontes naturais e, entre eles a celulose é o mais abundante dos polímeros naturais e um dos mais utilizados. Logo, o objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado foi obter nanofibras de celulose tendo como fonte a fibra vegetal de curauá. Os processos utilizados foram químicos e mecânicos, baseados nos processos de polpação e branqueamento, a fim de isolar a celulose, seguido de processos mecânicos para atingir a escala nanométrica. As nanofibras de celulose propiciam vantagens como melhoria nas propriedades mecânicas e de barreira, além de manter a transparência de polímeros em geral. A fim de comprovar a capacidade de reforço em matrizes poliméricas, as nanofibras de celulose obtidas foram incorporadas nas mesmas. No entanto, para evitar a tendência de aglomeração das nanofibras, principalmente quando retiradas do meio aquoso, o álcool polivinílico (pva) foi escolhido como a matriz polimérica a ser testada, devido à sua compatibilidade com nanofibras de celulose, por ambos serem de natureza hidrofílica, o que aumenta a compatibilidade interfacial de fases entre a nanocelulose e a matriz escolhida. Após a incorporação das nanofibras na matriz polimérica ocorreram significativas melhoras nas propriedades mecânicas da matriz. Ao incorporar 4% de nanofibras da celulose de curauá obteve-se um ganho de 36% e 67% para a tração e para o módulo de young, respectivamente. Com 5% de nanofibras, o aumento nas propriedades foram ainda mais significativos em torno de 44% para a tração máxima e 448% para o módulo de young / Nowadays is a era of greatest environmental concern, with growing scarcity of fossil resources, as well as new environmental regulations obligating the search for materials that are renewable and environmentally friendly. New materials are being developed from various natural sources, and among them, cellulose is the most abundant natural polymers and the one most used. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to obtain cellulose nanofibers fibers from curaua plant. The procedures used were based on chemical and mechanical treatment. Pulping and bleaching, in this sequence were done in order to isolate the cellulose, followed by mechanical processes to achieve the nanometer scale. The cellulose nanofibers provide advantages such as improvement of mechanical properties and barrier, besides maintaining transparency of polymers in general. To prove the capacity of reinforcement in polymer matrices, the cellulose nanofibers obtained were incorporated into them. However, to avoid the tendency of nanofibers agglomeration when removed from water, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was chosen as the polymer matrix to be tested, for the reasons that both are hydrophilic in nature and compatible to cellulose nanofibers, which increases the interface between the matrix and the nanocelulose chosen. After the incorporation of nanofibers in the polymer matrix, a significant improvement were observed in its mechanical properties by incorporating 4% of cellulose nanofiber curauá which provided a gain of 36% and 67% for tension and Young's modulus, respectively. With 5% of nanofibers, the increase in properties was even more significant at around 44% for maximum tension and 448% for Young's modulus

Neste trabalho foi realizado uma avaliação das propriedades térmicas e mecânicas dos compósitos de PP/PP-g-AM com 5% e 10% m/m das nanocargas MMT-Na+, MMT-15A, MMT-30B, CaCO3 e CaCO3-AE, preparados em extrusora de dupla rosca co-rotante com configuração de L/D 32 para elencar três nanocargas com melhor desempenho nestas propriedades. Posteriormente foram processados compósitos de PP/PP-g-AM com 10% m/m das nanocargas MMT-Na+, MMT-15A e CaCO3 com a configuração de L/D 46 processadas uma e três vezes para avaliar a influência do processamento nas propriedades mecânicas, térmicas, morfológicas, reológicas e termomecânicas. Nos compósitos de PP com nanocargas preparados com L/D 32, os resultados demonstraram que a adição do agente compatibilizante PP-g-AM provoca alterações nas propriedades mecânicas, indicando que os compósitos de PP compatibilizados apresentaram resultados superiores nestas propriedades em relação aos compósitos de PP não compatibilizados. Nos compósitos de PP com as nanocargas MMT-Na+, MMT-15A e o CaCO3 preparados na configuração L/D 32 apresentaram os resultados mais significativos nas análises das propriedades mecânicas e térmicas quando incorporadas em 10% m/m ao PP/PP-g-AM, sendo utilizadas para análise da variação das condições de processamento. Posteriormente foi realizado o estudo do efeito do tipo de configuração da rosca (L/D 46) e de nanocarga nos compósitos de PP/PP-g-AM. Estes compósitos foram caracterizados pelas suas propriedades mecânicas, propriedades térmicas, morfologia, reologicas e termomecânicas. A análise das propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos processados com a configuração L/D 46 uma e três vezes apresentou uma redução nas propriedades mecânicas em comparação com os compósitos processados com configuração L/D 32, ficando com valores próximos ao do PP puro. Este resultado indicou que a variação da configuração L/D no processamento proporcionou a degradação da matriz polimérica, evidenciada nos ensaios de reologia, onde houve um aumento da fluidez dos compósitos e uma redução na viscosidade complexa. As análises de MET mostraram que a argila MMT-15A incorporada de 10% m/m ao PP/PP-g-AM apresentou formação de tactóides intercalados e fase esfoliada no processamento com L/D 32. A análise das propriedades discutidas neste trabalho indicou que a argila MMT-15A apresenta a melhor adesão e dispersão na matriz de polipropileno. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-08-12T17:55:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Leandro Soares de Lima.pdf: 3194982 bytes, checksum: 3979198068c0c31fd2c896803cf04888 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-12T17:55:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Leandro Soares de Lima.pdf: 3194982 bytes, checksum: 3979198068c0c31fd2c896803cf04888 (MD5) / In this work an evaluation of the thermal and mechanical properties of PP/PP-g-MA composites with 5 and 10 wt% of MMT-Na+, MMT-15A, MMT-30B, CaCO3 and CaCO3-AE nanofillers was performed. Composites were prepared in a co-rotating, double-screw extruder configured at L/D ratio 32 to specify three nanofillers of best performance. Thereafter PP/PP-g-MA composites with 10 wt% of MMT-Na +, MMT-15A and CaCO3 nanofillers at L/D ratio 46 were processed one and three times in order to evaluate the influence of processing on the mechanical, thermal, morphological, rheological and thermo- mechanical properties. For PP nanocomposites with nanofillers prepared at L/D ratio 32, results demonstrate that the addition of the compatibilizing agent PP-g-MA changes the mechanical properties, indicating that for these properties, the results obtained for the compatibilized PP composites are improved in relation to those obtained for the non-compatibilized samples. PP composites with MMT-Na+, MMT-15A and CaCO3 nanofillers prepared at L/D ratio 32 configuration had the most relevant results obtained for mechanical and thermal properties when these nanofillers were incorporated in the amount of 10% m/m to PP/PP-g-MA, so they were used in the analysis of the variation of the processing conditions. The effect of the screw configuration L/D ratio 46 and of nanofiller in PP/PP-g-MA composites was also studied. These composites were characterized by their mechanical, thermal, morphological, rheological and thermo-mechanical properties. Analysis of the mechanical properties of the composites processed at L/D 46 ratio one and three times showed to reduced values when compared to the composites processed at the configuration L/D 32 the figures being close to those of neat PP. These data reveals that by varying the L/D ratio configuration during processing the polymer matrix is degraded, as evidenced by rheology tests, a flow increase and reduction in complex viscosity being observed in the composites. TEM analyses have shown that 10 wt% MMT-15A clay incorporated to PP/PP-g-MA formed intercalated tactoids and exfoliated phase during processing at L/D ratio 32. Analysis of the properties discussed in this work indicated that MMT-15A clay has the best adhesion and dispersion in the polypropylene matrix.

A busca por materiais de origem natural, com menos impacto ambiental e com as mesmas propriedades de materis sintéticos está cada vez mais em foco nas pesquisas na área de engenharia. Um modo de fazer isto é o desenvolvimento de nancompósitos reforçados por materiais oriundos de fibras naturais visto que estas possuem em sua estrutura celulose e a celulose é o composto presente em maior quantidade no planeta. Dentro dos nanocompósitos existe a classe dos nanocompósitos expandidos que combinam boas propriedades mecânicas com densidade reduzida e capacidade superior de isolamento térmico e acústico, quando comparados aos nanocompósitos convencionais não expandidos. Nanocompósitos expandidos são materiais que possuem pelo menos três fases: uma contínua (matriz polimérica), a fase dispersa (elementos de reforço) e a presença de espaços vazios no interior da estrutura, denominadas células. O poliestireno (PS) é um polímero muito utilizado na produção de materiais expandidos. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem por objetivo, primeiramente a obtenção das nanofibras (NFC) e nanowhiskers (NWC) de celulose ambas extraídas de fibras de curauá (FC). As NFC foram obtidas pelo processo de desfibrilação e os NWC a partir do método de oxidação. Estas foram caracterizadas quanto sua morfologia por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), microscopia eletrônica de varredura com emissão de campo (MEV-FEG), grau de polimerização (GP), quanto sua estrutura cristalina (DRX), quanto suas propriedades térmicas (TG) e quanto a estrutura química (FTIR). Após, ocorreu o desenvolvimento de nanocompósitos de poliestireno (PS) reforçado com NFC e NWC, nas seguintes concentrações de reforço: 0,25%, 0,50% e 1,00% (m/m). Avaliou-se a influência da incorporação dos reforços na matriz por DMA onde observou-se um aumento no módulo de armazenamento e de perda para todos os nanocompósitos, em relação ao PS sem reforço. Após os nanocompósitos foram expandidos utilizando dióxido de carbono em estado supercrítico como agente expansor e os nanocompósitos expandidos foram avaliados por propriedades mecânicas (resistência à compressão), na morfologia final do nanocompósito expandido por MEV-FEG e por distribuição de tamanho de células. Nos nanocompósitos expandidos, a incorporação das NFC promoveu um aumento na resistência a compressão e uma diminuição no tamanho de células, quando comparado as amostras reforçadas com NWC e PS puro. De modo geral, a incorporação dos NWC nos nanocompósitos antes da expansão proporcionaram melhores resultados quando comprados ao reforçados com NFC. Por poutro lado a incorporação de NFC nos nanocompósitos expandidos proporcionaram melhores resultados quando comparados aos reforçados com NWC. / Submitted by cmquadros@ucs.br (cmquadros@ucs.br) on 2018-02-20T11:45:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Roberta Motta Neves.pdf: 2419021 bytes, checksum: 98834ba297d6c3752a7400aba41b8968 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-20T11:45:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Roberta Motta Neves.pdf: 2419021 bytes, checksum: 98834ba297d6c3752a7400aba41b8968 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / The search for materials of natural origin, with less environmental impact and with the same properties of synthetic materials is increasingly focused on research in the field of engineering. One way to doing this is a development of nanocomposites reinforced with materials obtained from natural fibers, because that have on your biologic structure cellulose and the cellulose is present in greater quantity in the planet. Within the nanocomposites there is a class of expanded nanocomposites that combine good mechanical properties with reduced density and superior capacity of thermal and acoustic insulation when compared to conventional non-expanded nanocomposites. Expanded nanocomposites are materials that have at least three phases: a continuous (polymer matrix), the dispersed phase (reinforcing elements) and the presence of voids inside the structure, called cells. Polystyrene (PS) is a polymer widely used in the production of expanded materials. In this sense, the aim of the present study were firstly to obtain nanofibers (NFC) and nanowhiskers (NWC) of cellulose both extracted from curauá fibers (CF). The NFCs were obtained by the defibrillation process and the NWC from the oxidation method. These were characterized by their transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy with field emission (SEM), degree of polymerization (GP), their crystalline structure (XRD), and their thermal properties (TG) and the chemical structure by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). After that, the next step was the development of PS/NFC and PS/NWC nanocomposites in the following reinforcement concentrations: 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.00% (w/w). The influence of the incorporation of the reinforcements in the matrix by DMA was evaluated, where an increase in the storage and loss modulus was observed for all the nanocomposites, in relation to the PS without reinforcement. After the nanocomposites were expanded using carbon dioxide in the supercritical state as an expander and the expanded nanocomposites were evaluated by mechanical properties (compressive strength), in the final morphology of the expanded nanocomposite by SEM and by cell size distribution. In the expanded nanocomposites, the incorporation of the NFC promoted an increase in the compressive strength and a decrease in the cell size when compared to the samples reinforced with NWC and pure PS. In general, the incorporation of NWC in nanocomposites prior to expansion provided better results when purchased from NFC-reinforced ones. On the other hand, the incorporation of NFC in the expanded nanocomposites provided better results when compared to those reinforced with NWC.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nos últimos 20-30 anos polímeros biodegradáveis vêm sendo estudados e desenvolvidos e atualmente já são comercializados. Contudo, o custo, a processabilidade e algumas propriedades ainda dificultam a penetração desses polímeros no mercado e a competição com as chamadas commodities. Não são poucos os autores que se dedicam a desenvolver aditivos e formulações para superar essas limitações. Desta forma, esta Tese se dedicou ao desenvolvimento de compósitos de Ecobras, fabricado pela Basf e comercializado pela Corn Products, utilizando como carga mineral resíduo da extração da bauxita, no município de Santa Luzia/PB, o qual consiste em sua totalidade de vermiculita. Esta vermiculita foi quimicamente modificada com sais de alquil fosfônio para melhorar a compatibilidade com a matriz polimérica e também espaçar as camadas de aluminossilicato. De fato, a modificação com o brometo de hexadecil tributil fosfônio resultou na esfoliação da vermiculita tornando-a potencialmente apropriada para a obtenção de nanocompósitos. A preparação dos compósitos foi realizada pelo método de intercalação no estado fundido e foram comparadas a utilização da câmara interna de mistura e da mini extrusora de dupla rosca, sendo esta última mais eficaz na dispersão da vermiculita, conforme revelado pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios-X e reometria de placas. O grau de dispersão também foi influenciado pela estrutura química do modificador da vermiculita e pelo teor dessa carga incorporada à matriz. Teores mais elevados levaram a formação de aglomerados, enquanto a modificação da carga implicou na formação de micro e nanocompósitos. Ainda houve alterações das propriedades térmicas com aumento dos valores da temperatura de transição vítrea, de cristalização e fusão, embora o grau de cristalinidade tenha sido mantido. Nitidamente, foram obtidos materiais mais rígidos, com maior módulo e menor capacidade de deformação. Cerca de 58% de perda de massa foi observada para os micro e nanocompósitos obtidos após 17 semanas de enterro em solo simulado para avaliação da biodegradabilidade, valor bem próximo ao Ecobras puro. De modo geral, a incorporação das diferentes vermiculitas retardou nas primeiras semanas a biodegradação, provavelmente em função de modificações na estrutura cristalina, conforme sugerido pelos maiores valores de temperatura de fusão observados durante o acompanhamento do processo de biodegradação. No entanto, após 7 semanas os perfis de biodegradação dos micro e nanocompósitos se aproximaram bastante do Ecobras puro. Desta forma, foi possível nesta Tese obter um nanocompósito de Ecobras com vermiculita modificada com brometo de hexadecil fosfônio utilizando ferramentas comuns de processamento no estado fundido com biodegradabilidade próxima ao polímero de partida, porém mais rígido e menos deformável / In the last 20-30 years biodegradable polymers have been studied and developed and currently are already commercialized. However, cost, processability and some properties still avoid the penetration of such polymers on the market and the competition with the so-called commodity. There are few authors who are dedicated to developing additives and formulations to overcome these limitations. Thus, this thesis is devoted to the development of Ecobras composites, blend of PBAT and starch manufactured by BASF and commercialized by Corn Products, using as mineral filler a residue of bauxite extraction from Santa Luzia / PB, which consists entirely of vermiculite. The vermiculite was chemically modified with alkyl phosphonium salts to improve compatibility with the polymer matrix, and also to increase the space between aluminosilicate layers. In fact, its modification with hexadecyl tributyl phosphonium bromide promoted the exfoliation of vermiculite making it potentially suitable for obtaining a nanocomposite. The preparation of the composites was performed by the melt intercalation technique. Internal mixing chamber and a twin screw mini-extruder were compared as processing tool, the latter was more effective in dispersing the vermiculite, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and plate rheometry. The degree of dispersion was also influenced by the amount and chemical structure of the vermiculite. Higher filler levels led to formation of agglomerates, while filler modification led to formation of micro and nanocomposites. There were changes in the thermal properties with increasing temperature values of glass transition, crystallization and melting, although the degree of crystallinity has been retained. Clearly, stiffer materials were obtained, with a higher modulus and low strain capacity. About 58% of weight loss was observed for micro and nanocomposites after 17 weeks of burial in simulated soil for evaluation of biodegradability, very close to pure Ecobras value. Generally, the incorporation of different vermiculite delayed biodegradation in the first weeks, probably due to changes in crystalline structure as suggested by the higher melting temperature values observed during the monitoring of the biodegradation process. However, after seven weeks of the micro and nanocomposites biodegradation profiles approached quite to pure Ecobras. Thus, it was possible in this work obtain a Ecobras nanocomposite with hexadecyl tetrabutyl phosphonium bromide modified vermiculite prepared by melt intercalation technique using common processing tools and with biodegradability close the starting polymer, but more rigid and less deformable

Neste trabalho foram obtidos nanocompósitos contendo 0, 1, 2, 5 e 10% (m/m) de argila organofílica montmorilonita cloisite 30B, contendo terminações hidroxila, por processamento reativo entre um pré-polímero com terminações isocianato e o 1,4-butanodiol, utilizando-se um misturador fechado. Os resultados mostraram que os poliuretanos termoplásticos sintetizados foram obtidos com sucesso. A adição de montmorilonita nos TPUs ocasionou a formação de folhas de argila dispersas de maneira intercalada, parcialmente esfoliada, esfoliada e aglomerados na matriz do TPU. Com a adição da argila houve modificações nos comportamentos de cristalização, estabilidade térmcica e mecanismo de degradação, assim como um aumento nos valores de energia aparente de ativação deste processo. A mobilidade de alguns segmentos poliméricos também foi alterada com a adição da argila. Portanto modificações morfológicas e viscoelásticas foram observadas para os nanocompósitos em dependência da quantidade de argila organofílica empregada, assim como a adição da organoargila alterou o comportamento térmico do poliuretano termoplástico, tornando os nanocompósitos mais suscetíveis a mudanças nos processos de fusão e cristalização em função da exposição a temperaturas elevadas. / In this study, were obtained nanocomposites containing 0, 1, 2, 5 and 10% (w/w) of organophilic clay montmorillonite Cloisite 30B, containing hydroxyl terminations, by reactive processing between a prepolymer with isocyanate terminations and 1,4-butanediol, using a closed mixer. The analysis showed that the obtained thermoplastic polyurethanes were synthesized successfully. The addition of the montmorillonite in the TPUs resulted in the formation of sheets of clay dispersed in order intercalated, partially exfoliated, exfoliated and agglomerate in the TPU matrix. With the addition of clay there were changes in the behavior of crystallization, thermal stability and degradation mechanism, as well as an increase in the values of the apparent activation energy of this process. The mobility of certain polymer segments was also changed with the addition of the clay. Therefore viscoelastic and morphological changes were observed in the nanocomposites in dependence on the amount of organophilic clay used, as well as the addition of the organophilic decreased the thermal stability of the thermoplastic polyurethane, making nanocomposites more susceptible to changes in the melting and crystallization processes due to exposure to elevated temperatures.

abstract: This research focuses on the benefits of using nanocomposites in aerospace structural components to prevent or delay the onset of unique composite failure modes, such as delamination. Analytical, numerical, and experimental analyses were conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of how carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can provide additional structural integrity when they are used in specific hot spots within a structure. A multiscale approach was implemented to determine the mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposites, which were used in detailed finite element models (FEMs) to analyze interlaminar failures in T and Hat section stringers. The delamination that first occurs between the tow filler and the bondline between the stringer and skin was of particular interest. Both locations are considered to be hot spots in such structural components, and failures tend to initiate from these areas. In this research, nanocomposite use was investigated as an alternative to traditional methods of suppressing delamination. The stringer was analyzed under different loading conditions and assuming different structural defects. Initial damage, defined as the first drop in the load displacement curve was considered to be a useful variable to compare the different behaviors in this study and was detected via the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) implemented in the FE analysis. Experiments were conducted to test T section skin/stringer specimens under pull-off loading, replicating those used in composite panels as stiffeners. Two types of designs were considered: one using pure epoxy to fill the tow region and another that used nanocomposite with 5 wt. % CNTs. The response variable in the tests was the initial damage. Detailed analyses were conducted using FEMs to correlate with the experimental data. The correlation between both the experiment and model was satisfactory. Finally, the effects of thermal cure and temperature variation on nanocomposite structure behavior were studied, and both variables were determined to influence the nanocomposite structure performance. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Aerospace Engineering 2014