The Proclaiming a Republic: The 1916 Rising (2016-2020) exhibition was opened by the National Museum of Ireland as a part of the Decade of Centenaries project to commemorate the Easter Rising. This thesis understands the exhibition as a place of memory, which on the occasion of the centenary represents the official memory of the rising, and it aims to analyze this memory. The exhibition is perceived through the SANE framework as a mnemonic formation and the emphasis is put on narrative of the exhibition. Analysis of which is based on presumptions of the new museology, according to which modern museums utilize either hegemonic (celebratory, status quo-maintaining) or counter-hegemonic (minority, status quo-denying) narratives. The content of the exhibition (texts, exhibits, photographs), which was documented by the author of this thesis during repeated visits in 2017 and 2018, is subjected to thematic analysis. By applying the thematic network method, nine so-called global themes - macro-themes depicting who / what, how and by what is the exhibition commemorating - are identified within the narrative of the exhibition. The thesis determines that the exhibition, despite expectations of the new museology, reinforces traditional myths of the Easter Rising and employs predominantly dominant narratives....

The treatment of American Indian tribes native to the Black Hills throughout American history led to a meeting in 1968 at Bear Butte, which became a catalyst for American Indian activists and organizers to fight for the passage of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) in 1978 and the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) Act in 1989. By providing the space for remembrance and the space for native voices, the NMAI in turn contributes to a strengthening and continuation of collective memory for Native Americans. Through applying Halbwachs’ understandings of collective memory to be distinct from history and based in the present, this research examines the strengthening of traditional native practices as a contribution to collective memory. Through the NMAI facilities, there is space for the revival of collective memory; carried on by the survival of the Native American population through years of oppression, violence, and genocide. Not only does strengthening Native collective memory help to preserve and restore culture that faced extinction, but it also provides a more holistic view to American history and a collective memory where the voices of American Indians are included. The NMAI ensures that the strands of Native American memory are continued to be woven into the broader braid of the nation’s collective memory.

O presente trabalho de mestrado propôs identificar as narrativas que se estabeleceram no projeto que buscou modernizar o Museu Nacional da Colômbia, na administração de Emma Araújo de Vallejo entre 1975 e 1982, a partir da confluência de três campos, a História Cultural, a História da Educação e a Museologia. Pode-se estabelecer que a proposta abrangeu dois aspectos: a reorganização administrativa do museu e a readequação das salas de exposição, que incluiu uma intervenção arquitetônica ao edifício. Metodologicamente o trabalho vincula-se ao conceito de Morales Moreno de interferência museográfica e ao referido por Zita Possamai e Marília Xavier Cury sobre o processo de musealização, para o tratamento dos documentos textuais: manuscritos, registros das comissões estruturadas (de Arquitetura, de História e da Arte), contratos, estudos arquitetônicos, propostas e relatórios, como para os de caráter mais visual: catálogos, fotografias, planos, desenhos, entre outros, entendendo que a narrativa histórica de um museu é por sua natureza diferente à encontrada no documento escrito. As discussões teóricas são determinadas em dois âmbitos, o que se refere a entender o museu como lugar da memória e as suas implicações; e o refletir sobre o que faz que um museu seja nacional. Para isto, autores como Myrian Sepúlveda dos Santos, Regina Abreu, Luis Gerardo Morales Moreno, Beatriz González, Ana Claudia Fonseca Brefe, Camilo de Mello Vasconcelos e Cecília Oliveira contribuem para a discussão, entendendo o museu como um lugar de reelaboração da memória e as narrativas como representações, o que converte este espaço em local de disputas. O trabalho salienta que o objetivo central deste projeto é duplo: tornar o museu um grande livro de história e fazer uma atualização face as novas correntes da Museologia. Deste modo, o Museu Nacional alcançava a qualificação constante do pessoal, a diversificação de serviços para o público, a criação do Departamento Educativo e uma gestão consciente das suas coleções. Sobre a exposição de longa duração é observado que o segundo andar, que corresponde às salas de história, não rompe a periodização tradicional e, além disso, se salienta a origem da nação nas figuras de Bolívar e Santander como pessoas eminentes da Independência. No terceiro andar, nas salas de belas artes, não só se encontram os artistas que tradicionalmente eram expostos, mas também foi incluída a vanguarda conformada pelos “novos”. As influências que o museu recebe são de Ulrich Löber, no período assessor internacional, de Pierre Francastel e Marta Traba, por intermédio da diretora, e da Colcultura e da ACOM, os quais instauraram os debates sobre museus na Colômbia. Conclui-se que a consciência do poder que possui o museu para incluir e excluir, através das suas narrativas, poderia ser o grande ensino desta administração, em um momento onde todos pedem o seu espaço de representação. / This master´s thesis proposes to identify the narratives that were established in the project that tried to modernize the National Museum of Colombia, under Emma Araújo's management between 1975 and 1982, from three fields, the Cultural History, the History of the Education and the Museology. It was possible to define that the offer contained two aspects: the administrative reorganization of the museum and the re adequacy of the exhibition, which included an architectural intervention to the building. Methodologically, adheres to the proposed for Morales about the concept of “interferencia museográfica” and which was said by Possamai and Cury about of the “procesos de musealización”, for the treatment so much for the textual documents: scripts, the acts of the commissions (of Architecture, History and Art), contracts, architectural studies, offers and reports, since of the visual ones: catalogues, photography’s, planes, drawings, among others, understanding that the historical own narrative of a museum is for his nature different from the contained one in the written document. The theoretical discussions are given in two areas: the museum as place of memory and his implications, and the reflections about what does that a museum a national one. For this, authors like Maria Sepúlveda dos Santos, Regina Abreu, Luis Morales, Beatriz Gonzalez, Ana Maria Brefe, Camilo de Mello Vasconcelos, and Cecilia Olivieira open the discussion understanding the museum as a place of reproduction of the memory and considerate the narratives as representations, which turns this space place of disputes. The work highlights that the central aim of this project was double: the museum turns a great book of history, and putting to the currents ideas about museology. From this, the National Museum achieves a constant training of the staff, the diversification of services for the public, the creation of the Educational Department, and a conscious management of collections. As for the exhibition is observed that the second floor, which they correspond to the rooms of history, does not break with the habitual periodization, and highlights the origin of the nation in the figures of Bolivar and Santander as leaders of the Independence. In the third floor, the rooms of arts, they show not only the artists who traditionally had been there, but they included the vanguard of the new ones. The influences that this new museum receives are from Ulrich Löber, as international adviser, of Pierre Francastel and Marta Traba, across his director, and of Colcultura and ACOM, who implant the debates on museums in Colombia. It concludes that the conscience of the power that possesses the museum to include and to exclude across his narratives might be the great education of this administration, in a moment where they all ask for his space of representation. / Este trabajo de maestría se propone identificar las narrativas que se establecieron en el proyecto que pretendió modernizar el Museo Nacional de Colombia, bajo la gestión de Emma Araújo de Vallejo entre 1975 y 1982, desde tres campos, la Historia Cultural, la Historia de la Educación y la Museología. Se pudo definir que la propuesta contuvo dos aspectos: la reorganización administrativa del museo y la readecuación del montaje, que incluyó una intervención arquitectónica al edificio. Metodológicamente se adhiere a lo propuesto por Morales sobre la interferencia museográfica y lo dicho por Possamai y Cury sobre los procesos de musealización, para el tratamiento tanto de los documentos textuales: guiones, las actas de las comisiones conformadas (de Arquitectura, de Historia y de Arte), contratos, estudios arquitectónicos, propuestas e informes, como de los visuales: catálogos, fotografías, planos, dibujos, entre otros, entendiendo que la narrativa histórica propia de un museo es por su naturaleza diferente a la contenida en el documento escrito. Las discusiones teóricas se dan en dos ámbitos, el que se refiere al entender al museo como lugar de memoria y sus implicaciones, y el de pensar qué hace que un museo sea nacional. Para esto, autores como María Sepúlveda dos Santos, Regina Abreu, Luis Morales, Beatriz González, Ana Maria Brefe, Camilo de Mello Vasconcelos, y Cecilia Olivieira abren la discusión entendiendo el museo como un lugar de reelaboración de la memoria y entendiendo las narrativas como representaciones, lo cual convierte este espacio en lugar de disputas. El trabajo resalta que el objetivo central de este proyecto fue doble: volver el museo un gran libro de historia, y el de ponerlo al corriente de las actuales corrientes de la museología. De esta forma, el Museo Nacional logra una constante capacitación del personal, la diversificación de servicios para el público, la creación del Departamento Educativo, y una consciente gestión de colecciones. En cuanto al montaje de la exposición de larga duración, se observa que el segundo piso, que corresponden a las salas de historia, no rompe con la periodización habitual, y resalta el origen de la nación en las figuras de Bolívar y Santander como próceres de la Independencia. En el tercer piso, las salas de bellas artes, se reúnen no sólo a los artistas que tradicionalmente habían estado ahí, sino que incluyeron a la vanguardia conformada por los nuevos. Las influencias que recibe este nuevo museo vienen dadas por Ulrich Löber, como asesor internacional, de Pierre Francastel y Marta Traba, a través de su directora, y de Colcultura y ACOM, quienes implantan los debates sobre museos en Colombia. Se concluye que la conciencia del poder que posee el museo para incluir y excluir a través de sus narrativas podría ser la gran enseñanza de esta administración, en un momento donde todos piden su espacio de representación.

The National Museum of Australia (NMA) (1997- 2001) by architects Ashton Raggatt McDougall (ARM) in association with Robert Peck von Hartel Trethowan was commissioned by the Australian Commonwealth Government for the Centenary of Federation in 2001. It was conceived as a gift to the people of Australia and now stands on Acton Peninsula in Canberra, the nation's Capital. It is a visually complex manifestation of the design architects' (ARM) dialogue with the ambiguities of Australian history and national identity. The architectural realisation of these complexities was facilitated through advances in computer technologies and a complementary non-traditional procurement method, both at the leading edge of Australian architectural practice of the time. Completed three years earlier was probably the most debated work of architecture of the 1990s, the Guggenheim Museum (GMB) (1991-98) in Bilbao, Spain, by Frank O. Gehry and Associates (FOG&A). This satellite museum of the Guggenheim Foundation of New York was heralded as the quintessential example of a kind of architecture only possible because of advances in computer technologies. Both visually complex museums were conceived as flagship projects and consequently share many political, functional, and cultural expectations. Both were procured outside the usual adversarial designer/builder paradigm of western architecture and featured the innovative use of three-dimensional (CAD) software for design, documentation and analysis. The NMA project used a government instigated procurement method which was embraced by a group of design and construction companies who formed a joint venture known as the Acton Peninsula Alliance. This non-traditional or relationship-based procurement method required ARM to reassess their approach to generate and disseminate design data and their traditional relationship with other design and construction professionals. As part of this process, ARM were required to devolve some of their design authority to a project delivery team via a Design Integrity Panel and an Independent Quality Panel; both innovations integral to the Acton Peninsula Alliance. The NMA project reframed many of the enduring professional relationships of Australian architecture and in so doing extended the skill set and expectations of the architects and others to include a more substantial engagement with 3D CAD and a procurement system which was less subject to many of the common impediments inherent in the more traditional processes. Through a series of interviews with the architects and other stakeholders, a qualitative methodology was used to investigate the NMA as a case study which uses the GMB as an internationally recognised comparison. This thesis examines how these two projects have been successfully completed within time and budgetary constraints in an environment where flagship projects have had a history of highly publicised difficulties. It reveals that the successful realisation of the NMA was due to the relationships built or reframed as a result of this cooperative approach in conjunction with high levels of engagement with computer technologies. This is in contrast to the seamless flow of data and high levels of prefabrication integral to the success of the GMB. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1255317 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, 2006.

The National Museum of Australia (NMA) (1997- 2001) by architects Ashton Raggatt McDougall (ARM) in association with Robert Peck von Hartel Trethowan was commissioned by the Australian Commonwealth Government for the Centenary of Federation in 2001. It was conceived as a gift to the people of Australia and now stands on Acton Peninsula in Canberra, the nation's Capital. It is a visually complex manifestation of the design architects' (ARM) dialogue with the ambiguities of Australian history and national identity. The architectural realisation of these complexities was facilitated through advances in computer technologies and a complementary non-traditional procurement method, both at the leading edge of Australian architectural practice of the time. Completed three years earlier was probably the most debated work of architecture of the 1990s, the Guggenheim Museum (GMB) (1991-98) in Bilbao, Spain, by Frank O. Gehry and Associates (FOG&A). This satellite museum of the Guggenheim Foundation of New York was heralded as the quintessential example of a kind of architecture only possible because of advances in computer technologies. Both visually complex museums were conceived as flagship projects and consequently share many political, functional, and cultural expectations. Both were procured outside the usual adversarial designer/builder paradigm of western architecture and featured the innovative use of three-dimensional (CAD) software for design, documentation and analysis. The NMA project used a government instigated procurement method which was embraced by a group of design and construction companies who formed a joint venture known as the Acton Peninsula Alliance. This non-traditional or relationship-based procurement method required ARM to reassess their approach to generate and disseminate design data and their traditional relationship with other design and construction professionals. As part of this process, ARM were required to devolve some of their design authority to a project delivery team via a Design Integrity Panel and an Independent Quality Panel; both innovations integral to the Acton Peninsula Alliance. The NMA project reframed many of the enduring professional relationships of Australian architecture and in so doing extended the skill set and expectations of the architects and others to include a more substantial engagement with 3D CAD and a procurement system which was less subject to many of the common impediments inherent in the more traditional processes. Through a series of interviews with the architects and other stakeholders, a qualitative methodology was used to investigate the NMA as a case study which uses the GMB as an internationally recognised comparison. This thesis examines how these two projects have been successfully completed within time and budgetary constraints in an environment where flagship projects have had a history of highly publicised difficulties. It reveals that the successful realisation of the NMA was due to the relationships built or reframed as a result of this cooperative approach in conjunction with high levels of engagement with computer technologies. This is in contrast to the seamless flow of data and high levels of prefabrication integral to the success of the GMB. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1255317 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, 2006.

The National Museum of Australia (NMA) (1997- 2001) by architects Ashton Raggatt McDougall (ARM) in association with Robert Peck von Hartel Trethowan was commissioned by the Australian Commonwealth Government for the Centenary of Federation in 2001. It was conceived as a gift to the people of Australia and now stands on Acton Peninsula in Canberra, the nation's Capital. It is a visually complex manifestation of the design architects' (ARM) dialogue with the ambiguities of Australian history and national identity. The architectural realisation of these complexities was facilitated through advances in computer technologies and a complementary non-traditional procurement method, both at the leading edge of Australian architectural practice of the time. Completed three years earlier was probably the most debated work of architecture of the 1990s, the Guggenheim Museum (GMB) (1991-98) in Bilbao, Spain, by Frank O. Gehry and Associates (FOG&A). This satellite museum of the Guggenheim Foundation of New York was heralded as the quintessential example of a kind of architecture only possible because of advances in computer technologies. Both visually complex museums were conceived as flagship projects and consequently share many political, functional, and cultural expectations. Both were procured outside the usual adversarial designer/builder paradigm of western architecture and featured the innovative use of three-dimensional (CAD) software for design, documentation and analysis. The NMA project used a government instigated procurement method which was embraced by a group of design and construction companies who formed a joint venture known as the Acton Peninsula Alliance. This non-traditional or relationship-based procurement method required ARM to reassess their approach to generate and disseminate design data and their traditional relationship with other design and construction professionals. As part of this process, ARM were required to devolve some of their design authority to a project delivery team via a Design Integrity Panel and an Independent Quality Panel; both innovations integral to the Acton Peninsula Alliance. The NMA project reframed many of the enduring professional relationships of Australian architecture and in so doing extended the skill set and expectations of the architects and others to include a more substantial engagement with 3D CAD and a procurement system which was less subject to many of the common impediments inherent in the more traditional processes. Through a series of interviews with the architects and other stakeholders, a qualitative methodology was used to investigate the NMA as a case study which uses the GMB as an internationally recognised comparison. This thesis examines how these two projects have been successfully completed within time and budgetary constraints in an environment where flagship projects have had a history of highly publicised difficulties. It reveals that the successful realisation of the NMA was due to the relationships built or reframed as a result of this cooperative approach in conjunction with high levels of engagement with computer technologies. This is in contrast to the seamless flow of data and high levels of prefabrication integral to the success of the GMB. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1255317 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, 2006.

O presente trabalho de mestrado propôs identificar as narrativas que se estabeleceram no projeto que buscou modernizar o Museu Nacional da Colômbia, na administração de Emma Araújo de Vallejo entre 1975 e 1982, a partir da confluência de três campos, a História Cultural, a História da Educação e a Museologia. Pode-se estabelecer que a proposta abrangeu dois aspectos: a reorganização administrativa do museu e a readequação das salas de exposição, que incluiu uma intervenção arquitetônica ao edifício. Metodologicamente o trabalho vincula-se ao conceito de Morales Moreno de interferência museográfica e ao referido por Zita Possamai e Marília Xavier Cury sobre o processo de musealização, para o tratamento dos documentos textuais: manuscritos, registros das comissões estruturadas (de Arquitetura, de História e da Arte), contratos, estudos arquitetônicos, propostas e relatórios, como para os de caráter mais visual: catálogos, fotografias, planos, desenhos, entre outros, entendendo que a narrativa histórica de um museu é por sua natureza diferente à encontrada no documento escrito. As discussões teóricas são determinadas em dois âmbitos, o que se refere a entender o museu como lugar da memória e as suas implicações; e o refletir sobre o que faz que um museu seja nacional. Para isto, autores como Myrian Sepúlveda dos Santos, Regina Abreu, Luis Gerardo Morales Moreno, Beatriz González, Ana Claudia Fonseca Brefe, Camilo de Mello Vasconcelos e Cecília Oliveira contribuem para a discussão, entendendo o museu como um lugar de reelaboração da memória e as narrativas como representações, o que converte este espaço em local de disputas. O trabalho salienta que o objetivo central deste projeto é duplo: tornar o museu um grande livro de história e fazer uma atualização face as novas correntes da Museologia. Deste modo, o Museu Nacional alcançava a qualificação constante do pessoal, a diversificação de serviços para o público, a criação do Departamento Educativo e uma gestão consciente das suas coleções. Sobre a exposição de longa duração é observado que o segundo andar, que corresponde às salas de história, não rompe a periodização tradicional e, além disso, se salienta a origem da nação nas figuras de Bolívar e Santander como pessoas eminentes da Independência. No terceiro andar, nas salas de belas artes, não só se encontram os artistas que tradicionalmente eram expostos, mas também foi incluída a vanguarda conformada pelos “novos”. As influências que o museu recebe são de Ulrich Löber, no período assessor internacional, de Pierre Francastel e Marta Traba, por intermédio da diretora, e da Colcultura e da ACOM, os quais instauraram os debates sobre museus na Colômbia. Conclui-se que a consciência do poder que possui o museu para incluir e excluir, através das suas narrativas, poderia ser o grande ensino desta administração, em um momento onde todos pedem o seu espaço de representação. / This master´s thesis proposes to identify the narratives that were established in the project that tried to modernize the National Museum of Colombia, under Emma Araújo's management between 1975 and 1982, from three fields, the Cultural History, the History of the Education and the Museology. It was possible to define that the offer contained two aspects: the administrative reorganization of the museum and the re adequacy of the exhibition, which included an architectural intervention to the building. Methodologically, adheres to the proposed for Morales about the concept of “interferencia museográfica” and which was said by Possamai and Cury about of the “procesos de musealización”, for the treatment so much for the textual documents: scripts, the acts of the commissions (of Architecture, History and Art), contracts, architectural studies, offers and reports, since of the visual ones: catalogues, photography’s, planes, drawings, among others, understanding that the historical own narrative of a museum is for his nature different from the contained one in the written document. The theoretical discussions are given in two areas: the museum as place of memory and his implications, and the reflections about what does that a museum a national one. For this, authors like Maria Sepúlveda dos Santos, Regina Abreu, Luis Morales, Beatriz Gonzalez, Ana Maria Brefe, Camilo de Mello Vasconcelos, and Cecilia Olivieira open the discussion understanding the museum as a place of reproduction of the memory and considerate the narratives as representations, which turns this space place of disputes. The work highlights that the central aim of this project was double: the museum turns a great book of history, and putting to the currents ideas about museology. From this, the National Museum achieves a constant training of the staff, the diversification of services for the public, the creation of the Educational Department, and a conscious management of collections. As for the exhibition is observed that the second floor, which they correspond to the rooms of history, does not break with the habitual periodization, and highlights the origin of the nation in the figures of Bolivar and Santander as leaders of the Independence. In the third floor, the rooms of arts, they show not only the artists who traditionally had been there, but they included the vanguard of the new ones. The influences that this new museum receives are from Ulrich Löber, as international adviser, of Pierre Francastel and Marta Traba, across his director, and of Colcultura and ACOM, who implant the debates on museums in Colombia. It concludes that the conscience of the power that possesses the museum to include and to exclude across his narratives might be the great education of this administration, in a moment where they all ask for his space of representation. / Este trabajo de maestría se propone identificar las narrativas que se establecieron en el proyecto que pretendió modernizar el Museo Nacional de Colombia, bajo la gestión de Emma Araújo de Vallejo entre 1975 y 1982, desde tres campos, la Historia Cultural, la Historia de la Educación y la Museología. Se pudo definir que la propuesta contuvo dos aspectos: la reorganización administrativa del museo y la readecuación del montaje, que incluyó una intervención arquitectónica al edificio. Metodológicamente se adhiere a lo propuesto por Morales sobre la interferencia museográfica y lo dicho por Possamai y Cury sobre los procesos de musealización, para el tratamiento tanto de los documentos textuales: guiones, las actas de las comisiones conformadas (de Arquitectura, de Historia y de Arte), contratos, estudios arquitectónicos, propuestas e informes, como de los visuales: catálogos, fotografías, planos, dibujos, entre otros, entendiendo que la narrativa histórica propia de un museo es por su naturaleza diferente a la contenida en el documento escrito. Las discusiones teóricas se dan en dos ámbitos, el que se refiere al entender al museo como lugar de memoria y sus implicaciones, y el de pensar qué hace que un museo sea nacional. Para esto, autores como María Sepúlveda dos Santos, Regina Abreu, Luis Morales, Beatriz González, Ana Maria Brefe, Camilo de Mello Vasconcelos, y Cecilia Olivieira abren la discusión entendiendo el museo como un lugar de reelaboración de la memoria y entendiendo las narrativas como representaciones, lo cual convierte este espacio en lugar de disputas. El trabajo resalta que el objetivo central de este proyecto fue doble: volver el museo un gran libro de historia, y el de ponerlo al corriente de las actuales corrientes de la museología. De esta forma, el Museo Nacional logra una constante capacitación del personal, la diversificación de servicios para el público, la creación del Departamento Educativo, y una consciente gestión de colecciones. En cuanto al montaje de la exposición de larga duración, se observa que el segundo piso, que corresponden a las salas de historia, no rompe con la periodización habitual, y resalta el origen de la nación en las figuras de Bolívar y Santander como próceres de la Independencia. En el tercer piso, las salas de bellas artes, se reúnen no sólo a los artistas que tradicionalmente habían estado ahí, sino que incluyeron a la vanguardia conformada por los nuevos. Las influencias que recibe este nuevo museo vienen dadas por Ulrich Löber, como asesor internacional, de Pierre Francastel y Marta Traba, a través de su directora, y de Colcultura y ACOM, quienes implantan los debates sobre museos en Colombia. Se concluye que la conciencia del poder que posee el museo para incluir y excluir a través de sus narrativas podría ser la gran enseñanza de esta administración, en un momento donde todos piden su espacio de representación.

O presente trabalho de mestrado propôs identificar as narrativas que se estabeleceram no projeto que buscou modernizar o Museu Nacional da Colômbia, na administração de Emma Araújo de Vallejo entre 1975 e 1982, a partir da confluência de três campos, a História Cultural, a História da Educação e a Museologia. Pode-se estabelecer que a proposta abrangeu dois aspectos: a reorganização administrativa do museu e a readequação das salas de exposição, que incluiu uma intervenção arquitetônica ao edifício. Metodologicamente o trabalho vincula-se ao conceito de Morales Moreno de interferência museográfica e ao referido por Zita Possamai e Marília Xavier Cury sobre o processo de musealização, para o tratamento dos documentos textuais: manuscritos, registros das comissões estruturadas (de Arquitetura, de História e da Arte), contratos, estudos arquitetônicos, propostas e relatórios, como para os de caráter mais visual: catálogos, fotografias, planos, desenhos, entre outros, entendendo que a narrativa histórica de um museu é por sua natureza diferente à encontrada no documento escrito. As discussões teóricas são determinadas em dois âmbitos, o que se refere a entender o museu como lugar da memória e as suas implicações; e o refletir sobre o que faz que um museu seja nacional. Para isto, autores como Myrian Sepúlveda dos Santos, Regina Abreu, Luis Gerardo Morales Moreno, Beatriz González, Ana Claudia Fonseca Brefe, Camilo de Mello Vasconcelos e Cecília Oliveira contribuem para a discussão, entendendo o museu como um lugar de reelaboração da memória e as narrativas como representações, o que converte este espaço em local de disputas. O trabalho salienta que o objetivo central deste projeto é duplo: tornar o museu um grande livro de história e fazer uma atualização face as novas correntes da Museologia. Deste modo, o Museu Nacional alcançava a qualificação constante do pessoal, a diversificação de serviços para o público, a criação do Departamento Educativo e uma gestão consciente das suas coleções. Sobre a exposição de longa duração é observado que o segundo andar, que corresponde às salas de história, não rompe a periodização tradicional e, além disso, se salienta a origem da nação nas figuras de Bolívar e Santander como pessoas eminentes da Independência. No terceiro andar, nas salas de belas artes, não só se encontram os artistas que tradicionalmente eram expostos, mas também foi incluída a vanguarda conformada pelos “novos”. As influências que o museu recebe são de Ulrich Löber, no período assessor internacional, de Pierre Francastel e Marta Traba, por intermédio da diretora, e da Colcultura e da ACOM, os quais instauraram os debates sobre museus na Colômbia. Conclui-se que a consciência do poder que possui o museu para incluir e excluir, através das suas narrativas, poderia ser o grande ensino desta administração, em um momento onde todos pedem o seu espaço de representação. / This master´s thesis proposes to identify the narratives that were established in the project that tried to modernize the National Museum of Colombia, under Emma Araújo's management between 1975 and 1982, from three fields, the Cultural History, the History of the Education and the Museology. It was possible to define that the offer contained two aspects: the administrative reorganization of the museum and the re adequacy of the exhibition, which included an architectural intervention to the building. Methodologically, adheres to the proposed for Morales about the concept of “interferencia museográfica” and which was said by Possamai and Cury about of the “procesos de musealización”, for the treatment so much for the textual documents: scripts, the acts of the commissions (of Architecture, History and Art), contracts, architectural studies, offers and reports, since of the visual ones: catalogues, photography’s, planes, drawings, among others, understanding that the historical own narrative of a museum is for his nature different from the contained one in the written document. The theoretical discussions are given in two areas: the museum as place of memory and his implications, and the reflections about what does that a museum a national one. For this, authors like Maria Sepúlveda dos Santos, Regina Abreu, Luis Morales, Beatriz Gonzalez, Ana Maria Brefe, Camilo de Mello Vasconcelos, and Cecilia Olivieira open the discussion understanding the museum as a place of reproduction of the memory and considerate the narratives as representations, which turns this space place of disputes. The work highlights that the central aim of this project was double: the museum turns a great book of history, and putting to the currents ideas about museology. From this, the National Museum achieves a constant training of the staff, the diversification of services for the public, the creation of the Educational Department, and a conscious management of collections. As for the exhibition is observed that the second floor, which they correspond to the rooms of history, does not break with the habitual periodization, and highlights the origin of the nation in the figures of Bolivar and Santander as leaders of the Independence. In the third floor, the rooms of arts, they show not only the artists who traditionally had been there, but they included the vanguard of the new ones. The influences that this new museum receives are from Ulrich Löber, as international adviser, of Pierre Francastel and Marta Traba, across his director, and of Colcultura and ACOM, who implant the debates on museums in Colombia. It concludes that the conscience of the power that possesses the museum to include and to exclude across his narratives might be the great education of this administration, in a moment where they all ask for his space of representation. / Este trabajo de maestría se propone identificar las narrativas que se establecieron en el proyecto que pretendió modernizar el Museo Nacional de Colombia, bajo la gestión de Emma Araújo de Vallejo entre 1975 y 1982, desde tres campos, la Historia Cultural, la Historia de la Educación y la Museología. Se pudo definir que la propuesta contuvo dos aspectos: la reorganización administrativa del museo y la readecuación del montaje, que incluyó una intervención arquitectónica al edificio. Metodológicamente se adhiere a lo propuesto por Morales sobre la interferencia museográfica y lo dicho por Possamai y Cury sobre los procesos de musealización, para el tratamiento tanto de los documentos textuales: guiones, las actas de las comisiones conformadas (de Arquitectura, de Historia y de Arte), contratos, estudios arquitectónicos, propuestas e informes, como de los visuales: catálogos, fotografías, planos, dibujos, entre otros, entendiendo que la narrativa histórica propia de un museo es por su naturaleza diferente a la contenida en el documento escrito. Las discusiones teóricas se dan en dos ámbitos, el que se refiere al entender al museo como lugar de memoria y sus implicaciones, y el de pensar qué hace que un museo sea nacional. Para esto, autores como María Sepúlveda dos Santos, Regina Abreu, Luis Morales, Beatriz González, Ana Maria Brefe, Camilo de Mello Vasconcelos, y Cecilia Olivieira abren la discusión entendiendo el museo como un lugar de reelaboración de la memoria y entendiendo las narrativas como representaciones, lo cual convierte este espacio en lugar de disputas. El trabajo resalta que el objetivo central de este proyecto fue doble: volver el museo un gran libro de historia, y el de ponerlo al corriente de las actuales corrientes de la museología. De esta forma, el Museo Nacional logra una constante capacitación del personal, la diversificación de servicios para el público, la creación del Departamento Educativo, y una consciente gestión de colecciones. En cuanto al montaje de la exposición de larga duración, se observa que el segundo piso, que corresponden a las salas de historia, no rompe con la periodización habitual, y resalta el origen de la nación en las figuras de Bolívar y Santander como próceres de la Independencia. En el tercer piso, las salas de bellas artes, se reúnen no sólo a los artistas que tradicionalmente habían estado ahí, sino que incluyeron a la vanguardia conformada por los nuevos. Las influencias que recibe este nuevo museo vienen dadas por Ulrich Löber, como asesor internacional, de Pierre Francastel y Marta Traba, a través de su directora, y de Colcultura y ACOM, quienes implantan los debates sobre museos en Colombia. Se concluye que la conciencia del poder que posee el museo para incluir y excluir a través de sus narrativas podría ser la gran enseñanza de esta administración, en un momento donde todos piden su espacio de representación.

5 Abstract: The aim of this thesis is firstly to deal with the emergence and development of museums on the Korean peninsula and since 1948 only in the Republic of Korea. Secondly it aims to concentrate on their educational activities. The very first modern museum in Korea called the Imperial Museum was established at the beginning of the 20th century. A year after the museum opened its door to the public, Korea was annexed by Japan. That had a great impact on the development of the first museums in Korea. After the liberation from Japanese rule in 1945 the museums were handed over to Koreans. Museum activity had only just begun when the Korean War broke out. The focus of the following part is the National Museum of Korea (NMK), the most important museum in South Korea. For most of its history the museum moved from one place to another. In 2005 it finally found its place in a newly built modern building in Soul's district called Jongsan. By taking NMK as an example the thesis explores the museum educational activities. It offers a closer look at programs for foreigners and the growing number of immigrants and senior citizens, popular lecture series, wide range of guided tours etc. Finally, some exhibition projects are introduced. Keywords: Korean museums, National Museum of Korea, museum education,...

Ce travail de recherche porte sur la numérisation du patrimoine culturel dans les musées nationaux coréens en nous interrogeant sur les différents types de dispositifs qui s’adaptent à la tendance actuelle du tout digital, tout en redéfinissant la médiation numérique. Afin d’aborder la particularité de la numérisation dans un contexte coréen, nous mettons en évidence d’une part un paysage global de l’évolution des musées nationaux ainsi qu’une analyse de la mise en application de la technologique numérique dans les institutions culturelles, et d’autre part les actions de médiation culturelle réalisées selon deux principes : démocratisation de la culture au sens global et démocratie culturelle dans le cadre du bien-être culturel et de médiation numérique au sein des musées nationaux coréens. Au-delà de ces recherches préalables indispensables, nous analysons des dispositifs numériques proposés par le musée national de Corée, ainsi que le comportement du public coréen, largement composé de ‘ressourceurs’ depuis des années, à l’égard des institutions muséales. Nous examinons la nouvelle tendance actuelle de la numérisation dans la société coréenne : l’établissement du nouveau concept de musée numérique constitué principalement d’une base de données sans objets réels, ainsi que la diffusion de l’exposition numérique utilisant essentiellement des supports digitaux pour mettre en avant et reproduire des œuvres. Dans cette perspective, nous évaluons un état des lieux actuel de la numérisation des institutions muséales coréennes selon les fonctions du musée. Cette thèse apporte des éléments de réflexion sur la numérisation pour développer la médiation numérique muséale tout comme elle se sert d’un modèle permettant aux institutions muséales d’évaluer l’état et l’utilité de la numérisation en fonction de leur situation propre. / This research work focuses on the digitization of cultural heritage in Korean National Museums by asking different types of devices that adapt to the current trend in the digital age by redefining a digital interpretation. In order to approach the particularity of digitization in a Korean context, we emphasis on a global view of the evolution of national museums as we analyze the application of digital technology in cultural institutions on one hand, the cultural interpretation’s actions carried out by two principles on the other hand: democratization of Culture in a large sense and Cultural Democracy in the context of cultural well-being and digital interpretation in Korean National Museums. In addition to these indispensable preliminary researches, we analyze digital devices provided by the National Museum of Korea, as well as the behavior of the Korean audience towards museum institutions, which has been 'rechargers' for years for most of it. Also, we study the new trend of digitization in Korean society: the establishment of the new concept of a Digital Museum consisting mainly of a database without any actual object, as well as the diffusion of the digital exhibition using mostly a digital media for exhibiting and reproducing a work of art. In this perspective, we evaluate the present state of the digitization of Korean Museums according to museum functions. This thesis provides the elements of reflection on digitization in order to develop museum’s digital interpretation as it uses a model that allows museum institutions to assess their state and utility of digitization according to their own situation.