Orientador: Luiz Fernando Milanez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T23:56:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santim_ChristianoGarciadaSilva_M.pdf: 4969690 bytes, checksum: ce0fa0a331e41c2ba678acb1f055dad6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O presente trabalho trata do estudo numérico da fusão de materiais de mudança de fase (PCMs-Phase Change Materials) no interior de uma cavidade retangular e de um cilindro horizontal, usando-se de um aquecimento isotérmico na parede de tais geometrias, utilizando-se de um código CFD. Inicialmente o material sólido encontra-se sub-resfriado. O objetivo é verificar a influência do aquecimento no processo de fusão, bem como o efeito do subresfriamento neste. Algumas hipóteses simplificadoras foram assumidas no modelo matemático. As propriedades termofísicas dos PCMs foram consideradas constantes, exceto para a densidade, onde a aproximação de Boussinesq fora utilizada e, para a fusão do gelo, empregou-se a relação proposta por Gebhart e Mollendorf (1977). O problema foi resolvido usando uma formulação matemática baseada no método da entalpia-porosidade, o qual permite o uso de uma grade espacial fixa. As grades computacionais utilizadas foram selecionadas após verificar-se que os resultados não variavam mais com o refinamento. O fluxo total de calor na superfície interna das paredes também fora obtido para os sistemas, bem como perfis de temperatura, linhas de correntes e perfis das frentes de fusão. Correlações para os tempos totais de fusão dos PCMs em função dos números adimensionais de Stefan e Rayleigh também foram apresentados. Os resultados numéricos foram comparados a resultados experimentais disponíveis na literatura, apresentando boa concordância / Abstract: The present work deals with the numerical study of melting of PCMs inside a rectangular cavity with all isothermally heated walls and inside a horizontal cylinder with isothermally heated wall, utilizing a CFD code. Initially the solid material is sub-cooled. The objective is to verify the influence of the heating in the melting process as well as the sub-cooling effect. Some simplifying hypotheses were assumed in the mathematical model. The thermophysical properties of phase change material were considered constants, except for the density where the Boussinesq aproximation was utilized and, for the ice melting, a relation proposed by Gebhart and Mollendorf (1977) was employed. The problem was solved by using a mathematical formulation based on the enthalpy-porosity method, which allows the use of a fixed spatial grid. The computational grid used was selected after checking that the results did not vary with more refinement. The total heat flux on the inner surfaces was obtained for the systems, as well as several temperature profiles, streamlines and melting front positions. Correlations for the total PCM melting time as a function of the dimensionless numbers of Stefan and Rayleigh were presented. Numerical results were compared with experimental results suitable in the literature showing be in good agreement / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

L'influence des transferts radiatifs sur les écoulements de convection naturelle en cavités habitables est étudié numériquement en régimes turbulents. L'étude considère des approches DNS et LES pour le problème de convection et une méthode des ordonnées discrètes (MOD) pour la résolution du problème radiatif combinée au modèle de gaz réel SLW. La configuration étudiée est basée sur une cavité différentiellement chauffée expérimentale en air située à l'institut PPRIME, de rapport d'aspect vertical 4, pour des nombres de Rayleigh allant de 1,5x109 à 1,2x1011. La première partie de l'étude se focalise sur les techniques de parallélisations hybrides MPI + OpenMP de la MOD. Les méthodes développées montrent une amélioration des performances de 13 à 1600% pour des niveaux d'hybridations élevés par rapport à la méthode classique de front d'onde. Puis, une étude du couplage convection-rayonnement surfacique est réalisée au travers d'une étude de sensibilité de l'écoulement vis-à-vis des émissivités de parois pour différentes valeurs du nombre de Rayleigh. Ensuite, le rayonnement volumique du gaz est ajouté, et son impact est évalué au travers d'une variation du taux d'humidité relative du mélange air sec/vapeur d'eau. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés aux cas d'une cavité convectivement adiabatique (i.e. flux convectif nul aux parois passives). Les transferts radiatifs ont pour effet de diminuer la stratification thermique centrale et d’augmenter la dynamique générale de l'écoulement. L'émissivité des parois passives pilote principalement la localisation de la transition laminaire-turbulente aux parois actives et la stratification centrale, tandis que le rayonnement de gaz ne semble impacter que les couches limites des parois horizontales. / The influence of radiative transfer on natural convection flows in cavities is studied numerically in turbulent regimes. The study considers DNS and LES approaches for the convection problem and discrete ordinate method (MOD) to solve the radiative problem combined with the SLW real gas model. The studied configuration is based on an experimental differentially heated cavity in air located at the Pprime Institut with a vertical aspect ratio of 4, for Rayleigh numbers ranging from 1,5x109 to 1,2x1011. The first part of the study focuses on hybrid MPI + OpenMP parallelization of the DOM. The methods developed show performance improvements of 13 to 1600% compared to the classical wavefront method. Then, a study of convection-wall radiation coupling is achieved through a flow sensitivity study to walls emissivities for different values of the Rayleigh number. Then, the gas radiation is added, and its impact is measured through a variation of the relative humidity of the dry air + steam. The results are compared to the case of a convectively adiabatic cavity (i.e. zero convective flux at the passive walls). Radiative transfers have the effect of reducing the central thermal stratification and increase the overall dynamics of the flow. The emissivity of the passive walls drives the location of the laminar-turbulent transition on the active walls and the central thermal stratification, while the gas radiation seems to impact the boundary layers of the horizontal walls.

Buoyant flows are present in nature and also in many engineering applications,from domestic heating to the cooling of nuclear power plants. This experimental study focuses on the effects of angle of inclination on buoyancy-driven flows inside tall, rectangular, differentially-heated cavities. The objective is to produce detailed local flow and thermal data, which will advance our understanding of the flow physics and also provide CFD validation data. It considers a 2.18m × 0.52m × 0.0762m cavity, resulting in an aspect ratio of 28.6, with its two opposing long walls maintained at constant but different temperatures, while all the remaining walls are thermally insulated. The Rayleigh number, based on the temperature difference and spacing of the long sides, is 0.86 x 106 for most cases and the working fluid is air (Prandtl number0.71). Experimental data for the flow and the thermal fields, using laser Doppler anemometry and Chromel-Alumel thermocouple traverses respectively, are presented for the cavity inclined at 60° and 15° to the horizontal, for both stable (the hot surface being the upper surface) and unstable (the hot surface the lower one) orientations. The 15° stable case is investigated at a higher Rayleigh number of 1.54 x106 and some additional data for the 15° unstable case are also presented at this high value of Rayleigh number. Comparisons with the measurements of Betts and Bokhari [1], for the same cavity at the vertical position, are also included. For moderate angles of inclination, the flow is two-dimensional and the effects of inclination are primarily confined to the fluctuating fields. For large angles of inclination, the flow becomes three-dimensional. In the unstable 15° angle of inclination case, a set of four longitudinal vortices are formed over the entire length of the cavity, with four counter-rotating re-circulation cells within the cross-section parallel to the thermally active walls. The enhanced mixing at 15° unstable inclination leads to uniform temperature in the cavity core and thus only minor deviations from two dimensionality in the thermal field. A modest rise in Rayleigh number, in the 15° unstable case, does not affect the mean motion, but causes an increase in the normalised turbulence intensities, which in turn leads to a more uniform temperature within the cavity core and a practically two-dimensional thermal field. The stable 15° angle of inclination case, surprisingly, leads to the formation of two longitudinal vortices and two re-circulation cells. The lack of mixing, in the 15° stable case, leads to more noticeable three-dimensional thermal field. The thesis includes a full set of flow and thermal predictions and also spectral analysis of thermal fluctuations, which show a significant effect of the angle of inclination on both the power density level and the ranges of frequencies involved.

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Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation numérique des écoulements ouverts de convection naturelle au sein d'un canal vertical asymétriquement chauffé à flux constant. Elle s'inscrit dans un contexte national de comparaison associant approches numériques (benchmark de la Société Française de Thermique SFT) et expérimentales. La particularité de ce type d'écoulement réside dans le fait que le moteur du mouvement est situé au sein même de l'écoulement, rendant alors difficile la modélisation des interfaces et par conséquent la définition des conditions aux limites à appliquer aux frontières ouvertes du domaine de calcul. Nous proposons ici deux approches numériques de modélisation de ce type d'écoulement. La première approche consiste à inclure à la fois le canal vertical et son environnement extérieur dans le domaine de calcul. Cette approche intègre les interactions canal - environnement extérieur de manière implicite et nous permet d'obtenir une description complète de l'écoulement et ainsi de caractériser les interfaces du canal. Sur la base de ces simulations, des solutions numériques de référence modélisant un écoulement de convection naturelle dans un canal vertical immergé dans un environnement infini sont établies. La deuxième approche consiste à restreindre le domaine de calcul aux limites géométriques du canal. Plusieurs méthodes de résolution et modélisation des interfaces sont alors proposées et comparées avec les solutions de référence précédentes. Une approche originale basée sur des conditions limites de type Robin pour la pression motrice montre ainsi de très bon accords avec les solutions de référence. / This thesis focuses on the numerical modeling of natural convection flows in a vertical channel asymmetrically heated at constant heat flux. It takes place in a national context of comparison of numerical approaches (benchmark of the French Thermic Society SFT) and experimental approaches. The main issues result in the fact that the driving forces lie within the computational domain so inlet and outlet flow cannot be a priori prescribed. Therefore it is difficult to model the interfaces and to prescribe boundary conditions at the open frontiers of the computational domain. We propose two numerical approaches for modeling this type of flow. In the first approach the numerical domain includes the vertical channel and its external surroundings in the computational domain. This approach implicitly integrates interactions between the channel and its external environment. This allows us to obtain a complete description of the flow and thus to characterize the channel interfaces. Based on these simulations, numerical reference solutions which are modeling a natural convection flow in a vertical channel immersed in a infinite environment are established. In the second approach the computational domain is restricted to the geometric limits of the channel. Several methods for the numerical resolution and for modeling of the interfaces are proposed and then compared with the previous reference solutions. An original modeling based on Robin boundary conditions for the driving pressure is described and shows very good agreement with the reference solutions.

With the current development of the computer industry, CFD simulations have become the widespread standard in the industry, forming a baseline tool for numerous designs and safety procedures. This extensive dependence on the CFD codes rather than experiments raises the issue of the reliability of the results obtained from these codes. This thesis is intended to study the dependence of the CFD results on the grid types, numerical schemes and turbulence models. Additionally, comparisons between a general purpose commercial code STAR-CCM+ and a specialized code FDS are presented towards the end of this thesis. To study the numerical errors introduced by the grids and schemes, a laminar flow induced by natural convection inside a square cavity was considered first. Using Richardson’s extrapolation, a grid independent solution was calculated and compared with the results obtained from different grid types and schemes for Rayleigh (Ra) numbers , and . Comparison plots showed a higher dependence of the accuracy of the results on the cell shapes along with the order of the scheme and the cell size. Additionally, with the same cavity a grid dependence study for the and model has been done at .To test the reliability of the Quasi-DNS performed by an Unstructured Finite Volume (FV) CFD code, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) budgets should be calculated. User subroutines were developed to calculate the budgets of the TKE and to verify the user subroutines, prior to coaxial cylinder test case, a Q-DNS of the channel flow at has been performed using different grid configurations and numerical schemes. Results obtained from the Q-DNS of the channel flow on the polyhedral cells with the bounded central differencing scheme were found to be in good agreement with the reference DNS data. After the validation test case, a Q-DNS of the buoyancy driven turbulent flow inside a horizontal annular cavity at a high Rayleigh number, Ra = 1.18x109 with outer to inner cylinder ratio of 4.85 was carried out using a commercial code. Comparisons of Q-DNS results with low-Re URANS models, and model, showed that the latter models are able to capture the general flow features but fail to predict the large unsteadiness and high turbulence levels in the plume. However, local heat transfer rates along the inner and outer cylinder walls are on average of acceptable accuracy for engineering purposes. Finally, a full scale industrial test case of a fire in a compartment has been simulated. Both URANS ( model) and LES (Smagorinsky model) approaches are applied to model the turbulence with and without incorporating the combustion modelling. A comparison of the CFD results with the experimental data showed that for building fire simulations, accuracy of the results is more sensitive to the correlations used in the combustion modelling rather than the type of the turbulence model.

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