Ce mémoire porte sur le caractère heuristique et critique du discours utopique qu’il conviendra de mettre en lumière à travers les écrits du Sous-Commandant Marcos, écrits qui constituent un cas exemplaire des mécanismes que met en œuvre le discours utopique. Partant de la définition opératoire de l’utopie comme expression d’un imaginaire social qui relèverait d’une pratique utopique dont la fonction serait de critiquer le caractère idéologique des représentations spatio-temporelles induites par l’ordre dominant et, se questionnant par la suite sur la nature de l’ordre dominant contemporain et le caractère spatial de son hégémonie grâce aux travaux d’Henri Lefebvre et de David Harvey, il s’agira de montrer comment, au sein de ses textes, Marcos parvient à produire un espace représentationnel alternatif dans lequel opère un mécanisme de neutralisation des contradictions (Louis Marin), une véritable épochè, une suspension du jugement, seule condition de possibilité du dépassement des contraintes de l’ordre dominant dans le discours et les représentations. / This thesis focuses on the heuristic and critical character of the utopian discourse, as it will be demonstrated through the Subcomandante Marcos’ writings, which present an exemplary case of the mechanisms at play in the utopian discourse. Starting with the operational definition of utopia as an expression of a social imagination resulting from a utopian practice whose function would be to criticize the ideological nature of spatiotemporal representations imposed by the dominant order and, subsequently questioning the contemporary dominant order and the spatial nature of its hegemony with the help of Henri Lefebvre and David Harvey’s works, the objective will be to demonstrate how, in his texts, Marcos produces an alternative representational space in which a mechanism of neutralization of oppositions (Louis Marin), an epoché, a judgment suspension occur, that is the only condition of possibility for overcoming the dominant order constraints in the realm of discourse and representations.

Ce mémoire porte sur le caractère heuristique et critique du discours utopique qu’il conviendra de mettre en lumière à travers les écrits du Sous-Commandant Marcos, écrits qui constituent un cas exemplaire des mécanismes que met en œuvre le discours utopique. Partant de la définition opératoire de l’utopie comme expression d’un imaginaire social qui relèverait d’une pratique utopique dont la fonction serait de critiquer le caractère idéologique des représentations spatio-temporelles induites par l’ordre dominant et, se questionnant par la suite sur la nature de l’ordre dominant contemporain et le caractère spatial de son hégémonie grâce aux travaux d’Henri Lefebvre et de David Harvey, il s’agira de montrer comment, au sein de ses textes, Marcos parvient à produire un espace représentationnel alternatif dans lequel opère un mécanisme de neutralisation des contradictions (Louis Marin), une véritable épochè, une suspension du jugement, seule condition de possibilité du dépassement des contraintes de l’ordre dominant dans le discours et les représentations. / This thesis focuses on the heuristic and critical character of the utopian discourse, as it will be demonstrated through the Subcomandante Marcos’ writings, which present an exemplary case of the mechanisms at play in the utopian discourse. Starting with the operational definition of utopia as an expression of a social imagination resulting from a utopian practice whose function would be to criticize the ideological nature of spatiotemporal representations imposed by the dominant order and, subsequently questioning the contemporary dominant order and the spatial nature of its hegemony with the help of Henri Lefebvre and David Harvey’s works, the objective will be to demonstrate how, in his texts, Marcos produces an alternative representational space in which a mechanism of neutralization of oppositions (Louis Marin), an epoché, a judgment suspension occur, that is the only condition of possibility for overcoming the dominant order constraints in the realm of discourse and representations.

[pt] Neste trabalho doutoral procuro refletir sobre o problema da guerra desde a perspectiva das comunidades zapatistas, em primeiro lugar; e também de quem desde as ações em defesa dos direitos humanos, ou as atividades acadêmicas e do ativismo têm acompanhado e pensado os múltiplos significados e manifestações dessa guerra. Ademais, mostro como nas articulações das resistências cotidianas, na busca pela autonomia indígena, se criam esses outros mundos possíveis. Metodologicamente, este trabalho aproxima-se da etnografia multi-situada, por meio da qual articulo pensamentos enraizados em distintas posições e localizações, nas quais as comunidades zapatistas marcam sua presença. Assim, procuro instigar esses significados acerca do fenómeno da guerra, mas também da liberdade, da resistência, das saídas possíveis a essa guerra, da solidariedade e as redes de apoio, entre outros. Ao mobilizar essas articulações de pensamento e prática, gera-se uma ferramenta heurística para compreender tanto a guerra quanto a autonomia, como forma de libertação nos territórios zapatistas. Dessa forma, para finalizar, traço uma possível interpretação do campo de conhecimento das Relações Internacionais e da segurança como objeto de estudo, em chave de interpretação decolonial. / [en] In this doctoral dissertation I seek to reflect about the problem of war from the standpoint of the Zapatistas communities in first place, and also from the perspective of those who have followed and thought the multiple meanings and manifestation of that war through their labour in defence of Human Rights, in academic and activist engagements. Furthermore, I show how, in the articulation of every-day resistance, in seeking indigenous autonomy, other possible worlds are created. Methodologically, this dissertation approaches a multi-sited ethnography, in which thoughts enrooted in diverse positions and localisations are articulated around the Zapatistas communities presence. Hence, I intend to instigate those meanings about the phenomenon of war, but also about freedom, resistance, the possible ways out from war, solidarity and social networks, among others. In mobilising those articulations between thought and practice, a heuristic tool is generated, as a possibility of comprehension about both war and autonomy, in terms of liberation in the Zapatista territories. That way, to finish, I trace a possible interpretation of International Relations as a scholarly field, and of security as a study object, in decolonial terms. / [es] En este trabajo doctoral procuro reflexionar sobre el problema de la guerra desde la perspectiva de las comunidades zapatistas, en primer lugar; y también de quién desde las acciones en defensa de los derechos humanos, o las actividades académicas y el activismo han seguido y pensado los múltiples significados y manifestaciones de esta guerra. Además, muestro cómo en las articulaciones de las resistencias cotidianas, en la búsqueda de la autonomía indígena, se crean esos otros mundos posibles. Metodológicamente, este trabajo se acerca a la etnografía multi-situada, a través de la cual articulo pensamientos arraigados en diferentes posiciones y lugares, en los que las comunidades zapatistas marcan su presencia. Por lo tanto, trato de instigar estos significados sobre el fenómeno de la guerra, pero también sobre la libertad, la resistencia, las posibles formas de salir de esta guerra, la solidaridad y las redes de apoyo, entre otros. Al movilizar estas articulaciones de pensamiento y práctica, se genera una herramienta heurística para comprender tanto la guerra como la autonomía como una forma de liberación en los territorios zapatistas. En conclusión, hago una posible interpretación del campo del conocimiento de las Relaciones Internacionales y de la seguridad como objeto de estudio, como clave para la interpretación decolonial.