A large proportion of water and wastewater systems have traditionally been analyzed and designed without the consideration of the nature, risk, and potential consequence of hydraulic transients. Recent advancements in numerical hydraulic modeling have spawned a specialty hydraulic field based on numerical transient analysis. The current practice within this field often lacks physical understanding and can be misguided by both the current knowledge, technology based limitations, and by the sole reliance on numerical models. This thesis aims to provide insights into some of the shortcomings of current practice and to develop the importance and application of field data based confirmations. The thesis examines the advances in the current field oriented technology for recording transient pressures, and provides examples and insights on how this data can be used both in conjunction with numerical modeling and on its own as a first step to a proposed frequency based transient risk assessment methodology. The thesis establishes definitions and a preliminary methodology for a Transient Risk Index.

A large proportion of water and wastewater systems have traditionally been analyzed and designed without the consideration of the nature, risk, and potential consequence of hydraulic transients. Recent advancements in numerical hydraulic modeling have spawned a specialty hydraulic field based on numerical transient analysis. The current practice within this field often lacks physical understanding and can be misguided by both the current knowledge, technology based limitations, and by the sole reliance on numerical models. This thesis aims to provide insights into some of the shortcomings of current practice and to develop the importance and application of field data based confirmations. The thesis examines the advances in the current field oriented technology for recording transient pressures, and provides examples and insights on how this data can be used both in conjunction with numerical modeling and on its own as a first step to a proposed frequency based transient risk assessment methodology. The thesis establishes definitions and a preliminary methodology for a Transient Risk Index.

The analysis of reinforced concrete structures under blast and impact loads is an area of research that has become increasingly relevant in recent years. Complex hydrocodes are typically used for impact analyses, although single-degree-of-freedom methods have also been developed. There are a number of disadvantages associated with both methods, and the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) is looking for a tool that can be used in conjunction with hydrocodes to analyze hard and soft missile impacts, with target damage ranging from flexural cracking to perforation. The VecTor programs, a suite of nonlinear finite element programs developed at the University of Toronto for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures, can potentially be developed into such tools. The analytical work done in this study serves to investigate the current impact and impulse loading analysis capabilities in VecTor2 and VecTor3, and to identify areas where work should be focused in the future.

The analysis of reinforced concrete structures under blast and impact loads is an area of research that has become increasingly relevant in recent years. Complex hydrocodes are typically used for impact analyses, although single-degree-of-freedom methods have also been developed. There are a number of disadvantages associated with both methods, and the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) is looking for a tool that can be used in conjunction with hydrocodes to analyze hard and soft missile impacts, with target damage ranging from flexural cracking to perforation. The VecTor programs, a suite of nonlinear finite element programs developed at the University of Toronto for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures, can potentially be developed into such tools. The analytical work done in this study serves to investigate the current impact and impulse loading analysis capabilities in VecTor2 and VecTor3, and to identify areas where work should be focused in the future.

A numerical model was utilized to assess the effects of elevated temperature on the application of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and enhanced in situ bioremediation (EISB) for the subsurface remediation of trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (PCE). Temperature adjustment of the contaminant physicochemical properties as well as the chemical/biological reactions associated with ISCO and EISB were accounted for in the model domain. ISCO reaction rates were estimated using Arrhenius principles; microbial growth rates for EISB were estimated using non-linear fits to published literature data. The results from this study showed that temperature did provide remedial benefits to ISCO and EISB treatment during the short-term timeframe of oxidant/substrate injection. During these time periods, heated ISCO and EISB treatment exhibited greater DNAPL mass removal and mass flux reduction compared to heated abiotic dissolution. In the long term, after oxidant/substrate injection was terminated, the treatment enhancements achieved by ISCO and EISB were negated. Permeability (k) reduction due to rind formation (ISCO) and bioclogging (EISB) inhibited DNAPL dissolution and contributed to greater dissolution tailing effects. Tailing effects caused by ISCO were more severe compared to EISB since rind formation contributed to permanent k reduction; partial k recovery was observed in the EISB scenarios due to biomass decay. Even though higher temperatures were beneficial to ISCO and EISB during the short-term oxidant/substrate injection period, treatment efficacy was ultimately controlled by the detrimental by-products (rind from ISCO and biomass from EISB) formed as a result of the associative chemical/biological reactions. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2014-02-10 18:59:23.177

No description available.

No description available.

Through geodynamic modeling, I investigate how Mars could have produced the extensive volcanism required to form the Tharsis rise early in its history, as well as continue to produce small amounts of melt up to present-day, in order to account for the evidence of limited geologically recent volcanism. InSight is the first interplanetary mission dedicated primarily to the study of a planet's deep interior, and has provided useful constraints for the present structure and interior temperature of Mars. I use the results from InSight and other spacecraft missions to more accurately model Mars, and evaluate the results of my geodynamic models, so as to constrain the properties that are necessary for or consistent with both the InSight results and the volcanic history reflected on the surface. This modeling has required extensive modification to the CitcomS geodynamic code I use, the bulk of that effort being in implementing and testing the melting calculations. One of the useful constraints that would have been provided by InSight would have been ground truthing the heat flow from the interior at the landing site, and this required determining, among other quantities, the thermal conductivity of the regolith into which the heat flow probe (mole) was placed. While the mole could not penetrate to its designed depth, thus disallowing the complete heat flow measurement, the team were able to obtain the necessary data determine the thermal conductivity, and how it varies seasonally. My rapid analytical method of estimating thermal conductivity produces results that agree surprisingly well with those of the team's complex numerical model, despite the mole not meeting the assumption of a sufficiently high length to width ratio. / Doctor of Philosophy / I investigate how Mars could have produced the extensive volcanism required to form the Tharsis rise early in its history, as well as continue to produce small amounts of melt up to present-day, in order to account for the evidence of limited geologically recent volcanism. I use 3D computer models of the mantle--the solid, but slowly flowing layer that makes up the bulk of rocky planets like Earth and Mars. InSight is the first interplanetary mission dedicated to the study of a planet's deep interior, and has provided useful constraints for the present structure and interior temperature of Mars. I use the results from InSight and other spacecraft missions to more accurately model Mars, and evaluate the results of my models, so as to constrain the properties that are necessary for or consistent with both the InSight results and the volcanic history reflected on the surface. This modeling has required extensive modification to the modeling code I use, the bulk of that effort being in implementing and testing the melting calculations. One of the useful constraints that would have been provided by InSight would have been ground truthing the heat flow from the interior at the landing site, and this required determining, among other quantities, the thermal conductivity of the soil into which the heat flow probe (mole) was placed. While the mole could not penetrate to its designed depth, thus disallowing the complete heat flow measurement, the team were able to obtain the necessary data determine the thermal conductivity, and how it varies seasonally. My rapid analytical method of estimating thermal conductivity produces results that agree surprisingly well with those of the team's complex numerical model, despite the mole not meeting the assumption of a sufficiently high length to width ratio.

O objetivo desta tese é estudar a dinâmica de mesoescala do sistema de correntes de contorno oeste ao largo da costa leste brasileira entre 10o -20o S. Esta é a área em que a Corrente Sul Equatorial (CSE) se bifurca, no escopo da circulação de larga escala forcada pelo vento associado ao giro subtropical do Atlântico Sul. Este sistema de bifurcação, somado à circulacao equatorial, tem uma estrutura tri-dimensional complexa que implica na formação de diversas correntes de contorno oeste (CCOs) que fluem ao largo da costa brasileira. Este sistema de CCOs tem sido reconhecido na literatura como de extrema importância nos últimos anos, por estar embebido nos padrões de larga escala da Célula de Revolvimento Meridional no Atlântico Sul. Transportes de calor e volume entre hemisférios em diferentes profundidades são parcialmente controlados pela média de longo termo da atividade de mesoescala na região supracitada, seja esta gerada localmente ou forçada remotamente. Esta tese objetiva estudar a dinâmica do oceano superior nesta região em dois capítulos independentes. Cada um destes capítulos são auto-suficientes em seu conteúdo, descrevendo suas hipóteses, metodologia, resultados, discussões e implicações. O conteúdo de cada um destes capítulos é sumarizado nos parágrafos seguintes. A Corrente do Brasil (CB) se origina com a chegada e bifurcação da CSE em superfície, entre 10-20o . A CB é uma CCO centrada em superfície e transporta águas quentes e salinas em direção ao pólo sul. Estudos climatológicos prévios descrevem a bifurcação da CSE como um fenômeno estratificado vertical e horizontalmente, e que o ramo sul da CSE dá origem a CB - uma corrente de contorno oeste fraca e rasa. A origem da CB é atualmente um dos aspectos menos explorados da circulação regional e sua atividade de mesoescala na parte oeste do giro subtropical do Atlântico Sul. O Capítulo 1 deste trabalho objetiva preencher esta lacuna de conhecimento descritivo na porção entre 10o-20o S ao largo da costa brasileira. A análise de três cruzeiros quase-sinóticos recentes em conjunto com padrões inferidos por altimetria e modelos de circulação global, confronta a descrição da CB como uma corrente de contorno oeste contínua. De acordo com nossas análises, o sinal da bifurcação da CSE próximo à costa não é claro, e os campos de velocidade são dominados por estruturas vorticais de mesoescala. Anticiclones recorrentes que aparentam estar associados ao meandramento da CB, nos conduzem a estabelecer um cenário de escoamento fortemente influenciado pela topografia e possivelmente instável. Diante desde cenário, sugerimos que a CB se caracteriza por um escoamento dominado por vórtices ao norte do paralelo de 20o S. O Capítulo 2 parte do pressuposto enunciado no Capítulo 1 e objetiva estudar os papéis do cisalhamento vertical e da topografia na formação dos vórtices observados na região de origem da CB. Apresentamos simulações numéricas de estudo de processo que mostram que as principais feições realísticas de mesoescala nas imediações da origem da CB podem ser reproduzidas com sucesso a partir da interação dinâmica entre versões parametrizadas do escoamento médio de dois jatos de contorno oeste e fluindo em sentido oposto (CB e Sub-corrente Norte do Brasil - SNB) e a topografia local, sem influência de dinâmica remota ou forçantes atmosféricas. Três extensos anticiclones reportados no Capítulo 1 são reproduzidos e apresentam um comportamento estacionário durante um ano de simulação. Dois experimentos de sensitividade adicionais são conduzidos. Quando a SNB é suprimida do contexto físico, a interação entre CB e topografia não é suficiente para reproduzir tais feições anticiclônicas, e em geral, o padrão obtido exibe pouca semelhança aos dados observacionais. Quando uma topografia idealizada, livre de bancos e montes submarinos é adotada, a interação CB-SNB é também insuficiente para produzir as estruturas realísticas de mesoescala. Nossa análise sugere que vórtices anticlônicos de borda de promontório ocorrem nos níveis verticais da SNB (cerca de 400 m) e que estes estão forçando o aparecimento de anticiclones em superfície (CB) cerca de 10 dias depois. Esta tese tem estrutura baseada em dois artigos científicos pré-existentes, ambos de autoria do presente aluno, com co-autoria de seu orientador, co-orientador e colegas. O Capítulo 1 destina-se aos resultados de um artigo publicado no periódico científico denominado Geophysical Research Letters [Soutelino et al., 2011] e o Capítulo 2 refere-se a um artigo atualmente submetido ao periódico científico denominado Continental Shelf Research [Soutelino et al., subm]. O conteúdo de ambos os capítulos estão expandidos em relação as versões originais para permitir maior nível de detalhamento das diversas partes que compõem o trabalho. Mais detalhes relativos às técnicas metodologicas são apresentados, bem como um maior numero de gráficos, buscando maximizar a clareza do documento. O Capítulo 3 compila e sumariza os resultados oriundos de ambos os artigos científicos, e consequentemente desta tese, finalizando com sugestões para trabalhos futuros. / This dissertation addresses the mesoscale dynamics of the western boundary current system off Brazilian coast easternmost portion (10o -20o S). This is the area where the South Equatorial Current (SEC) of the Atlantic Ocean bifurcates, in the scope of the large scale wind driven subtropical gyre. This bifurcation, summed to the Equatorial circulation, has a complex tri-dimensional structure that leads to the formation of several different western boundary currents (WBCs) flowing in different directions and in different depths off the entire Brazilian coast. This system have been recognized to have major scientific importance in the last few years, because it is embedded in the South Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (SAMOC) large scale pathways. Inter-hemisphere volume and heat net transports in different depths are partly controlled by the time-averaged effect of mesoscale features occurring in the region cited above, being these generated locally or remotely. This dissertation intends to address the upper ocean regional dynamics of this area in two self-contained chapters. Each of these chapters can stand alone, independently describing the problem, the methods, the results, and their implications. The contents of each chapter are summarized in the next paragraphs. The Brazil Current (BC) originates with the arrival and bifurcation of the southernmost branch of the South Equatorial Current (sSEC) at the surface between 10-20o. The BC is a surface-cored feature and it transports warm and salty waters poleward. Previous climatological studies showed a stratified sSEC bifurcation and that the resulting southern branch formed a shallow BC - a weak western boundary current. The site of origin of the BC is currently one of the less explored aspects of regional circulation and mesoscale activity in the South Atlantic Subtropical gyre westernmost portion. Chapter 1 of this work aims to fill this gap in the 10o -20o S zone off the Brazilian coast. The analysis of three recent synoptic surveys and global model outputs challenge the description of a continuous BC. According to our analysis, The sSEC bifurcation signal near the continental margin is unclear, and the velocity fields are dominated by mesoscale eddies. Recurrent anticyclones that seem to be related to the meandering BC leads us to construct a picture of a flow strongly influenced by topography and probably very unstable. Given this new emerging scenario, we hypothesize that the Brazil Current is eddy-dominated to the north of 20o S. Chapter 2 of this dissertation assumes the hypothesis formulated in Chapter 1 to be true, and studies the roles of vertical shear and topography on the eddy formation near the site of origin of the BC. We present numerical simulations that show that the main realistic mesoscale features in the eddy-rich vicinities of the BC site of origin can be successfully modeled through the dynamical interaction between parameterized versions of two opposing mean western boundary currents (BC and North Brazil Undercurrent - NBUC) and local topography, with no influence of remote dynamics or atmospheric forcing. Three large BC-related anticyclones described in Chapter 1 are reproduced and present a steady behavior during one year run. Two additional sensitivity experiments are performed. When NBUC is removed from the physical context, BC interaction with topography is not sufficient to generate such eddies, and the overall pattern shows considerably less resemblance with real data. When an idealized flat-bottom and no-banks topography is considered, BC-NBUC interaction is also not capable of developing realistic mesoscale structures. Our analyses suggest that leeward anticyclonic eddy generation mechanism is occurring at NBUC vertical levels (around 400 m) at the lee of bathymetric promontories and that this is driving the appearance of these eddies in the surface levels (BC domain) with a 10 days time lag. This dissertation structure is based on two existing scientific papers, both having the current PhD candidate as the first author, and co-authorship of his advisor, co-advisor and colleagues. Chapter 1 refers to the results of an article published at the Geophysical Research Letters scientific journal [Soutelino et al., 2011] and the Chapter 2 refers to an article currently submitted to Continental Shelf Research [Soutelino et al., subm]. The contents of both Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 are expanded in respect to the publication versions. More details regarding the applied methods and additional graphics and computations are shown. Finally, Chapter 3 ends the dissertation with final remarks.

O objetivo desta tese é estudar a dinâmica de mesoescala do sistema de correntes de contorno oeste ao largo da costa leste brasileira entre 10o -20o S. Esta é a área em que a Corrente Sul Equatorial (CSE) se bifurca, no escopo da circulação de larga escala forcada pelo vento associado ao giro subtropical do Atlântico Sul. Este sistema de bifurcação, somado à circulacao equatorial, tem uma estrutura tri-dimensional complexa que implica na formação de diversas correntes de contorno oeste (CCOs) que fluem ao largo da costa brasileira. Este sistema de CCOs tem sido reconhecido na literatura como de extrema importância nos últimos anos, por estar embebido nos padrões de larga escala da Célula de Revolvimento Meridional no Atlântico Sul. Transportes de calor e volume entre hemisférios em diferentes profundidades são parcialmente controlados pela média de longo termo da atividade de mesoescala na região supracitada, seja esta gerada localmente ou forçada remotamente. Esta tese objetiva estudar a dinâmica do oceano superior nesta região em dois capítulos independentes. Cada um destes capítulos são auto-suficientes em seu conteúdo, descrevendo suas hipóteses, metodologia, resultados, discussões e implicações. O conteúdo de cada um destes capítulos é sumarizado nos parágrafos seguintes. A Corrente do Brasil (CB) se origina com a chegada e bifurcação da CSE em superfície, entre 10-20o . A CB é uma CCO centrada em superfície e transporta águas quentes e salinas em direção ao pólo sul. Estudos climatológicos prévios descrevem a bifurcação da CSE como um fenômeno estratificado vertical e horizontalmente, e que o ramo sul da CSE dá origem a CB - uma corrente de contorno oeste fraca e rasa. A origem da CB é atualmente um dos aspectos menos explorados da circulação regional e sua atividade de mesoescala na parte oeste do giro subtropical do Atlântico Sul. O Capítulo 1 deste trabalho objetiva preencher esta lacuna de conhecimento descritivo na porção entre 10o-20o S ao largo da costa brasileira. A análise de três cruzeiros quase-sinóticos recentes em conjunto com padrões inferidos por altimetria e modelos de circulação global, confronta a descrição da CB como uma corrente de contorno oeste contínua. De acordo com nossas análises, o sinal da bifurcação da CSE próximo à costa não é claro, e os campos de velocidade são dominados por estruturas vorticais de mesoescala. Anticiclones recorrentes que aparentam estar associados ao meandramento da CB, nos conduzem a estabelecer um cenário de escoamento fortemente influenciado pela topografia e possivelmente instável. Diante desde cenário, sugerimos que a CB se caracteriza por um escoamento dominado por vórtices ao norte do paralelo de 20o S. O Capítulo 2 parte do pressuposto enunciado no Capítulo 1 e objetiva estudar os papéis do cisalhamento vertical e da topografia na formação dos vórtices observados na região de origem da CB. Apresentamos simulações numéricas de estudo de processo que mostram que as principais feições realísticas de mesoescala nas imediações da origem da CB podem ser reproduzidas com sucesso a partir da interação dinâmica entre versões parametrizadas do escoamento médio de dois jatos de contorno oeste e fluindo em sentido oposto (CB e Sub-corrente Norte do Brasil - SNB) e a topografia local, sem influência de dinâmica remota ou forçantes atmosféricas. Três extensos anticiclones reportados no Capítulo 1 são reproduzidos e apresentam um comportamento estacionário durante um ano de simulação. Dois experimentos de sensitividade adicionais são conduzidos. Quando a SNB é suprimida do contexto físico, a interação entre CB e topografia não é suficiente para reproduzir tais feições anticiclônicas, e em geral, o padrão obtido exibe pouca semelhança aos dados observacionais. Quando uma topografia idealizada, livre de bancos e montes submarinos é adotada, a interação CB-SNB é também insuficiente para produzir as estruturas realísticas de mesoescala. Nossa análise sugere que vórtices anticlônicos de borda de promontório ocorrem nos níveis verticais da SNB (cerca de 400 m) e que estes estão forçando o aparecimento de anticiclones em superfície (CB) cerca de 10 dias depois. Esta tese tem estrutura baseada em dois artigos científicos pré-existentes, ambos de autoria do presente aluno, com co-autoria de seu orientador, co-orientador e colegas. O Capítulo 1 destina-se aos resultados de um artigo publicado no periódico científico denominado Geophysical Research Letters [Soutelino et al., 2011] e o Capítulo 2 refere-se a um artigo atualmente submetido ao periódico científico denominado Continental Shelf Research [Soutelino et al., subm]. O conteúdo de ambos os capítulos estão expandidos em relação as versões originais para permitir maior nível de detalhamento das diversas partes que compõem o trabalho. Mais detalhes relativos às técnicas metodologicas são apresentados, bem como um maior numero de gráficos, buscando maximizar a clareza do documento. O Capítulo 3 compila e sumariza os resultados oriundos de ambos os artigos científicos, e consequentemente desta tese, finalizando com sugestões para trabalhos futuros. / This dissertation addresses the mesoscale dynamics of the western boundary current system off Brazilian coast easternmost portion (10o -20o S). This is the area where the South Equatorial Current (SEC) of the Atlantic Ocean bifurcates, in the scope of the large scale wind driven subtropical gyre. This bifurcation, summed to the Equatorial circulation, has a complex tri-dimensional structure that leads to the formation of several different western boundary currents (WBCs) flowing in different directions and in different depths off the entire Brazilian coast. This system have been recognized to have major scientific importance in the last few years, because it is embedded in the South Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (SAMOC) large scale pathways. Inter-hemisphere volume and heat net transports in different depths are partly controlled by the time-averaged effect of mesoscale features occurring in the region cited above, being these generated locally or remotely. This dissertation intends to address the upper ocean regional dynamics of this area in two self-contained chapters. Each of these chapters can stand alone, independently describing the problem, the methods, the results, and their implications. The contents of each chapter are summarized in the next paragraphs. The Brazil Current (BC) originates with the arrival and bifurcation of the southernmost branch of the South Equatorial Current (sSEC) at the surface between 10-20o. The BC is a surface-cored feature and it transports warm and salty waters poleward. Previous climatological studies showed a stratified sSEC bifurcation and that the resulting southern branch formed a shallow BC - a weak western boundary current. The site of origin of the BC is currently one of the less explored aspects of regional circulation and mesoscale activity in the South Atlantic Subtropical gyre westernmost portion. Chapter 1 of this work aims to fill this gap in the 10o -20o S zone off the Brazilian coast. The analysis of three recent synoptic surveys and global model outputs challenge the description of a continuous BC. According to our analysis, The sSEC bifurcation signal near the continental margin is unclear, and the velocity fields are dominated by mesoscale eddies. Recurrent anticyclones that seem to be related to the meandering BC leads us to construct a picture of a flow strongly influenced by topography and probably very unstable. Given this new emerging scenario, we hypothesize that the Brazil Current is eddy-dominated to the north of 20o S. Chapter 2 of this dissertation assumes the hypothesis formulated in Chapter 1 to be true, and studies the roles of vertical shear and topography on the eddy formation near the site of origin of the BC. We present numerical simulations that show that the main realistic mesoscale features in the eddy-rich vicinities of the BC site of origin can be successfully modeled through the dynamical interaction between parameterized versions of two opposing mean western boundary currents (BC and North Brazil Undercurrent - NBUC) and local topography, with no influence of remote dynamics or atmospheric forcing. Three large BC-related anticyclones described in Chapter 1 are reproduced and present a steady behavior during one year run. Two additional sensitivity experiments are performed. When NBUC is removed from the physical context, BC interaction with topography is not sufficient to generate such eddies, and the overall pattern shows considerably less resemblance with real data. When an idealized flat-bottom and no-banks topography is considered, BC-NBUC interaction is also not capable of developing realistic mesoscale structures. Our analyses suggest that leeward anticyclonic eddy generation mechanism is occurring at NBUC vertical levels (around 400 m) at the lee of bathymetric promontories and that this is driving the appearance of these eddies in the surface levels (BC domain) with a 10 days time lag. This dissertation structure is based on two existing scientific papers, both having the current PhD candidate as the first author, and co-authorship of his advisor, co-advisor and colleagues. Chapter 1 refers to the results of an article published at the Geophysical Research Letters scientific journal [Soutelino et al., 2011] and the Chapter 2 refers to an article currently submitted to Continental Shelf Research [Soutelino et al., subm]. The contents of both Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 are expanded in respect to the publication versions. More details regarding the applied methods and additional graphics and computations are shown. Finally, Chapter 3 ends the dissertation with final remarks.