International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Organizations such as the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), Federal Communications Commission (FCC), International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and various commercial entities use a wide range of spectral efficiency criteria in different broadcast and wireless system applications. These criteria and related specifications have significant differences. This paper briefly reviews some common adjacent channel interference (ACI) definitions as well as issues surrounding the definition of spectral efficiency. The impact of these parameters on system bit error rate (BER) performance and closely "packed" adjacent signals is described. ACI criteria and spectral efficiency definitions considered appropriate for existing telemetry applications and deployment of new generations of spectrally efficient systems are illustrated. Specific ACI and spectral efficiency performance requirements adopted by the Department of Defense (DoD) and Advanced Range Telemetry (ARTM) project are highlighted.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / A new constant envelope modulation scheme for OQPSK, called FQPSK-O, is presented. This modulation technique is an extension of the Feher Quadrature Shift Keying (FQPSK) patented technologies, see Ref[l]. This scheme uses cubic spline interpolation to generate very smooth baseband waveforms in order to increase the spectral and power efficiency. Being a constant envelope modulation, FQPSK-O can operate with class C power amplifier without spectrum regrowth. We achieve a more compact spectrum with comparable bit error rate performance. For example, the spectrum of FQPSK-O is 25% narrower than that of GMSK with BT(b)=0.3 and FQPSK-1 with hardlimiter [2] at -40 dB attenuation point. For coherent demodulation under AWGN channel, FQPSK-O has almost the same BER performance as FQPSK-1 with hardlimiter. Both of them are better than GMSK with BT(b)=0.3 for BER < 10^-4. In Rayleigh fading channel, FQPSK-O outperforms GMSK with BT(b)=0.3 by 2 dB. FQPSK-O is an excellent scheme for wireless and satellite communications which require high spectral and power efficiency.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Design, performance Test and Evaluation (T&E) of a novel smart diversity receiver, based on Feher Diversity (FD) patents over multipath, fast dynamic frequency selective fading channels is presented. A hardware simulator for construction of a frequency selective fading channel has been implemented in laboratory to resemble a telemetry aeronautical channel model, namely the two-path channel model. As an illustrative example, the block error rate (BLER) of a 1 Mb/s rate IRIG 106-00 and CCSDS standardized Feher’s patented quadrature phase shift keying (FQPSK) [1][2] with and without diversity in multipath frequency selective fading channels has been tested and evaluated. The experimental results clearly indicate significant performance improvement with the proposed diversity technique even in cases of severely distorted channels.

In this thesis, the author presents and analyzes two 4-dimensional Constant Envelope Quadrature-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying constellations. Optimal demodulators for the two constellations are presented, and one of them was designed and implemented by the author. In addition, a novel expanded 16-dimensional CEQ2PSK constellation that doubles the number of points without decreasing the distance between points or increasing the peak energy is generated by concatenating the aforementioned constellations with a particular method and restrictions. This original 16-dimensional set of symbols is set-partitioned and used in a multidimensional Trellis-Coded Modulation scheme along with a convolutional encoder of rate 2/3. Effective gain of 2.67 dB over uncoded CEQ2PSK constellation with low complexity is achieved theoretically. A coding gain of 2.4 dB with 8 dB SNR is obtained by using Monte Carlo simulations. The TCM systems and demodulators were tested under an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel by using Matlab's Simulink block diagrams.

A medida precisa de dimensões de lesões crônicas e o acompanhamento do processo de cicatrização são essenciais durante o tratamento. Porém, os métodos utilizados atualmente para esse fim são invasivos e imprecisos. Por outro lado, as técnicas de análise de franjas são métodos óticos amplamente explorados para a obtenção de topografias de objetos, pela análise da deformação de um padrão periódico de franjas projetado sobre a superfície deles. Dessa forma, a utilização dessas técnicas surge como uma interessante alternativa para a obtenção da topografia e das dimensões das lesões. Com o intuito de desenvolver uma técnica de análise de franjas capaz de medir dimensões de lesões na pele de forma não invasiva, rápida, exata e de baixo custo, comparou-se a Técnica Moiré de Projeção e a Técnica de Projeção de Franjas, chegando-se a conclusão de que a segunda era a mais adequada para o propósito. Assim, projetaram-se quatro padrões de franjas, deslocados de ¼ do período entre si, sobre a superfície do objeto de estudo e, através da análise das imagens, obteve-se um mapa com as fases dos padrões moduladas pela presença do objeto. Em seguida, esse mapa foi desmodulado para a obtenção das fases reais. Para a calibração desse mapa e obtenção das dimensões do objeto, utilizou-se um objeto de calibração de dimensões conhecidas, cujas imagens foram obtidas e analisadas nas mesmas condições que as imagens do objeto de estudo. Para a validação da técnica, obteve-se a topografia de vários objetos, que simulavam diferentes características das lesões, e compararam-se os resultados obtidos com as dimensões conhecidas deles. As limitações encontradas para a técnica se referem à presença de sombra e brilho na imagem e a variações abruptas na topografia dos objetos. A incerteza obtida para a técnica com o arranjo experimental utilizado foi de 3 mm. Uma vez validada a técnica e estudadas suas limitações, foram feitas medidas das dimensões de lesões em pacientes e verificou-se que é possível a utilização da técnica de análise de franjas para esse fim. Assim, pôde-se estabelecer uma sugestão de protocolo para a medição de dimensões de lesões no ambiente clínico, utilizando a análise de franjas. / Measuring chronic wound dimensions and evaluating the healing process are very important procedures during the treatment; however, the methods currently used for this are invasive and inaccurate. On the other hand, the fringe analysis techniques are optical methods, widely explored to obtain the 3D topography of an object. It consists in analyzing the deformation of a periodic fringe pattern projected on an object surface. Thereby, the fringe analysis techniques are an interesting alternative to obtain wound dimensions and topography. In order to develop a fringe analysis technique that can measure wound dimensions using a non-invasive, fast, accurate and low-cost method, the Moiré Projection and the Fringe Projection Techniques were compared, with the conclusion that the second one was the most suitable for the proposal. This way, four fringe patterns are projected on the object surface, each one displaced of ¼ of the period. Through the images analysis, a wrapped phase map, with the phases modulated by the object topography, was obtained. This map is unwrapped to obtain the actual phases. To calibrate this map and obtain the object dimensions, a calibration object with known dimensions was used. Its images were obtained and analyzed in the same conditions as the studied object. To validate the technique, the topography of different objects, which simulated wound characteristics, were obtained, and the results were compared with the known dimensions. The limitations of this technique are due to the presence of shadow and bright light in the image and to abrupt variations in the object topographies. The uncertainty of the technique obtained with this experimental setup was of 3 mm. Once the technique was validated and its limitations were studied, measurements of patients wound dimensions were made and it was verified that the utilization of the fringe analysis technique for this application is feasible. Thus, it was possible to develop a suggestion of procedure protocol to use the technique for measuring wound dimensions in the clinic environment.

Silicon photonics is emerging as a promising platform for manufacturing and integrating photonic devices for light generation, modulation, switching and detection. The compatibility with existing CMOS microelectronic foundries and high index contrast in silicon could enable low cost and high performance photonic systems, which find many applications in optical communication, data center networking and photonic network-on-chip. This thesis first develops and demonstrates several experimental work on high speed silicon modulators and switches with record performance and novel functionality. A 8x40 Gb/s transmitter based on silicon microrings is first presented. Then an end-to-end link using microrings for Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation and demodulation is shown, and its performance with conventional BPSK modulation/ demodulation techniques is compared. Next, a silicon traveling-wave Mach- Zehnder modulator is demonstrated at data rate up to 56 Gb/s for OOK modulation and 48 Gb/s for BPSK modulation, showing its capability at high speed communication systems. Then a single silicon microring is shown with 2x2 full crossbar switching functionality, enabling optical interconnects with ultra small footprint. Then several other experiments in the silicon platform are presented, including a fully integrated in-band Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) monitor, characterization of optical power upper bound in a silicon microring modulator, and wavelength conversion in a dispersion-engineered waveguide. The last part of this thesis is on network-level application of photonics, specically a broadcast-and-select network based on star coupler is introduced, and its scalability performance is studied. Finally a novel switch architecture for data center networks is discussed, and its benefits as a disaggregated network are presented.

Graduation date: 1999

Coherent detection employing multilevel modulation formats has become one of the most promising technologies for next generation high speed transmission systems due to the high power and spectral efficiencies. Using the powerful digital signal processing (DSP), coherent optical receivers allow the significant equalization of chromatic dispersion (CD), polarization mode dispersion (PMD), phase noise (PN) and nonlinear effects in the electrical domain. Recently, the realizations of these DSP algorithms for mitigating the channel distortions in the coherent transmission systems are the most attractive investigations. The CD equalization can be performed by the digital filters developed in the time and the frequency domain, which can suppress the fiber dispersion effectively. The PMD compensation is usually performed in the time domain with the adaptive least mean square (LMS) and constant modulus algorithms (CMA) equalization. Feed-forward and feed-back carrier phase estimation (CPE) algorithms are employed to mitigate the phase noise (PN) from the transmitter (TX) and the local oscillator (LO) lasers. The fiber nonlinearities are compensated by using the digital backward propagation methods based on solving the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation and the Manakov equation. In this dissertation, we present a comparative analysis of three digital filters for chromatic dispersion compensation, a comparative evaluation of different carrier phase estimation methods considering digital equalization enhanced phase noise (EEPN) and a brief discussion for PMD adaptive equalization. To implement these investigations, a 112-Gbit/s non-return-to-zero polarization division multiplexed quadrature phase shift keying (NRZ-PDM-QPSK) coherent transmission system with post-compensation of dispersion is realized in the VPI simulation platform. In the coherent transmission system, these CD equalizers have been compared by evaluating their applicability for different fiber lengths, their usability for dispersion perturbations and their computational complexity. The carrier phase estimation using the one-tap normalized LMS (NLMS) filter, the differential detection, the block-average (BA) algorithm and the Viterbi-Viterbi (VV) algorithm is evaluated, and the analytical predictions are compared to the numerical simulations. Meanwhile, the phase noise mitigation using the radio frequency (RF) pilot tone is also investigated in a 56-Gbit/s NRZ single polarization QPSK (NRZ-SP-QPSK) coherent transmission system with post-compensation of chromatic dispersion. Besides, a 56-Gbit/s NRZ-SP-QPSK coherent transmission system with CD pre-distortion is also implemented to analyze the influence of equalization enhanced phase noise in more detail. / QC 20120528

Addressing the high cost of RF instrumentation has motivated significant research activity, where researchers have proposed various non-standard and alternative test methods of RF circuits to mitigate high test cost. This dissertation describes a test methodology for RF receivers, whereby simple digital circuits comprise the core of the otherwise complex and costly broadband RF/analog signal generation. The proposed test methodology relies on a digital clock, commonly available to RF ICs for the purpose of digital communication, to generate the broadband RF stimulus needed for the receiver analog tests. The test method also utilizes commonly available baseband signal digitization (on-chip or off-chip) to acquire the baseband signal. It then relies on sophisticated, but inexpensive, signal processing to extract and compute standard RF performance parameters, like gain, noise figure (NF), and input-referred third-order intercept point (IIP3). In addition, the test method can extract important baseband (BB) parameters like the BB filter 3 dB bandwidth (BW), filter rejection at specific BB frequencies, or the BB filter profile. The motivation behind the proposed test methodology can be categorized as both architectural and cost reduction-oriented. Architecturally, the proposed test method aims at shifting the complexity involved in the test of RF receivers from the hardware (input) RF signal generation side to the signal processing done on the (output) baseband side. The process of shifting the complexity from the hardware design side to the signal processing side involves significant complex and sophisticated analysis, which is part of this dissertation. Cost-wise, the proposed test methodology enables the use of digital automatic test equipment (ATE) with limited baseband capability, instead of the full standard RF testers. Such a step reduces the initial tester cost and impacts the cost/sec figure spent on test for the life of the ATE tester, thus leading to test cost reduction. / text

A medida precisa de dimensões de lesões crônicas e o acompanhamento do processo de cicatrização são essenciais durante o tratamento. Porém, os métodos utilizados atualmente para esse fim são invasivos e imprecisos. Por outro lado, as técnicas de análise de franjas são métodos óticos amplamente explorados para a obtenção de topografias de objetos, pela análise da deformação de um padrão periódico de franjas projetado sobre a superfície deles. Dessa forma, a utilização dessas técnicas surge como uma interessante alternativa para a obtenção da topografia e das dimensões das lesões. Com o intuito de desenvolver uma técnica de análise de franjas capaz de medir dimensões de lesões na pele de forma não invasiva, rápida, exata e de baixo custo, comparou-se a Técnica Moiré de Projeção e a Técnica de Projeção de Franjas, chegando-se a conclusão de que a segunda era a mais adequada para o propósito. Assim, projetaram-se quatro padrões de franjas, deslocados de ¼ do período entre si, sobre a superfície do objeto de estudo e, através da análise das imagens, obteve-se um mapa com as fases dos padrões moduladas pela presença do objeto. Em seguida, esse mapa foi desmodulado para a obtenção das fases reais. Para a calibração desse mapa e obtenção das dimensões do objeto, utilizou-se um objeto de calibração de dimensões conhecidas, cujas imagens foram obtidas e analisadas nas mesmas condições que as imagens do objeto de estudo. Para a validação da técnica, obteve-se a topografia de vários objetos, que simulavam diferentes características das lesões, e compararam-se os resultados obtidos com as dimensões conhecidas deles. As limitações encontradas para a técnica se referem à presença de sombra e brilho na imagem e a variações abruptas na topografia dos objetos. A incerteza obtida para a técnica com o arranjo experimental utilizado foi de 3 mm. Uma vez validada a técnica e estudadas suas limitações, foram feitas medidas das dimensões de lesões em pacientes e verificou-se que é possível a utilização da técnica de análise de franjas para esse fim. Assim, pôde-se estabelecer uma sugestão de protocolo para a medição de dimensões de lesões no ambiente clínico, utilizando a análise de franjas. / Measuring chronic wound dimensions and evaluating the healing process are very important procedures during the treatment; however, the methods currently used for this are invasive and inaccurate. On the other hand, the fringe analysis techniques are optical methods, widely explored to obtain the 3D topography of an object. It consists in analyzing the deformation of a periodic fringe pattern projected on an object surface. Thereby, the fringe analysis techniques are an interesting alternative to obtain wound dimensions and topography. In order to develop a fringe analysis technique that can measure wound dimensions using a non-invasive, fast, accurate and low-cost method, the Moiré Projection and the Fringe Projection Techniques were compared, with the conclusion that the second one was the most suitable for the proposal. This way, four fringe patterns are projected on the object surface, each one displaced of ¼ of the period. Through the images analysis, a wrapped phase map, with the phases modulated by the object topography, was obtained. This map is unwrapped to obtain the actual phases. To calibrate this map and obtain the object dimensions, a calibration object with known dimensions was used. Its images were obtained and analyzed in the same conditions as the studied object. To validate the technique, the topography of different objects, which simulated wound characteristics, were obtained, and the results were compared with the known dimensions. The limitations of this technique are due to the presence of shadow and bright light in the image and to abrupt variations in the object topographies. The uncertainty of the technique obtained with this experimental setup was of 3 mm. Once the technique was validated and its limitations were studied, measurements of patients wound dimensions were made and it was verified that the utilization of the fringe analysis technique for this application is feasible. Thus, it was possible to develop a suggestion of procedure protocol to use the technique for measuring wound dimensions in the clinic environment.