This thesis studies the degradation of perovskite photovoltaic cells placed in atmospheres of different moisture. Samples with inverse structure: ITO/ PEDOT:PSS/ CH3NH3PbI3–XClX / PC70BM/ Ca/ Al were prepared. Electrical characteristics were measured for 2 months and similar degradation trend was observed for all the samples. Perovskite cell efficiency PCE decreased to 20 % of the initial value in t80= 46±3 days in laboratory, t80=23±1$ days in nitrogen atmosphere and t80=25,7±0,6 dní days in dry atmosphere. For the initial 27 days of the experiment, a faster degradation linked with the decrease of ISC, FF and VOC was observed. After this period, the value of FF has stabilised at 0,777±0,009 % and the value of VOC at 0,70±0,02 % of their original value (in the laboratory atmosphere). Additional fall of PCE resulted only from the decrease of ISC and was slower than in the initial period. From the results acquired, it has emerged that during the experiment, the cell encapsulation provided a sufficient barrier against outer moisture. Residual moisture present in the sctructure, was labeled as the source of the degradation. The moisture is believed to enter with the hygroscopic material PEDOT:PSS during the samples preparation procedure. During the degradation, absorption measurements of photovoltaic cells were executed. The absorption spectra didn't change. That indicates, that the decrease of ISC is not caused by the reduction of light absorption. The thesis also studied the degradation of perovskite solar cells under illumination. The samples were exposed to UV radiation for 55,5 hours. The PCE time of decrease to 20 % of the initial value was t80 = 6±2 days. It was revealed, that UV radiation significantly accelerates the decrease of ISC.

This thesis deals with the possibilities of energy transmission by optical fiber for the purpose of powering of electronic systems. It comprises issues of electrical energy conversion to optical energy, coupling the power into the optical fiber, coupling between fiber and opto-electric transducer, conversion of optical energy to electrical energy, and transformation on required voltage levels. The principles of such Power-Over-Fiber are discussed in the first part of the work. Various technologies for the implementation of key system parts and their effectivity are discussed. In the next part, several Power-Over-Fiber commercial devices are compared. Subsequently, systems for Power-Over-Fiber experimental implementations are proposed. They are based on the utilization of semiconductor laser, multimode fiber, photovoltaic cell and related electronic circuits. The final part of the thesis deals with the construction of experimental systems and measurement of parameters of transmitted power and efficiency.

The project considers realization system, which allows us to test six different operation modes on lifetime of accumulators. The system will be connected to computer, that will perform measurement of current and voltage and switch betwen charge and discharge modes. The measured values will be recorded in certain time intervals to computer memory. After some time these measured data will be analised and the most optimal operational mode will be set.

The objective of this thesis is to perform practical measurements of two small photovoltaic power plants, compare the received results with a theoretical calculation, and evaluate how the two differ from each other. Measured data are divided into three groups. The first group evaluates an overall electric power production in the individual months and compares it with the theoretical presumption that is instrumental to a return of investment calculation. The second group shows us a development of electric power production during characteristic days. We can compare how an ideal day from the FVE production point of view looks like, in other words a sunny and clear-sky day, with the opposite case when it is cloudy and raining all day long. Another extreme is a rapid growth or a performance drop, which can happen in a pho-tovoltaic power plant and a time period when this situation can arise. The third group contains statistic data from the electric power production. They are processed in the form of histograms and polygons of production that graphically illustrate production decomposition into the individual months. These data can be instrumental to a decision making about the form of purchase, whether it is economical for us to use the so called green bonus or not.

The theoretical part is to outline the possibilities of solar energy conversion, learn about the issues solar cells and describe the history of photovoltaics and photovoltaic energy conversion. Then describe principle of the measurement VA characteristics of photovoltaic cells. This issue is not as easy as it seems at first sight, because the solar cell isn’t a linear component, which is very easy to measure. Analysis of VA characteristic of photovoltaic cells affects parameters such as: light intensity, temperature, serial and parallel resistance, the slope of the light source, and more. The practical part deals with creating a workplace for automatic measurement of VA characteristics of photovoltaic cells in the LabVIEW. Challenge is to create a functional program, which automatically measures the VA characteristics not only in the lighted cells, but also in the shaded cell (diode mode). The program calculates the power and important parameters, such as short-circuit current, open circuit voltage, maximum power, current and voltage at maximum power article. The program allows you to export the measured values to a text file. In the last chapter of this work is made control measurements of three samples of monocrystal photovoltaic cell by the measuring workplace. The measurement is compared with the reference device Solar Cell Tester.

Basic knowledge of photovoltaic energy transformation, devices and materials, used in photovoltaics are summarized in this master’s thesis. Sort of degradation factors and its consequences of the photovoltaic panels are described there. Detail reviews of degradation tests are processed at the end of theoretical part. The main purpose of this research is selected covering materials dielectric properties change monitoring. These covering materials were influenced of accelerated thermal aging and increased humidity.

In this work are discussed photovoltaic cells. There are also discussed basic concepts of radiation source for solar cells. Also mentioned the issue of semiconductors and even the history and evolution of the solar cells. A large part deals with possibilities of photovoltaic cells degradation. In one chapter is an attempt to bring some types of photovoltaic cells and a description of the production of these modules.The practical part deals with photovoltaic modules degradation and its evaluation. Following part compares measured values with the values provided by producer of photovoltaic modules.

Diploma thesis mainly describes the theoretical knowledge of the topic photoimpedance spectroscopy characterization of optical and electrical properties of the photovoltaic cells, which contains development and princip of cells working, material properties of photovoltaic cells, explanation of electromagnetic waves, spectrophotometry and impedance spectroscopy, followed by a discription of the measuring device and used measuring methods. The experimental section for each measurement method describes the steps of setting the program, then the tables with measured values are involeved in some parts and a part of each method are summary graphs of measured values with subsequent evaluation.

The aim of this diploma thesis is the development of research on the topic of the draft mix for network independence. Next is the outline the various design solutions of the battery systems for accumulation electric energy and balance model energy supply system for the selected object. The practical part of diploma thesis deals with necessary resources and the size of batteries for autonomous operation during the summer months and also implements technical and economic studies aimed at finding cost-effective solutions. The work is divided into 6 chapters that contain 16 tables and 18 figures. Diploma thesis brings an option to configure a photovoltaic system and also describes the features, functions and the choice between the most used technologies. Evaluation of results of theoretical methods are described in the final part.

[pt] Altas resistências elétricas em série e baixas resistências em paralelo são fontes de perdas em dispositivos Fotovoltaicos (PV). Em dispositivos que operam sob concentração, esses costumam ser os principais fatores limitantes para o aumento da eficiência de conversão. Excluindo fatores externos associados a falhas no processo de produção, a resistência elétrica em série depende de fatores intrínsecos aos materiais e à estrutura de camadas do dispositivo fotovoltaico. Dessa forma, para minimizar o seu valor é extremamente importante planejar adequadamente esses parâmetros construtivos antes da produção dos dispositivos. Um dos fatores mais impactantes na resistência em série é o desenho da malha de dedos coletores do contato elétrico frontal. Por outro lado, minimizar a resistência em série do contato elétrico requer o aumento da área metálica da superfície frontal, que serve de janela para a radiação solar. Portanto, deve haver um compromisso na redução das perdas elétricas e ópticas. Nesse trabalho, apresentamos os resultados da otimização do desenho da malha de dedos coletores para o contato elétrico frontal para três diferentes geometrias obtidas por algoritmos genéticos. As geometrias escolhidas foram a retangular, tradicional para a produção desse tipo de dispositivo, a hexagonal e a diamante. Além disso, comparamos os resultados obtidos com os de um dispositivo produzido com uma malha otimizada por um método de cálculo analítico. Ao final, discutimos as melhorias introduzidas pelas novas geometrias e apresentamos a configuração otimizada, que foi obtido para uma célula solar de tamanho 5x5 mm com uma estrutura retangular de fingers, com uma redução de perdas de 54,42 por cento que leva a um aumento aproximado de 1,40 por cento em eficiência. / [en] High electrical resistances in series and low resistances in parallel are sources of losses in Photovoltaic (PV) devices. In devices that operate under concentration, these are often the main limiting factors for increasing conversion efficiency. Excluding external factors associated with failures in the production process, the series electrical resistance depends on factors intrinsic to the materials and the layer structure of the photovoltaic device. Thus, to minimize their value it is extremely important to properly plan these constructive parameters prior to the production of the devices. One of the most striking factors in the series resistance is the design of the mesh of collecting fingers of the frontal electrical contact. On the other hand, minimizing the series resistance of the electrical contact requires the increase of the metallic area of the frontal surface, which serves as a window for solar radiation. Therefore, there must be a commitment to reduce electrical and optical losses. In this work, we present the results of the optimization of the design of the mesh of collecting fingers for the frontal electrical contact for three different geometries obtained by genetic algorithms. The geometries chosen were the rectangular, traditional for the production of this type of device, hexagonal and diamond. In addition, we compared the results obtained with those of a device produced with an optimized mesh by an analytical calculation method. At the end, we discussed the improvements introduced by the new geometries and presented the optimized configuration. which was obtained for a solar cell of size 5x5 mm with a rectangular structure of fingers, with a reduction in losses of 54.42 percent that leads to an approximate increase of 1.40 percent in efficiency.