A identificação de sistemas industriais tem aplicação industrial principalmente na sintonia de malhas de controle. A sintonia freqüente das malhas de controle possibilita a manutenção das características de desempenho do processo industrial durante o ciclo de vida da produção. O fato de ser remota, neste trabalho realizada via as interfaces OPC e CyberOPC, possibilita inúmeras aplicações práticas como a terceirização do serviço por empresas especializadas ou a centralização da otimização nas empresas constituídas por áreas distribuídas. Este trabalho propõe e testa experimentalmente, em sistemas lineares de primeira ordem com tempo morto, uma ferramenta computacional de identificação e sintonia remota de malhas de controle em malha aberta ou fechada utilizando controladores PID em ambiente industrial, que preenche os requisitos acima citados em uma plataforma única, e desta forma tem aplicação no ambiente industrial para ajustar as malhas de controle e em ambiente acadêmico como ferramenta de estudo de aplicações de controle e de redes industriais. / The identification of industrial systems has industrial application mainly in control loop tuning. The frequent tuning of the control loop allows the maintenance of performance characteristics for industrial process during the production life cycle. Remote tuning, using OPC and CyberOPC interfaces, supports several practical applications, such as specialized companies outsourcing services or companies distributed in different areas centralizing optimization. This project proposes and validates experimentally in first order plus dead time systems a software tool for remote identification and tuning of open or close PID control loops in an industrial environment that fulfils the requirements described above, in a single platform. The software tool could be used in control loops tuning in industrial systems, as well as in an academic environment simulating control applications and industrial networks.

O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento do modelo de uma microturbina a gás do tipo split-shaft com sistema de controle por retro-alimentação. Uma revisão bibliográfica dos trabalhos sobre controle de turbinas a gás indicou que praticamente inexistem trabalhos focando este tipo de turbina. O modelo foi desenvolvido a partir da geometria básica da turbina, aplicando-se os fundamentamentos de termodinâmica, mecânica newtoniana e mecânica dos fluidos mencionando os usos da primeira lei da termodinâmica, teoria de momento angular e atrito viscoso entre outros. O trabalho descreve os componentes, materiais e controles que podem ser usados em uma turbina split-shaft. O modelo foi simulado primeiramente sem controle e posteriormente com controle. Através dos resultados da simulação do modelo sem controle puderam ser vistos fenômenos que podem ocorrer em um sistema desse tipo como picos de temperatura, influência de uma turbina sobre a outra e a variação de injeção de combustível devido à variação de pressão na câmara de combustão entre outros. Para o modelo controlado, foram testados os controles PI, PID, PI-D, I-PD e PI-PD com feedback negativo. A escolha dos parâmetros de cada controle foi determinada pelo método ITAE dentro de um intervalo para cada parâmetro. O controle escolhido foi o PI-D por seu melhor desempenho e maior simplicidade. O controle fez com que as temperaturas de pico abaixassem em relação ao sistema sem controle e a rotação do gerador de energia elétrica foi mantida com uma variação máxima menor que 1% em relação à rotação de referência. Uma modelagem foi feita para um sistema lubrificante seguindo os mesmos princípios da modelagem da turbina split-shaft. Usou-se fundamentos de mecânica newtoniana e mecânica dos fluidos, com o equacionamento da conservação da quantidade de movimento, perdas de pressão localizada e distribuída entre outros. O modelo foi simulado primeiramente sem controle e posteriormente com controle. Através do modelo sem controle viu-se os efeitos do aumento da perda de carga em um dos ramos do sistema e os efeitos de uma entrada de referência em degrau. Esses efeitos são as variações das perdas no sistema e a variação do fluxo nos ramos do sistema. Para o modelo controlado foram testados os controles PI e PI-D com feedback negativo. Utilizou-se o método ITAE dentro de um intervalo para escolha dos parâmetros. O controle escolhido foi o PI porque a diferença de desempenho não foi significativa e a parte derivativa poderia tornar o erro maior devido à forma como o sistema foi modelado. A variável de processo foi controlada e os efeitos da variação de perda de carga em um dos ramos do sistema pôde ser observada. Os modelos são constituídos de várias partes simples, cada qual pode ser substituída por um modelo mais preciso. Assim, a modelagem funciona como um guia, mostrando as partes principais do sistema e podendo fornecer dados para a elaboração de novos modelos. / The objective of the present work is the development of the model of a split-shaft micro gas turbine with feed back control system. A bibliographical review of the works on control of gas turbines indicated that there are very few works dealing this type of gas turbines. The model was developed starting from the basic geometry of the turbine and applying the fundamentals of thermodynamics, newtonian mechanics and fluid mechanics. The components, materials and controls which can be used in a split-shaft turbine are described. The model is simulated firstly without control and later with control. The results showed that, for the uncontrolled model, typical phenomena which may happen in this type of system are seen such as temperature peaks, influence of one turbine on the other and fuel injection variation due to combustion chamber pressure variation amongst others. For the controlled model, the controls PI, PID, PI-D, I-PD and PI-PD with negative feedback are tested. The parameters choice of each control is determined by the ITAE method within an interval for each parameter. The PI-D control was chosen for its best performance and simplicity. The control made the peak temperatures lower than the uncontrolled system and the electricity generator rotation error was kept under 1% with respect to the reference value. A modeling is done for a lubrification system following the same principles of the split-shaft turbine modeling. Conservation laws of mechanics and fluid mechanics are used, such as momentum conservation and energy conservation equations (pressure loss). The model is simulated firstly without control and later with control. For the uncontrolled model, the effects on increasing the head loss in one branch of the system and the effects for a step reference was showed. These effects are the variations of system losses and the flow variation in the system branches. For the controlled model, the PI and PI-D controls with negative feedback were tested. The parameters choice of each control is determined by the ITAE method within an interval for each parameter. The PI control was chosen because the performance difference was not significant and the derivative part could turn the error bigger due to the way the system was modelled. The process variable was controlled and the effects on the variation head loss in one of the system branches was observed. The models have many simple parts; each one can be replaced by a more complex one if necessary. Thus, the present modeling may be used as guide for future improvements.

<p>To control the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and the exhaust brake, the position of a butterfly valve connected to a piston inside a pneumatic cylinder is controlled by altering the pressure inside the cylinder. This thesis evaluates the possibility to do this with pulse width modulation (PWM) controlled On/Off valves. The whole electro-pneumatic actuator system is built out of two On/Off valves and a cylinder.</p><p>A mathematical model of the system is constructed. The complete system model on state space form consists of nine states and is nonlinear. The model captures the dynamics of the system. The statics of the system is not captured as accurately. The model is still good enough to be used as aid when developing control strategies, since position feedback is available.</p><p>Automatic control strategies for the system are first developed and tested in simulation. The first approach is PID control. Because of the nonlinear properties of the system the results from a PID with a constant proportional part is unsatisfactory. To cope with the nonlinearities, a fuzzy controller is constructed; the results prove somewhat better, but not as good as expected due to implementation difficulties.</p><p>In a test bench the system is controlled by a P controller with feedforward from position. The feedforward strongly reduces the nonlinear behavior of the system. With this implementation the results that were hoped for with the fuzzy controller are reached.</p>

No description available.

During the uniform locomotion of legged robots with compliant legs, the body of the robot exhibits quasi-periodic oscillations that have a disturbing eect on dierent onboard sensors. Of particular interest is the camera sensor which suers from image degradation in the form of motion-blur as a result of this camera motion. The eect of angular disturbances on the camera are pronounced due to the perspective projection property of the camera. The thesis focuses on the particular problem of legged robots exhibiting angular body motions and attempts to analyze and overcome the resulting disturbances on a camera carrying platform (head). Although the full problem is in 3D with three independent axes of rotation, a planar analysis provides signicant insight into the problem and is the approach taken in the thesis. A carefully modeled planar version of an actual camera platform with realistic mechanical and actuator selections is presented. Passive (ltering) and active (controller) approaches are discussed to compensate/cancel motion generated disturbances. We consider and comparatively evaluate PID and LQR based active control. Since PID has the limitation of controlling only one output, PID-PID control is considered to iv control two states of the model. Due to its state-space formulation and the capability of controlling an arbitrary number of states, LQR is considered. In addition to standard reference signals, Gyroscope measured disturbance signals are collected from the actual robot platform to analyze the bandwidth and test the performance of the controllers. Inverted pendulum control performance is evaluated both on a Matlab-Simulink as well as a precise electro-mechanical test setup. Since construction of the planar head test setup is in progress, tests are conducted on simulation.

The main purpose of this thesis is to design a positioning system that matches the demand of the high-accuracy and the high-speed positioning. Hereon, the linear DC motor will be chosen as the main body of the whole system. Individually, we design the controller for macro model and micro model. Among them, using the genetic algorithms¡]GA¡^to find the near-optimum controller parameters for PID controller to complete the macro target. And adopting the relay-feedback auto-tuning PID controller to carry out the micro region position control. Through the dynamic transition condition, the two-step position control system is integrated. We hope that the positioning results can achieve the position sensor resolution, , in 0.2 second¡]positioning distance <1.0cm¡^. By adopting the principle and operation procedure of the genetic algorithms to make a search for the near-optimum controller parameters, and through the process of selection, reproduction, crossover, and mutation of genes, and then the performance of the closed-loop system with PID controller is improved. According to the computer simulations and the experimental results, it is obvious that the GA-based near-optimal controller can satisfactorily control the linear DC motor system.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία περιλαμβάνει την σχεδίαση και τον έλεγχο μέσω προγράμματος σε περιβάλλον LabView, ενός διπλού παράλληλου μηχανισμού με Τεχνητούς Πνευματικούς Μύες (Pneumatic Artificial Muscles (PAMs)). Η μηχανική διάταξη που κατασκευάστηκε είναι ένας διπλός παράλληλος μηχανισμός βασισμένος σε δύο τροποποιημένες πλατφόρμες τύπου Stewart. Ως ενεργοποιητές για την κίνηση στις πλατφόρμες χρησιμοποιήθηκαν Τεχνητοί Πνευματικοί Μύες ενώ για την στήριξη αυτών σε συγκεκριμένο ρυθμιζόμενο ύψος πνευματικά έμβολα διπλής δράσης, με μη περιστρεφόμενα πιστόνια. Παράλληλα, πάνω στις πλατφόρμες τοποθετήθηκαν δύο κλισιόμετρα προκειμένου να παρέχουν πληροφορίες για την κλίση αυτών. Ο έλεγχος της πίεσης του αέρα που υπάρχει στους μύες και στα έμβολα γίνεται μέσω αναλογικών ρυθμιστών πίεσης. Σε λειτουργία Ανοικτού Βρόγχου (Open loop Operation) ο μηχανισμός μπορεί να εκτελέσει παράλληλες ή περιστροφικές κινήσεις σε κάθε πλατφόρμα ξεχωριστά ή και στις δύο ταυτόχρονα. Ο χρήστης επιλέγει το εύρος της κίνησης αλλά και τη συχνότητα εκτέλεσής της. Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας, μελετήθηκε η ανταγωνιστική λειτουργία των μυών και εξετάστηκαν τρόποι για την βελτίωσή της. Σε λειτουργία κλειστού βρόγχου (Closed Loop Operation) ο χρήστης εισάγει στον υπολογιστή με τον οποίο είναι συνδεδεμένη η διάταξη, τις επιθυμητές γωνίες στις οποίες θέλει να βρεθεί η κάθε πλατφόρμα. Υλοποιείται αλγόριθμος ελέγχου τύπου PID για κάθε ζεύγος μυών και μέσω αυτών υπολογίζονται οι κατάλληλες πιέσεις που πρέπει να έχει ο κάθε μυς, ώστε οι πλατφόρμες να επιτύχουν την επιθυμητή γωνία. Όλες οι διεργασίες ελέγχου της πλατφόρμας τόσο σε λειτουργία ανοικτού όσο και σε λειτουργία κλειστού βρόχου υλοποιούνται μέσω τους προγραμματιστικού περιβάλλοντος LabView της εταιρείας National Instruments (NI). / This thesis, presents the development of a double parallel mechanism actuated by Pneumatic Artificial Muscles (PAMs) and controlled via LabView. The mechanical arrangement is a double parallel mechanism based on two modified Stewart platforms. PAMs have been used as platforms’ actuators and also non revolute double action pneumatic cylinders have been incorporated in order to support them at a user specified height. In addition two dual axis inclinometers have been utilized in order to provide the necessary angle feedback for the control loop. The pressure regulation in the PAMs and in the pneumatic cylinders is performed by proportional pressure regulators. In the Open Loop Operation, the mechanism can perform parallel or circular motions, in each platform independently or combined. The user chooses the range and the frequency of the performed motion. Furthermore the antagonistic operation of the PAMs has been studied. In the Closed Loop Operation the user inserts the platforms’ desired angles. A PID controller is implemented for every pair of antagonistic muscles, giving the necessary pressures in the antagonistic PAMs. All the control operations both in Open and Closed Loop are performed via National’s Instruments LabView software.

General anesthesia is a drug-induced reversible state where neuromuscular blockade (NMB), hypnosis, and analgesia (jointly denoted by depth of anesthesia - DoA) are guaranteed. This thesis concerns mathematical modeling and feedback control of the effect of the muscle relaxants atracurium and rocuronium, the hypnotic propofol, and the analgesic remifentanil. It is motivated by the need to reduce incidences of awareness and overdose-related post-operative complications that occur in standard clinical practice. A major challenge for identification in closed-loop is the poor excitation provided by the feedback signal. This applies to the case of drugs administered in closed-loop. As a result, the standard models for the effect of anesthetics appear to be over-parameterized. This deteriorates the result of system identification and prevents individualized control. In the first part of the thesis, minimally parameterized models for the single-input single-output NMB and the multiple-input single-output DoA are developed, using real data. The models have a nonlinear Wiener structure: linear time-invariant dynamics cascaded with a static nonlinearity. The proposed models are shown to improve identifiability as compared to the standard ones. The second part of the thesis presents system identification methods for Wiener systems: a batch prediction error method, and two recursive techniques, one based on the extended Kalman filter, and another based on the particle filter. Algorithms are given for both the NMB and the DoA using the minimally parameterized models. Nonlinear adaptive controllers are proposed in the third part of the thesis. Using the model parameter estimates from the extended Kalman filter, the controller performs an online inversion of the Wiener nonlinearity. A pole-placement controller or a linear quadratic Gaussian controller is used for the linearized system. Results show good reference tracking performance both in simulation and in real trials. Relating to patient safety, the existence of undesirable sustained oscillations as consequence of Andronov-Hopf bifurcations for a NMB PID-controlled system is analyzed. Essentially the same bifurcations are observed in the standard and the minimally parameterized models, confirming the ability of the latter to predict the nonlinear behavior of the closed-loop system. Methods to design oscillation-free controllers are outlined.

[pt] Esse trabalho apresenta o estudo, manipulação e controle de um sistema de 2 graus de liberdade conhecido como pêndulo planar usando rodas de reação para alcançar certa posição, sendo o conceito básico desse sistema fundamentado na dinâmica de um pêndulo invertido. Utilizou-se o controle clássico PID e também controle Fuzzy, sendo gerado um modelo matemático simulado valendo-se de MatLab para análise desses controles, através da ferramenta Simulink que permite um auto ajuste para o controle do sistema. O PID foi construído de acordo com esse auto ajuste e também usando o método de Ziegler Nichols discutindo-se as diferenças entre os dois procedimentos. O controle Fuzzy foi elaborado montando-se o banco de regras adaptando a estratégia de controle para que se torne mais propícia para o sistema. Atritos nas juntas, e no motor foram contabilizados no modelo matemático. Por fim foi montado um modelo real usando uma placa de aquisição de dados em conjunto com o LabView para controle e uma placa micro controlada chamada Arduino e um encoder para aquisição de ângulos. Erros de medição e desbalanceamento do sistema são problemas que não puderam ser totalmente eliminados, mas tentou-se reduzir ao máximo seus efeitos. Resultados numéricos e experimentais são apresentados comparando cada controle e cada montagem e analisando as diferenças. / [en] This paper presents the study, manipulation and control of a two degrees of freedom system, known as planar pendulum, using reaction wheels to achieve a certain position, the basic concept of this system being the dynamics of an inverted pendulum. The classic PID controller was proposed as well as a Fuzzy control. The mathematical model was generated to be used in MatLab numerical simulations of these controls, using the Simulink tool which allows a self-adjustment of the controller of the system. The PID control was built according to the self-tuning of Simulink and also using the Ziegler Nichols method. The differences between both are discussed. Fuzzy control was designed, creating the bank of rules and looking for a control strategy more suitable for the system. Friction in joints, and drives were taken in account in the mathematical modeling. Finally a real model was built using a data acquisition board in conjunction with LabView for control and a microcontroller board called Arduino, as well as an encoder for the acquisition of angles. Measurement errors and unbalance of the system are problems that could not be completely eliminated, but were kept to a minimum. Numerical and experimental results were compared for each control and for each assembly and their differences were discussed.

Controladores PID são largamente utilizados no controle de processos industriais, tanto em sistemas monovariáveis como em sistemas multivariáveis. No entanto, muitos dos controladores encontrados na indústria são mal sintonizados. Um dos métodos mais simples de sintonia de controladores PID consiste em identificar algumas grandezas, as quais se relacionam com características do processo a controlar, e em seguida aplicar fórmulas para os parâmetros dos controladores baseadas nestas grandezas. Estas grandezas são o ganho e o período críticos do processo, os quais se relacionam diretamente com o limite de estabilidade do sistema. Uma característica bastante interessante deste método é que o mesmo pode facilmente ser implementado por um controle auto-ajustável. Por este fato, métodos de auto-ajuste destes controladores têm sido bastante utilizados em sistemas monovariáveis, através do uso do método do relé como procedimento de obtenção das grandezas críticas, necessárias à sintonia dos controladores. O método do relé consiste em aplicar um controle bang-bang em malha fechada com o processo do qual se quer identificar as grandezas críticas. Este procedimento, dentro de certas condições, provoca uma oscilação sustentada na saída do processo, da qual as grandezas críticas são obtidas. Tendo como objetivo o auto-ajuste de controladores PID em sistemas multivariáveis, o método do relé também pode ser utilizado para obtenção das grandezas críticas, devidamente adequado de maneira a obter as grandezas críticas multivariáveis do processo. Diferentes procedimentos de ensaios com relés podem ser aplicados em sistemas multivariáveis, porém somente um destes procedimentos é capaz de identificar as grandezas críticas multivariáveis do processo diretamente: o ensaio descentralizado com relés. Mesmo assim, a sintonia proposta na literatura é baseada nas fórmulas monovariáveis de Ziegler-Nichols e afins, mostrando-se, muitas vezes, inadequada. Desta forma, este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar um método de ajuste multivariável para controladores PID descentralizados, baseado nas grandezas críticas do processo. Este método estende o método do ponto crítico para sistemas monovariáveis aos sistemas multivariáveis, através da análise multivariável do problema. A análise do método do ponto crítico para sistemas monovariáveis mostra que um controlador PI ou PID sintonizado pelas fórmulas baseadas nas grandezas críticas do processo sempre irá deslocar o ponto crítico do processo para um outro ponto no plano complexo, determinado pelas fórmulas utilizadas. Da mesma forma, o método de sintonia proposto neste trabalho desloca o ponto crítico do processo para outro ponto no plano complexo, escolhido a priori, alterando a freqüência crítica do sistema. / PID controllers are widely used in process control, in singlevariable systems as well as in multivariable ones. Yet, many of the controllers found in industry are poorly tuned. One of the simplest tuning method of PID controllers consists in identifying some values which are related to the process characteristics, and simply apply some formulae based on these quantities to determine the parameters of the controllers. Theses quantities are the ultimate gain and the ultimate period of the process, which are directly related to the system stability limit. A very interesting characteristic of this method is that it is easily implemented by an auto-tuning control. Thus, auto-tuning methods of this kind of controllers have been largely used in singlevariable systems, using the relay feedback experiment in order to obtain the ultimate quantities, which are needed to tune the controllers. The relay feedback experiment consists in applying a bang-bang control to the process from which the ultimate quantities are to be identified. This procedure, under some conditions, provides a sustained oscillation in the process’ output, from which the ultimate quantities are obtained. Aiming at auto-tuning of PID controllers in multivariable systems, the relay feedback experiment can also be used in order to get the ultimate quantities. Different relay feedback procedures can be applied to multivariable processes, but only one of these can identify the real multivariable ultimate quantities, formally considering the multivariable nature of the process: the decentralized relay feedback (DRF). However, the tuning of the controllers proposed in the literature is based on Ziegler-Nichols like formulae, what seems to be, many times, inappropriate. This work presents a multivariable tuning method of decentralized PID controllers, based on the process’ ultimate quantities. This method extends the ultimate point method used in SISO systems to multivariable ones, through multivariable analysis of the problem. The analysis of the ultimate point method used in singlevariable systems shows that a PI or PID controller tuned through formulae based on the process’ ultimate quantities will always dislocate the ultimate point to another point in the complex plane, determined by the used formulae. The tuning method proposed in this work dislocates the process’ ultimate point of a multivariable process to another point in the complex plane, chosen a priori, modifying the system’s ultimate frequency.