Although parole boards have discretion and responsibility for deciding if and when prison inmates will be released on parole, previous studies of parole decisionmaking have found that the recommendations made by prison staff weigh heavily in parole decisions. In light of these findings it is surprising that the prison recommendation process has not come under greater scrutiny. What contributes to release recommendations made by prison superintendents, whether those recommendations are influenced by those made by lower level prison staff, and the factors shaping the latter, have not yet been explored by criminal justice scholars. It is the purpose of this research to examine parole release recommendations made at the prison decisionmaking stage. Practices followed by prison staff within one large state prison system as they formulated release recommendations for a random sample of 1610 parole applicants were examined. Of these applicants, 58% were recommended for release by unit management teams that operated on the cell block level. Using multi-level modeling it was possible to take into account characteristics related to applicants and prison staff teams, as well as institutions. Observations of decisionmaking teams and conversations with prison staff supplemented and contributed to the interpretation of quantitative findings. Results showed significant variation across teams and institutions in both the probability of an applicant receiving a positive recommendation for release--even after controlling for applicant and decisionmaking attributes--and in the strength of the influence of one applicant attribute: number of misconducts. A strong concordance also was found between recommendations made by lower level prison staff teams and prison superintendents. The findings have implications for prison and parole policies, the relationship between prison personnel and paroling authorities, prison operational procedures, and the perceptions of people who are incarcerated. / Criminal Justice

Yes / This article analyses the governance tools available to three Brazilian presidents – Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff – to direct and enact policy in the area of law-and-order, that is, to prevent crime, improve policing and develop effective penal responses. It examines the commonalities and the differences in the ways that each approached their key roles as president: communicating with the public on the issues, using the agencies of the federal bureaucracy, managing intergovernmental relations with the subnational units (states and municipalities), and managing their multiparty coalition and relations with Congress. In particular, it highlights the way in which Brazil’s highly fragmented and porous party system, which underpins the country’s coalitional presidentialist form of governance, has also encouraged the entry into legislative arenas of direct representatives of criminal justice professionals (police) and indirect representatives of private security actors. This has resulted in increasing producer capture of law-and-order policy within both the federal bureaucracy and legislative arenas at all levels of government. In the crisis of the Dilma presidency, to which they contributed, they were able to move from being veto-players to agenda-setters on law-and-order policy, intent on reversing the direction set by these presidents.

During the last decade, criminal justice and prison reform in the United States has been at the core of many social organizations, rallies and protests throughout the country. While most concerns aim for increased policing, legislative change and the reduction of incarceration rates altogether, the current living conditions for inmates prove to have a significant impact on their psychological wellbeing and ultimately rehabilitation. The experience of an inmate inside a prison appears to be only a small part of the wider issue, however. The U.S. currently holds the highest incarceration rates as well as the highest rate of re-offending in the world, creating a cycle that sustains high crime levels, lack of development opportunities and no coherent plan for a successful rehabilitation. This can be partially attributed to most inmates receiving poor preparation for the outside world, without incentivizing a return to a familiar environment. Together this creates a difficult barrier between the inmates and the general public. The experience while serving a sentence can drastically affect the potential of re-offending. The seclusive approach of most jails and prisons in the US creates an internal society that differs greatly from the society to which inmates are exposed after their sentence has been served. A disassociation and hostility from the general public towards convicts further stigmatizes any interaction between them and the prisoners who ultimately will rejoin that same public. While many of the challenges faced by inmates when re-introduced into the outside society can be alleviated by policy changes, also architecture has the potential to assist in the reform the internal experience of inmates. The hypothesis here proposes that the design of a prison should be closer to an analogy of the outside world in order to generate a greater familiarity with the structures of a society in which they ultimately will have to operate after rehabilitation. This project seeks to create a micro-urban condition within an urban prison through various architectural conditions. Home, neighborhood, city are ideological moments with architectural principles that form the basis of this design approach. The elongation of the typically short paths suggests a sense of commuting. A separation of functional spaces from living spaces, combined with spaces for integration where inmates and public can meet denotes the second major deviation from a typical prison program. While still a controlled environment, it more parallels the lives of the general public, an attempt to diminish the experiential boundaries faced by inmates when they are released. / Master of Architecture / Criminal justice and prison reform in the United States has been at the core of many social organizations, rallies and protests throughout the country. While most demands aim for increased policing, legislative change and the reduction of incarceration rates altogether, the current living conditions for inmates prove to have a significant impact on their psychological wellbeing and ultimately rehabilitation. The U.S. currently holds the highest incarceration rates as well as the highest rates of recidivism in the world, forming a cycle that maintains high crime levels with no coherent plan for successful rehabilitation. This can be partially attributed to most inmates receiving poor preparation for the outside world, experiencing hostility and unfamiliarity upon release. The seclusive approach of most jails and prisons in the US creates an internal society that differs greatly from the framework of our society. Disassociation and hostility from the general public towards convicts further stigmatizes any interaction between them and the prisoners.Many of these concerns could be adressed by policy changes, but architecture has the potential to reform the internal experience of inmates to assist their transition back into society . The hypothesis here proposes that the design of a prison should be closer to an analogy of the outside world in order to generate a greater familiarity with the structures of a society in which they ultimately will have to operate after rehabilitation. While still a controlled environment, it more parallels the lives of the general public, an attempt to diminish the experiential boundaries faced by inmates when they are released.

Yes / This chapter focuses on the forms of legality and illegality produced by, and within, prison systems in Latin America where prison populations have risen five-fold, leading to a serious structural crisis in the criminal justice system. The chapter develops the concept of “prisoner capture”, a double-sided phenomenon of illegality in the state’s practices of detention, on the one hand, and informal, or parallel, governance exercised by those that it detained, on the other. State authorities held tens of thousands of people in extended and legally unjustifiable pretrial detention, and frequently denied convicted prisoners their legal rights, including timely release. This officially sanctioned form of kidnapping created such overcrowding and under-investment in prisons that national, constitutional, and international minimum norms on detention standards were routinely, systematically and grossly violated. These multiple illegalities on the part of the state in turn encouraged the emergence of prisoner self-defence and self-governance organizations. This resulted in “prisoner capture” of a different kind, when inmates took over the day-to-day ordering of prison life. In turn, this produced a parallel normative and pseudo-legal world in which inmates adjudicated on and disciplined other inmates in the absence of state officials within the prison walls. The chapter further examines what the study of Latin American prisons and penal practices can add to the field of socio-legal studies in the region and the implications of this phenomenon of prison capture for the dominant socio-legal literature on prisons and imprisonment.

Cette thèse de doctorat explore la captivité des prisonniers de guerre allemands entre les mains des trois principaux Alliés de l’Ouest durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Plus précisément, ce travail porte sur les relations établies entre les autorités canadiennes, britanniques et américaines au sujet du traitement de quelque 600 000 « soldats d’Hitler » détenus sur leur territoire respectif entre 1940 et 1945. Une telle approche permet de porter un regard à la fois international et transnational sur la captivité de guerre. Les rapports entretenus entre les Alliés de l’Atlantique Nord au sujet des militaires ennemis témoignent de la dynamique politique présente au sein de cette Alliance. Bien que chaque État appliquait ses propres mesures de détention et entretenait des liens diplomatiques avec les organisations neutres responsables des prisonniers, en particulier le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, ainsi qu’avec la Suisse, la prise en charge de ces soldats ennemis faisait l’objet d’une grande collaboration interalliée, tout en provoquant d’importantes divergences entre les trois puissances détentrices. Contrairement à l’historiographie existante qui analyse la détention de guerre dans un cadre national, cette thèse montre que les Alliés ont plutôt pensé et élaboré la captivité comme un phénomène transnational. Ils correspondaient les uns avec les autres, contribuaient à leurs politiques respectives, participaient à des projets interalliés, établissaient des politiques communes, se réunissaient périodiquement pour mieux coordonner leurs actions et échanger sur leurs problèmes liés à la détention de guerre, aux solutions apportées, ainsi que pour partager leurs positions concernant la Convention de Genève de 1929, la mise au travail des détenus, le programme de dénazification et le rapatriement des captifs à partir de la fin de l’année 1945. La captivité des soldats allemands est donc le résultat d’une influence mutuelle entre les trois Alliés de l’Atlantique Nord, issu des expériences de chaque puissance détentrice. Suivant cette approche, cette étude indique que le Canada, souvent considéré comme une puissance secondaire dans l’historiographie, occupait un rôle déterminant dans le traitement des prisonniers allemands. De par leur expérience comme puissance détentrice avec plus de 35 000 prisonniers sur leur territoire, les autorités canadiennes s’efforçaient de respecter le droit ... / This doctoral thesis explores the captivity of German prisoners of war in the hands of the three main Western Allies during the Second World War. More specifically, this work focuses on the relationships between the Canadian, British and American authorities regarding the treatment of some 600,000 “Hitler soldiers” held on their respective territories between 1940 and 1945. Such approach allows an international and transnational regard on war captivity. The relationship between the North Atlantic Allies according to captured enemy militaries indicates the political dynamics within the Alliance. Although each State applied its own detention measures and maintained its own diplomatic relation with the neutral organizations responsible for prisoners, in particular the International Committee of the Red Cross, as well as with Switzerland, the handling of these enemy soldiers was the object of a large inter-allied collaboration, while provoking important disagreement between the three holding powers. Contrary to the existing historiography, which often analyzes war detention in a national context, this thesis shows that the Allies established and developed war captivity as a transnational phenomenon. They corresponded with each other, contributed to their respective policies, participated in inter-allied projects, established common policies, met periodically for a better coordination of their actions and discussed their problems related to the detention of war, the solutions provided, and finally to share their positions on the Geneva Convention of 1929, the labour program, the denazification attempts and the repatriation of the captives by the end of 1945. The captivity of the German soldiers is thus the result of a mutual influence between the three North Atlantic Allies, resulting from the experiences of each Detaining Power. Following this approach, this study indicates that Canada, often considered a secondary power in historiography, played a determining role in the treatment of German prisoners. Through their experience as a detaining power with more than 35,000 prisoners on their territory, Canadian authorities strove to respect international law and widely shared their jailer expertise with their Allies. This research suggests that Canadian authorities’ experience had contributed to US and British policies. This point challenge the argument that Canadians played only a “spectator” role ...

Prenant comme assise chronologique la guerre de Sept Ans, la présente recherche soutient que les prisonniers de guerre détenus en France suscitent la mise en relation de plusieurs échelons et composantes de l'État monarchique dans la perspective d'administrer leur captivité et de procéder à leur échange. Bien qu'il ne soit pas institué, un véritable système de captivité de guerre est à l'œuvre en France, sous la gouverne du secrétaire d'État de la Guerre. Ce système est ici exploré par l'entremise de trois échelles. D'abord l'échelle normative, qui correspond aux conceptions idéelles de la captivité de guerre, leur évolution tant dans les écrits que dans les pratiques. Ensuite l'échelle des prisonniers, qui aborde l'administration de la captivité directement au niveau des prisonniers, de leur entrée dans le système de captivité à leur sortie. Enfin, l'échelle étatique, échelle qui comprend toutes les interventions sur la captivité qui engagent l'État dans son entièreté. / Taking the Seven Years' War as a case study, this research argues that the detention of prisoners of war in France generates the connexion of multiple components of the French state, driven by the objective of administrating captivity and proceeding to the prisoners' exchanges. A non-instated war captivity system is at work, with the Secretary of State for War at its head. Here, the system is macro analysed through the lens of three of its scales. First, the normative scale explores the ideal conceptions of war captivity, their evolution in practice and in theory. Follows the prisoners' scale, where the direct administration of the prisoner's captivity is explored from their entrance in the system to their exit. Finally, the state's scale embraces the main captivity system's aspects that engage the France as a whole.

Fan Tse Hong. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2004-2005, design report." / Vienna / Chapter - --- boundary changes over time / Chapter - --- boundary as definition / Chapter - --- removal of boundary / Tunis / Chapter - --- interlocking boundary / Chapter - --- boundary as fabric / Chapter - --- threshold / Beijing Courtyard / Chapter - --- scale: city and house / Chapter - --- "threshold, visual barrier" / "Yaodong, China" / Chapter - --- levels / Chapter - --- sunken boundary / Tu Lou. China / Chapter - --- boundary as definition / Chapter - --- boundary as object / Chapter - --- inhabitied boundary / "Gasometer City, Vienna" / Chapter - --- boundary as object / Ha-ha / Chapter - --- sunken boundary / Storefront for Art and Architecture. Manhattan / Chapter - --- boundary and time / Commercial Street in Sai Kunq / Chapter - --- boundary and time / Chapter - --- boundary and level / Site book / Base Documentation / Chapter - --- "photo - site, aerial" / Chapter - --- history / Chapter - --- plan / Chapter - --- typical section / Chapter - --- "site area, no. of building, functions" / Chapter - --- levels / "Analytical Drawing boundary in a city (zoom out plan, layered drawings, collage)" / Chapter 1) --- Compound level / Chapter - --- threshold / Chapter - --- boundary within boundary / Chapter - --- material / Chapter - --- solid / void / Chapter 2) --- District level / Chapter - --- "relationship to Soho, escalator, the upper side, MTR..." / Chapter - --- "street, staircase, connection, penetration" / Chapter - --- circulation of man / vehicle / Chapter - --- porosity of facade / Chapter - --- threshold of buildings / Chapter - --- topography / Chapter - --- boundary element around the site / Chapter - --- temporal boundary

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

Les effets délétères de la montée de l’isolement au travail et des pathologies associées de la solitude sont aujourd’hui couramment admis. Cette étude a pour objectif d’éclairer la nature des liens entre l'isolement et son vécu au travail, la solitude professionnelle.A cette fin, nous nous intéressons à la catégorie des cadres dirigeants, et plus particulièrement à la population des directeurs de maisons d’arrêt.Notre approche est issue de la psychosociologie clinique du travail. Nous nous appuyons sur l’observation de situations de travail, l’analyse du contenu d’entretiens semi-directifs conduits auprès de 13 directeurs, et les matériaux obtenus lors de la mise en œuvre de la méthode réflexive d’instruction au sosie auprès de 3 d’entre eux.Les résultats montrent effectivement une fabrication de l’isolement lié à l’exercice du pouvoir, ainsi qu'un morcellement des collectifs professionnels induit par l’intensification du travail. La modernisation prescrite à marche forcée de la prison amplifie ce phénomène, laissant les directeurs de prisons affronter seuls la transformation accélérée de leurs missions, à l’abri des murs.Les dirigeants de maisons d’arrêt parviennent à riposter aux processus de rigidification et de délitement du lien social au travail. Ils répliquent de différentes façons à cet isolement progressif subi. Nous distinguons trois natures et expériences différentes d’une même solitude professionnelle, dépendant de la façon dont le sujet se saisit des ressources externes ou internes, matérielles, sociales et psychiques :- Une solitude résistante : nous identifions des tentatives de transformation de la réalité (reconstruction du lien social, développement de nouvelles formes de co-activité, recherche de soutien social), la mise en place de stratégies de défense, individuelles ou collectives, parfois sous des formes radicalisées comme l’esprit de corps, des mécanismes de dégagement qui font appel au jugement pour une juste adaptation à la réalité et qui aident à l’élaboration de la solitude. Nous parlerons alors de la solitude d'un sujet habité par "un collectif en soi" et dialogue avec cette altérité intériorisée.- Une solitude développementale: le sujet a pu se saisir d’espaces et de temps de recharge d' une capacité d’être seul au travail", protégé de la solitude souffrante par un environnement professionnel "suffisamment bon". Cette capacité d’être seul au travail autorise le sujet à se désirer seul. L’acte créatif peut exister au sein d’un espace transitionnel résistant dans des environnements professionnels pourtant fortement contraignants.- Une solitude désolante: c’est une expérience subjective souffrante de déliaison associée à un soutien social perçu carencé. Le sujet affronte un face-à-face solitaire et contraint avec lui-même. Cette forme de solitude est pathogène. C’est une expérience solipsistique propice au ressassement.Face à la montée de l’isolement, la solitude demeure donc une épreuve psychique risquée sur la scène du travail, qui inclut la population de cadres dirigeants. Ses différentes natures ne sont pas stables dans le temps : elles se succèdent, se chevauchent, ou se neutralisent à l’épreuve du réel. / The noxious Effects of the Rise of the isolation in the Work and the Pathologies associated by the Solitude are admitted today usually. This Study has for objective to light the nature of the Links between Isolation and lived on the Isolation in the Work, that is, the professional Solitude.To this End, we are interested in the socio-professional Group of the senior Executives, and more particularly in the Population of the Directors of Prisons.Our Approach arises from the clinical Psychosociology of the Work. We lean more particularly on the observation of working Situations, the Analysis of the Contents of semi-directive Conversations driven with 13 Managers. The results were obtained by the Implementation of the reflexive Method ofIinstruction to the Double with 3 of them.The Results show actually a Factory of the isolation bound to the Exercise of Power, and a Division of the professional Collectives leads by the Intensification of the Work. The Modernization prescribed rapidly by the Prison amplifies this Phenomenon, letting the Wardens face alone the Transformation accelerated of their Missions, shielded from Walls.The Leaders of Prisons succeed nevertheless in responding to the psychic Tests led by the Processes in the work of Stiffening and Disintegration of the social Link in the Work.The Subject can answer in various Ways to the psychic Test of Solitude. We so distinguish three Natures and Experiences different from the same professional Solitude, depending on Possibilities that has the Subject to seize external or internal Material, social and psychic Resources.

Aboutissement d'un mouvement réformateur initié depuis le milieu du XVIIIe siècle, l'avènement de la prison pour peine après la Révolution française, entraîne une redéfinition de l'architecture carcérale, dès lors érigée en programme architectural autonome. A travers l'exemple des prisons successivement aménagées et édifiées à Paris et dans le département de la Seine au XIXe siècle, qu'il s'agisse de bâtiments réaffectés ou de constructions ex nihilo, la présente étude s'intéresse à l'évolution des formes au regard des ajustements opérés sur la période en matière de politique pénale et de régime d'enfermement. Placés sous les yeux des décideurs, visités sans relâche, les établissements pénitentiaires de la capitale représentent en effet un formidable laboratoire d'expérimentations préalables à une généralisation à l'échelle nationale. L'analyse est centrée sur le travail de l'architecte constructeur de prison et s'articule, après une présentation détaillée du cadre administratif et des procédures, autour des contraintes fortes et multiples, parfois contradictoires, du programme. Puisque la prison, ville dans la ville, entreprend de reproduire derrière des murs tous les aspects de la vie quotidienne d'un grand nombre d'individus, il s'agit de voir comment l'architecture pénitentiaire met en jeu et tente de plier à ses contraintes propres presque l'ensemble des typologies architecturales communes, du logement à l'atelier, de l'hôpital à l'église, de l'école à la caserne, représentant un véritable défi pour l'architecte. Au-delà de la simple étude de cas, cette thèse se veut ainsi un matériau pour une future histoire générale de l'architecture pénitentiaire en France / In the wake of a reformatory drive initiated back in the middle of the 18th century, prisons erected after the French Revolution are the results of a redefinition of prison architecture, henceforth a fully fledged architectural programme in its own right. Taking as an example the prisons successively fitted our or built in Paris and in the Seine department in the 19th century, wether reset or built from scratch, the present study deals with the history of designs as a result of the development of penal policies during that period and with regard to confinement regulations. Under the vigilant gaze of decison markers, and regularly inspected, the penitentiary institutions in the capital city represent an outstanding laboratory for experimenting the measures to be later implemented nationwide. This analysis concentrates on the work of the architect responsible for building prisons ; it starts out with a detailed presentation of the administrative framework and procedures centered around the strong and sometimes contradictory requirements of the programme. Since a prison a town within the town, undertakes to reproduce behind its walls all the aspects of the daily life of a large number of individuals, the challenge for prison architecture and architects consists in using and trying to fit to its own constraint practically all common architectural typologies, from lodgins to workshop, from hospitals to church, from school to barracks. Beyond a simple case study, the present thesis is designed to inform a future general history of prison architecture in France