The author of this article details how we would state responsibility of the state in cases of error, for which develops the figure within the public sphere. In that sense, the deeper the scope and types of regulated responsibilities, according to the study carried out it comes. Subsequently, a detailed analysis of the contractual and extra-contractual responsibility of the state in various situations within the field of public management is done. Finally, assumptions configuration of different types of state responsibility develops. / El autor del presente artículo nos detalla en qué consistiría la responsabilidad estatal del Estado en supuestos de error, para lo cual desarrolla la figura dentro del ámbito público. En ese sentido, a mayor profundidad se trata el ámbito de aplicación y los tipos de responsabilidades reguladas, de acuerdo al estudio realizado. Posteriormente, se realiza un análisis minucioso sobre la responsabilidad contractual como extra contractual del Estado en diversos supuestos dentro del ámbito de la gestión pública. Finalmente, se desarrolla los supuestos de configuración de los distintos tipos de responsabilidad del Estado.

From an historical perspective, environmental law is an assembly of common law principles and regulatory techniques derived from public health and planning legislation. Until recently, it lacked a distinct, recognisable identity, and status. A separate discipline of ‘environmental law’ now exists which appears to have an internal coherence and to operate within a settled conceptual framework, anchored by a number of guiding principles. This development is not, though, a one-way process. There is an equally dynamic contraflow of legal disciplines claiming environmental concerns as their own, notably property and tort, company and insurance law. In a similar vein, at both European Union and national levels of government, there is a sense that the very nature of environmental problems means that environmental protection must form part of a wider range of policies and law. This thesis takes account of these recent developments by considering the contribution of environmental assessment to the development of environmental law. It examines the implementation of Council Directive 85/337 on the Assessment of the Effects of Certain Public and Private Projects on the Environment' in the United Kingdom and thus the integration of a European Community method of environmental assessment alongside indigenous’ methods of environmental appraisal in the planning system. Some explanation is required, both as to the choice of subject matter, and to the methodology chosen to write this thesis.

Within the past decade, there has been considerable debate amongst lawyers in most European and North American jurisdictions on standardized contracts. The realisation that these contracts did not fit into the framework of the law of contract elaborated by nineteenth-centry theorists, induced judges and academic alike to fashion concepts and mechanisms in order to tackle the undoubted injustices which were concomitant with the use of standardized contracts. These well meaning attemtps, while affording some protection to weaker contracting parties, were nevertheless productive of uncertainty and inconsistency. Hence, there has been in recent years a spate of legislation designed to deal with standardized contracts directly or indirectly. The adoption of modern economic institutions and also of Western legal systems in Cameroon has brought about significant problems in the realm of contract. The widespread illiteracy in Cameroon, the lack of commercial sophistication of the bulk of the populace, and the use of standardized contracts, have created problems of a much wider dimension than those to be found in the developed countries. This thesis involves a study in comparative law. It charts the ways in which the English and French courts have addressed the problems of standardized contracts. It also delves into how the Cameroonian courts have dealt with them, revealing the incongruities inherent in the application of concepts which have been evolved in a different country with distinct motives, in another country with entirely different social realities. Finally, this thesis looks at the legislative innovation; brought to this area of the law by four European countries and discerns what lessons can be learned from them by Cameroonian legislators in dealing with the problems of standardized contracts in Cameroon. All this is achieved by pulling together legal analysis and comments by Anglo-Americans and European scholars, and by weaving into the text nearly all important English, French, Cameroonian and indeed American cases on this subject.

Cette thèse propose de partir de l’État en tant qu’objet historique afin de comprendre ses relations avec l’arbitrage d’un point de vue de droit public. Elle adopte une étude fonctionnelle et introduit des éléments de droit comparé afin d’éclairer ces relations. Les fonctions de l’État dans l’arbitrage reflètent en effet l’évolution de la forme étatique, tout comme cette évolution explique leur nature et leur diversité. L’analyse des fonctions de l’État dans l’arbitrage mène ainsi au constant d’une série de dualités porteuses de tensions. Dualité d’abord entre deux grands types de fonctions étatiques qui structurent ce travail : les fonctions de puissance de l’État d’une part et les fonctions de régulation de l’État dans l’arbitrage d’autre part. Les premières correspondent aux fonctions traditionnelles de l’État moderne de juridiction, d’édiction et d’exécution et sont profondément imprégnées de l’idée de monopole étatique et de hiérarchie. Les secondes sont apparues plus récemment, en partie en réaction à deux globalisations économiques génératrices de réalités transnationales sur lesquelles l’État ne peut pas agir de manière efficace à travers ses fonctions de puissance. Dualité ensuite au sein de chacune des fonctions de puissance étatiques qui évoluent sous cette même pression ainsi qu’entre des fonctions de régulations directes et des fonctions de régulation indirectes de l’État dans l’arbitrage. Au sein de chacune de ces dualités, plutôt qu’un passage d’un pôle à un autre, on assiste à leur coexistence parfois conflictuelle. / This study takes the historical figure of the sovereign state as a point of departure in order to understand its relationship with arbitration from a public law perspective. To do so, it adopts a functional approach and introduces elements of comparative law. In fact, the sovereign functions in arbitration mirror the evolution of the sovereign state, while that evolution explains their nature and diversity. The analysis of sovereign functions in arbitration leads to identify a number of dichotomies that are a potential sources of conflicts. First, there is a dichotomy between functions of power in arbitration and regulatory functions in arbitration from which this study borrows its structure. The functions of power encompass the traditional jurisdictional, legislative and executive functions characteristic of the modern state and are linked to the ideas of state monopoly and hierarchy. The regulatory functions of the state are more recent, and emerged as a reaction to two economic globalizations that engendered transnational phenomena which cannot be ruled in an efficient manner through the sovereign’s functions of power. Second, there are dichotomies within each function of power when applies to arbitration as well as a dichotomy between direct and indirect regulatory functions in arbitration. Within each of these dichotomies, rather than a shift from one pole to the other, it is possible to observe a coexistence of both poles.

Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / In 1999 the South African Parliament passed the Public Finance Management Act No.1 of 1999 (PFMA). The intention was to ensure effective and better public finance management practice. The Act requires that government departments should establish measures to prevent irregular expenditure. However, there has been persistent irregular expenditure reports every year, which is an indication of non – compliance. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of irregular expenditure in the South African public finance management domain, using the national Department of Public Works as a case study.

Esta dissertação examina, da ótica da teoria política normativa, as justificativas oferecidas para intervenções humanitárias com uso da força dentro do contexto atual, quando a internacionalização dos direitos humanos e as crises humanitárias exigiram uma adequação da soberania estatal a princípios internacionais de justiça. Como se trata de uma intervenção militar, ainda que humanitária, o uso abusivo da força pode comprometer a eficácia dos direitos humanos que a própria intervenção pretendia defender. Daí ser importante circunscrever a intervenção humanitária dentro de limites toleráveis, de modo que o emprego da força física não comprometa o objetivo de proteger direitos humanos. Tanto as justificações normativas para as intervenções, como os riscos envolvidos nesse tipo de ação, são discutidos / This dissertation discusses, from the perspective of the normative political theory, the justification for forcible humanitarian interventions in world\'s present circumstances, when both the international reach of human rights and humanitarian crises call for an adjustment of the state sovereignty to international principles of justice. Since a military, though humanitarian, intervention is involved, the abusive use of force may endanger the very human rights which is the main purpose of the intervention to protect. Hence the importance of circumscribing the humanitarian intervention within tolerable moral limits, so that the use of physical force does not undermine the protection of human rights. Both the moral justification for and the risks of humanitarian interventions are examined

This master thesis is focused on international-legal analysis of the relationship between development projects and environmental migration. The relationship between development projects and environmental migration is from the point of view of the international law almost unexamined and unregulated area, so this is the reason why I chose this theme as the topic of my research. The aim of this thesis is to analyse this relationship in respect to the international law and to search for an appropriate international legal instrument to regulate this relationship. The outputs are the answers to the following research questions: What is development project and what is environmental migration? What are the legal aspects of the relationship between development projects and environmental migration? Is it possible to treat this relationship in international law? Why is this area neglected by international law? Would not it be better to create a separate international legal framework for resettlement caused by development projects? The diploma thesis is composed of four main chapters, under which I am progressively trying to find answers to the above mentioned research questions. The first chapter is devoted to the development project and to determination of its definition, including its terminological...

L’identification du contrat administratif est connue pour être une notion bâtie par la jurisprudence. Les critères d’identification de la notion ont été certes apportés par le Conseil d’État au début du XXe siècle, et la jurisprudence conserve encore aujourd’hui une importance indéniable dans la matière. La multiplication des qualifications légales, depuis le début du nouveau millénaire, pose cependant question. Il serait tentant de voir dans cet essor un bouleversement de la notion de contrat administratif. Ces changements auraient toutefois pour conséquence une perte de sens qui ne pourrait entraîner qu’une disparition à terme, voire paver la voie à une unification du contentieux des contrats, le contrat administratif ayant perdu toute spécificité. Or c’est cette spécificité qui justifie l’existence d’un corps de règle spécial – le régime du contrat administratif – et d’un juge spécial, le juge administratif. Envisager le problème en ces termes est tentant, mais ne reflète que partiellement la réalité. Il faut en effet rappeler que les qualifications légales sont très tôt intervenues dans la définition du contrat administratif, et qu’elles ont cohabité avec les critères tirés de la jurisprudence jusqu’à la période contemporaine. Malgré les apparences, c’est toujours le cas. Les qualifications légales les plus récentes n’ont pas remis en cause la spécificité du contrat administratif. Celui-ci est toujours identifié en fonction de sa nature particulière, et seul son champ d’application change. Critères jurisprudentiels et qualifications légales partagent en effet une même conception du contrat administratif, fondée sur la proximité avec l’intérêt général. Loin d’être affaiblie, la notion de contrat administratif révèle donc sa permanence. Seule recule de fait l’intervention de la jurisprudence en son sein, hormis dans l’application des textes. / The identification of administrative contract is known as a concept constructed by case law. The concept criteria were made by the Conseil d’État in the early twentieth century, and judicial authorities still retain an undeniable importance in the matter. The proliferation of legal qualifications, since the beginning of the new millennium however raises questions. It is tempting to see in this development a disruption of the concept of administrative contract. These changes, however, would result in a loss of direction which may result in an eventual disappearance, or even pave the way for unification of contractual disputes, administrative contract having lost all specificity. Yet it is this uniqueness that justifies the existence of a special rule body - the regime of administrative contract - and a special judge, the administrative judge. To consider the problem in these terms is tempting, but only partially reflects reality. It must be remembered that the legal qualifications were very early part in the formulation of administrative contract, and they cohabited with the criteria derived from case law to the contemporary period. Despite appearances, this is still the case. The most recent legal qualifications did not question the specificity of administrative contract. It is yet identified according to its special nature, and only its scope changes. Jurisprudential criteria and legal qualifications indeed share the same conception of administrative contract, based on the proximity to the public interest. Far from being weakened, the concept of administrative contract thus reveals its permanence. Only backs away the intervention of case law within it, except in the enforcement of written law.

A sound financial system is the cornerstone of any country‘s economy. As South Africa has always been deemed to have a sound legal framework pertaining to the financial market, it has never faced the situation where it had to extensively review its entire legal framework. However, the recent global economic meltdown left policy makers, internationally, questioning the soundness of their financial systems and South Africa has been no exception. This dissertation provides an overview of the legal framework pertaining to selected segments of the financial market. This legal framework is then tested against certain selected issues highlighted by the global economic meltdown in order to establish whether it was and still is sufficiently robust to effectively negotiate these challenges. In order to deal with the selected segments of the legal framework pertaining to the financial market as comprehensively as possible, the selected segments for the purposes of this dissertation include the capital market, the money market and the derivative market. This dissertation also evaluates the impact of other recent domestic developments pertaining to securities settlement in South Africa. These developments include the recently promulgated Companies Act 71 of 2008 and the currently drafted Participant Failure Manual. This dissertation suggests that the Companies Act 71 of 2008 will have a significant impact on securities settlement. It is recommended that companies, holders of uncertificated securities and holders of beneficial interests in uncertificated securities familiarise themselves with their revised rights and obligations in order to, amongst other things, ensure compliance with this new legislative framework. This dissertation reveals that, even though our financial system has been found to be fundamentally sound and thus far have dealt with the global economic meltdown quite well, legislative reform to conform to international best practice is imperative. It is recommended that policy makers should strive to ensure that the South African legal framework pertaining to the financial market is sufficiently aligned with the principles, methodologies and recommendations as provided for by the international institutions providing best practice. The highlighted areas of legislative reform include the legal frameworks pertaining to credit rating agencies, investor due diligence, ix crisis management tools, compensation structures, accounting and valuations standards, issuer transparency, market transparency and risk management. This dissertation highlights that a significant amount of legislative amendments and endorsements by the relevant regulators and the Master of the Court are required for the successful integration of the Participant Failure Manual into the legal framework pertaining to the financial market. If, when and how the notion of Participant Failure will be accepted and regulated by the relevant regulators, without creating a conflict of interest, remains a question to be answered.

LL.M. (International Law) / Please refer to full text to view abstract.