This thesis deals with advertising of medicinal products for human use and its public law regulation contained especially in administrative law regulations. The thesis aims to bring information on the existing law in this area, explain particular legal institutes and propose potential amendments of the existing regulation in appropriate cases. The first chapter is devoted to definition of crucial terms of a medicinal product, advertising and public regulation, since their correct understanding is decisive for the following text. The second chapter concerns regulation of advertising, firstly in general and consequently concretely advertising of medicinal products for human use. The thesis is structured so that it concerns advertising focused on wide public separately from advertising focused on experts. The third chapter is devoted to responsibility, supervision, administrative proceedings and decisions in administrative judiciary, offences and sanctions in the area of regulation of advertising of medicinal products for human use. The fourth chapter analyzes main articles of the last proposal for amendment of the Act no. 40/1995 Coll., on Advertising Regulation, as amended, which was submitted to the legislative process in 2012, and contains de lege ferenda proposals. Annexes of the thesis contain...

The aim of this thesis is to analyze international environmental agreements. It characterises the process of the making of international environmental agreements, the background in which they are made, the subjects, who take part in the process and generally define the position they have in international law. The focus is to point out their differences from the other international agreements. The second part concentrates on the analyses of the individual agreements, at first the general historical development and then follow the specific groups of agreements, divided by topics with the emphasis on the most important ones.

Les contrats internationaux de délégation de service public s'inscrivent dans un ensemble de techniques connues de longue date, les affermages ayant plus de trois siècles d'existence et les concessions étant apparues aux XIXe siècles. Les partenariats public privés constituent la dernière forme en date des relations complexes entre les collectivités publiques et des opérateurs industriels ou de services. La technique de délégation de service public est largement utilisé dans le monde et les états adaptés suivent leurs propres législations internes sous différentes approches de la délégation. A noter que l'amplitude du sujet constitue un défit. Une apprche systématique permettra de réduire les difficultés. Plusieurs éléments sont à prendre en considération. Le premier porte sur l'activité délégable, le deuxième porte sur les formes contractuelles de la délégation et le troisième porte sur les transpositions internationales des contrats de délégation. Dans notre recherche, nous étudierons les contrats de délégation de service public dans le sens large du terme et d'un point de vue internationale sans entrer dans la classification interne de ces contrats dans chaque pays en se basant sur le modèle francais de la "concession" et le modèle Anglo-Saxon le "BOT" qui sont les deux modèles de base les plus répandus et ceci en suivant toutes les étapes du contrat de déégation : Passation, vie et fin du contrat ainsi que son contenu. Nous allons aussi essayer de mettre en relief des réponses aux problèmes émanant de cette expérience et ses applications répandus dans presque tout les pays et dont la réussite varie selon les dimensions géographiques et démographiques du pays / International contracts of public service delegation is part of a set of known longstanding techniques, long-terme leases with more than three centuries of existence and the concessions being emerged is the nineteenth century. Public-private partnerships are the latest form dated complex relations between public authorities and industry operators or services. The technique of delegation of public service is widely used in the world and adapted states follow there own internal laws in different approaches of the delegation. Notes that the amplitude of the subject is a challenge. A systematic approach will reduce difficulties. Several factors most be taken into consideration. The first concerns the delegable activity, the second door on the contractual forms of delegation and the third focuses on international transposition delegation contracts. In our research, we will study contracts delegation of public service in the broadest sense and from an international point of view without going into the internal classification of those contracts in each country. Based on the French model of th "concession" and the Anglo-Saxon model "BOT" which are the two basic models of the most common we will follow all the steps of delegation contract : Procurement, life and termination of the contract and its contents. We will also try to highlight the answers to the problems arising from this experience and widespread in almost all countries and applications whose success depends on the geographical area and population of the country.

This PhD by published work consists of: • 1 single authored monograph; • 1 single authored paper in a refereed journal; • 4 main authored articles in refereed journals; • 3 joint authored articles in refereed journals; • 1 joint authored paper in a non refereed journal; and • 3 joint authored published reports. It covers the period 2009-2014 This thesis and the papers submitted demonstrate my significant contribution to a body of knowledge that provides a rich and unique insight to the development of changes in legislation and protocols in child protection practice. Particular expertise is threefold: the impact on the practice of all professionals involved with vulnerable families and children; the impact on the assessment of risk and working with families and children; and the impact on the ‘timetable for the child’. The publications reflect an examination of pre-proceedings protocols over a 5-year period. Throughout, the work demonstrates a theoretical and practical commitment to fairness and justice for families. The rationale that underpins this thesis is the need to explore the impact of procedural changes to the lives of children and their families. The rhetoric of improving pre-proceedings work in an attempt to divert cases away from court, and to ensure decisions that are made for children are both rigorous and timely, is at odds from the reality of practice on the ground. The recent hegemonic concern with the timetable for the child (Holt and Kelly, 2014) reinforces a change agenda that was ushered in ahead of the Children and Families Act that became law on 22nd April 2014. The President of the Family Division, Sir James Munby, has stated that 26 weeks completion time when cases progress to court is ‘a deadline not a target’, reinforcing the message that only a ‘comparatively small number of exceptional cases’ will fall outside it (Munby, 2013:4). This leaves little time for the court to intervene when cases have not been properly progressed at the pre-proceedings stage. The evidence from detailed observations of practice at all levels within pre-proceedings protocols affords an opportunity to send a clear message to legislators, policy makers and practitioners. Front-loading and diverting more cases into pre-proceedings protocols is quite simply a strategic measure to reduce the financial burden away from the courts and to place this elsewhere. Local authorities have child protection systems that are properly designed to support children who are in need of protection, and where it has been decided by professionals from a range of agencies working with families that the risk cannot be managed without the need to seek the involvement of the court, there should be no further delay. My concern is that in many instances children are already left holding the risk for too long. The question must be raised as to why, when a range of professionals working with the child and their family make the decision that an application to court should be made, a system that purports to hold children and families at the heart builds in further delay.

LL.D. (Public law)

À l'instar de ses homologues européens, le Conseil d'État a été érigé en juge de droit commun du droit de l'Union. L'exercice de cet office ne s'est pas fait sans heurts dès lors que le droit de l'Union européenne est venu défier certaines conceptions solidement enracinées dans la culture juridique nationale. Facteur de déstabilisation de l'office juridictionnel du Conseil d'État, l'ordre juridique de l'Union européenne s'est progressivement imposé comme le vecteur de sa modernisation et de la transformation de sa fonction juridictionnelle. La mise en œuvre de ce droit a conduit le Conseil d'État à se départir des dogmes juridiques auxquels il était profondément attaché et qui se trouvaient au cœur de son autolimitation. L'incidence de l'octroi de cet office juridictionnel se déploie au-delà de la stricte mise en œuvre des exigences mises à sa charge. Se matérialise, à l'échelle de l'Europe, l'émergence d'un espace européen partagé des juges qui se révèle être le berceau d'une circulation spontanée du droit. L'inscription du Conseil d'État en son sein participe inexorablement du processus d'enrichissement de son office en ce qu'il le conduit à s'ériger en acteur de l'édification d'un droit commun et du rapprochement de la justice administrative en Europe. / Like its European counterparts, the French Council of State was established to judge ordinary law in the European Union. Carrying out this duty has resulted in some conflict, as European Union law goes against certain notions that are entrenched in the national legal culture. The European Union's legal system, which has been a destabilising factor in the Council of State’s judicial duties, has gradually become an essential vector for the Council's modernisation and the transformation of its judicial function. Implementing this law has led the Council of State to move away from the legal dogmas that were at the centre of its self-limitation, to which it was profoundly attached. The implications of granting this judicial duty go far beyond rigidly implementing the requirements under its responsibility. At European level, a European space shared between the courts is starting to emerge, and is revealing itself to be the origin of a spontaneous movement of law. The Council of State's inclusion within this space is inexorably contributing to the process of enhancing its function, as it has resulted in the Council establishing itself as a player in the construction of ordinary law and in the alignment with European administrative justice.

L'élaboration du moyen d'ordre public par le juge est une quête constante d'équilibre. Ce dernier est, en effet, soumis à deux impératifs potentiellement contradictoires. Il lui faut assurer la préservation du corpus de valeurs composant l'ordre public contentieux. L'obligation de relever d'office et d'autoriser son invocation à tout instant du procès, après l'avoir soumis à la contradiction, lui permet d'atteindre pleinement cet objectif. Cependant ce régime coercitif est susceptible de mettre à mal la bonne administration de la justice. Les sujétions que le juge s'impose peuvent alourdir considérablement sa tâche. La vérification systématique de la présence au dossier d'un moyen d'ordre public, la communication aux parties et la possibilité pour ces dernières d'y répondre tout comme la dérogation aux règles de recevabilité des demandes nouvelles ralentissent le procès quand le juge administratif est mis plus que jamais au défi de l'efficacité. Il lui appartient alors de dépasser cet antagonisme en conciliant la nécessité de protéger l'ordre public contentieux avec celle de dispenser une justice bien administrée. Le juge parvient à cet équilibre en agissant tant sur la notion que sur le régime des moyens d'ordre public. Celui-ci crée et entretient l'indétermination de la notion de sorte que la nomenclature de ces moyens est amenée à évoluer au cours des époques et des contentieux. Il trouve alors dans cette plasticité la liberté lui permettant de contrebalancer les obligations procédant de son régime. Ces marges d'appréciation paraissent néanmoins insuffisantes. La jurisprudence la plus récente du Conseil d'État vient neutraliser et concurrencer cette technique. Sa pérennité n'est toutefois pas remise en cause. Le moyen d'ordre public a vocation à demeurer et pourrait même être renforcé par la reconnaissance par le juge d'un pouvoir de relever d'office les moyens ordinaires. / L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en anglais

La famille est une cellule qui relève de l'intimité de tout un chacun. Dès lors, comprendre l'intrusion d'un droit répressif en son sein n'est pas chose évidente. Pourtant, force est de constater que l'activité pénale s'y est intensifiée ces dernières années. La question est alors de savoir quelles sont les raisons qui justifient cette intervention du droit pénal au sein de la famille. Cette problématique nous conduit à interroger la place du droit pénal dans la famille. Cette étude met en lumière deux conditions de l'intervention du droit pénal : l'existence d'un dysfonctionnement dans la famille, une condition indispensable ; et la protection de valeurs sociales au sein de la famille, une condition nécessaire. Il convient par conséquent de construire, premièrement, le concept de dysfonctionnement familial autour de trois critères que sont la nature du dysfonctionnement, la gravité de ce dysfonctionnement et enfin le moment de son apparition. Deuxièmement, s'agissant de la protection des valeurs sociales dans la famille, deux modalités d'intervention sont à dissocier : une modalité classique selon laquelle le droit pénal est essentiellement un droit sanctionnateur et une modalité novatrice selon laquelle le droit pénal affirme sa singularité. / The family is an entity that falls under the privacy of everyone. Therefore, understanding the intrusion of a repressive law within it is not something obvious. Yet it is clear that penal activity has increased in the family those past years.Then the question is what are the reasons that justify the intervention of penal law within the family. This problem leads us to question the place of criminal law in the family. This study highlights two conditions for the intervention of penal law: the existence of a malfunction in the family, an indispensable condition; the protection of social values within the family, a necessary condition.First, it is therefore necessary to build the concept of family dysfunction on three criteria which are the nature of the malfunction, the severity of this dysfunction and finally the moment of its appearance.Second, with regard to the protection of social values in the family, two modalities of intervention are dissociated: a classic mode that penal law is essentially an accessory law and an innovative modality that penal law asserts its singularity.

Esta dissertação examina, da ótica da teoria política normativa, as justificativas oferecidas para intervenções humanitárias com uso da força dentro do contexto atual, quando a internacionalização dos direitos humanos e as crises humanitárias exigiram uma adequação da soberania estatal a princípios internacionais de justiça. Como se trata de uma intervenção militar, ainda que humanitária, o uso abusivo da força pode comprometer a eficácia dos direitos humanos que a própria intervenção pretendia defender. Daí ser importante circunscrever a intervenção humanitária dentro de limites toleráveis, de modo que o emprego da força física não comprometa o objetivo de proteger direitos humanos. Tanto as justificações normativas para as intervenções, como os riscos envolvidos nesse tipo de ação, são discutidos / This dissertation discusses, from the perspective of the normative political theory, the justification for forcible humanitarian interventions in world\'s present circumstances, when both the international reach of human rights and humanitarian crises call for an adjustment of the state sovereignty to international principles of justice. Since a military, though humanitarian, intervention is involved, the abusive use of force may endanger the very human rights which is the main purpose of the intervention to protect. Hence the importance of circumscribing the humanitarian intervention within tolerable moral limits, so that the use of physical force does not undermine the protection of human rights. Both the moral justification for and the risks of humanitarian interventions are examined

Le cœur de la problématique relative aux normes non directement applicables réside dans le caractère extrêmement réducteur du raisonnement suivant : la norme est trop imprécise ou n’a pas pour objet de régir la situation juridique, elle ne peut donc pas être appliquée à une espèce sur laquelle elle n’a, par elle-même, aucun effet juridique, par conséquent le justiciable ne saurait s’en prévaloir au soutien de ses prétentions et elle doit être exclue du débat juridictionnel. L’étude commence par une analyse de la démarche d’identification de leur absence d’applicabilité directe. La logique commande de vérifier ensuite si ce caractère a pour corollaire une spécificité du régime juridique des règles : l’applicabilité correspond à une application directe aux autorités publiques et l’absence d’invocabilité de ces norme correspond à leur absence d’application directe aux individus. Or, la justiciabilité des normes non directement applicables est, en réalité, à géométrie tout aussi variable que leurs effets juridiques. Aussi est-il important d’en découvrir les raisons tant théoriques que pratiques, et de proposer d’y apporter quelques aménagements. / Invocabilité Non self-executing rules don’t generally effect, of themselves, the object to be accomplished or the people’s condition, but they are carried into execution by the public authorities of the state. Regarded as political questions by thejudges, they can’t be invoked before court : the legislature must execute them before they can become “actual” rules for the judges. The study begins with a search on the criteria that distinguish self-executing and non self-executing rules. It is thennecessary to analyse the consequences of such a qualfication on the way those rules effect the public authorities, responsible for they enforcement. They don’t operate of themselves without an implementation act, and are therefore conceived as rules adressing themselves to the political powers and not to the judges. There is a direct link that binds the state’s authorities to non self-executing rules, whereas the link between those and the people is indirect. This indirect nature manifests itself in the lack of justiciability, to which this thesis tries to find explanations and solutions.