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Le secteur de la santé, témoigne d'enjeux et défis auxquels les décideurs publics doivent faire face de manière croissante. Différents facteurs (techniques, thérapeutiques, épidémiologiques, exigences de qualité et d'accessibilité des soins, contraintes budgétaires) imposent une modernisation des systèmes de santé. La dynamique de participation des acteurs du secteur privé, marchand et non-marchand, à des missions de service public, vient compléter le dispositif de commande basé sur les marchés et les délégations de service public. L'émergence de nouveaux instruments doit" permettre d'associer secteurs public et privé dans des projets de restructuration, de renforcement des services sociaux, en se basant sur un partage des risques et une mutualisation des compétences. Ces PPP apportent une innovation basée sur des mécanismes de contractualisation de longue durée, et parfois un préfinancement privé des équipements et ouvrages. Les personnes publiques se concentrent sur leur cœur de mission, et confient un ensemble d'activités (conception, financement, construction, exploitation, maintenance) à des partenaires privés. L'objectif de ces outils contractuels innovants et adaptables reste l'amélioration des performances des services. L'intérêt croissant des décideurs publics pour les montages juridiques complexes invite à apprécier leur applicabilité aux problématiques de santé, afin de valider l'hypothèse d'efficience sur laquelle ils se basent. Des recommandations opérationnelles peuvent être formulées au profit des autorités publiques, afin d'optimiser le recours aux instruments de partenariat. / The decision makers in the health sector are faced with increasing challenges and new stakes that they need to address. A wide range of push factors from new techniques and care to a higher demand for quality and accessibility of care as well as dramatic budget cuttings and constraints are driving and often trigger a new approach to health systems. Private sector involvement in public service, whether through for-profit or non-profit stakeholders, complements existing models such as traditional procurement or concessions instruments. These new models aim at innovative collaborations between public and private sectors through restructuring and strengthening health services, underpinned by risk and expertise sharing mechanisms. These PPP bring added value through long-term contracting and often a private financing of infrastructures and equipment. Public managers are in this case empowered to focus on their core public service missions while entrusting their private contractors/partners with a variety of tasks from design to financing, building, operating and maintaining the infrastructures. The overall aim of these new flexible contractual instruments is to help improving the services performance. Raising interest amongst public decision makers as well as other stakeholders, these complex legal arrangements require an assessment of the sustainability of the PPP approach towards health issues. The expected value for money which PPP are supposed to bring in also demands that a thorough evaluation be carried out. Besides, operational recommendations shall be drawn up for the benefit of those public managers looking at making the best of their partnership instruments.

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Topic of this thesis is securing public order in the State of Israel and comparing it with securing public order in the Czech Republic. In view of the current security situation in Europe and its development, the Czech Republic is also currently facing new challenges in the area of securing public order. The State of Israel is a country that has been facing threats of destruction from its enemies from the day of Israel's creation. Ensuring security and the sole existence of the State has become a major priority for Israel, and thus studying Israel's ways to secure public order is, in my view, useful and in certain aspects also inspiring. This thesis presents a detailed view of Israel's methods of securing public order. It also reflects the social and historical context which is an integral part of the Israeli public order legislation and which is essential for correct understanding of the Israeli approach to provide security to its inhabitants. I compare the most important aspects of securing public order in the State of Israel with the ways of securing public order in the Czech Republic. This thesis is divided into six chapters. The first two chapters are dealing with the Czech concept of the public order and the Czech methods of securing public order. The third chapter analyzes the term "public...

This dissertation deals with the topic of minor offences against public order. While working on this dissertation there has been a major change in the law, where the act number 200/1990 Sb. about minor offences was replaced by two new acts. Firstly it was replaced with the law number 250/2016 Sb. about responsibility for minor offences and the legal proceedings (furthermore minor offense law) and secondly with the law number 251/2016 Sb., about selected minor offences. This thesis aims at the area of minor offenses against public order regulated in the act about selected minor offences, it describes individual offenses and analyses whether there has been any change compared to previous regulations. This dissertation consists of seven chapters. In the first chapter I deal with the definition of a minor offence. I describe the individual definition of minor offences and describe its particular features. The second chapter follows the first; I deal with the responsibilities for offences caused by legal entities and business individuals. This modification was not previously included in the offense law, and I would like to describe the individual bases of responsibility for these subjects. The third chapter deals with the definition of public order. Public order belongs to a so called vague legal terms...

Kaip jau nurodyta pavadinime, magistro darbe pateikiama viešosios tvarkos ir moralės, kaip pagrindo atsisakyti registruoti Bendrijos prekių ženklą, analizė. Darbas susideda iš dviejų dalių, kurių pirmojoje pateikiama viešosios tvarkos ir moralės sampratų bei teorijų įvairovė, jų tarpusavio ryšys ir santykis su teisės normomis, įvertinamas šio pagrindo santykis su įsitikinimu išraiškos laisve. Antrojoje darbo dalyje pagrindinis dėmesys kreipiamas į tarptautinių, Europos Sąjungos ir nacionalinių institucijų praktiką, nagrinėjant bylas, susijusias su atsisakymu registruoti žymenį, prieštaraujantį viešajai tvarkai ir moralei. Paskutinėje darbo dalyje autorė apibendrina pagrindines prekių ženklų vertinimo gaires ir kriterijus. Tyrimo tikslas yra atskleisti viešosios tvarkos ir moralės sampratų įvairovę ir jų turinio priklausomybę nuo daugelio veiksnių, įvertinti viešosios tvarkos ir moralės apsaugos ir įsitikinimų išraiškos laisvės santykį ir nubrėžti prekių ženklų vertinimo gaires ir kriterijus. Tokiu būdu, įvykdžius šiuos tikslus, darbe pateikiami teoriniai argumentai, paremti teismų praktikos ir bylų analize. Pabaigoje autorė daro išvadą, kad viešosios tvarkos ir moralės apibrėžimas yra reliatyvus ir priklauso nuo daugelio veiksnių, tokių kaip valstybinė ir visuomeninė santvarka, teisės tradicija, papročiai, religija, civilizacijos ir kultūros lygis, šalyje vykstantys įvykiai, visuomenės požiūris, socialinė ir dvasinė aplinka, ir apibendrinamos prekių ženklų vertinimo gairės ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / As already indicated by the title, this master thesis provides the analysis of public order and morality as grounds of refusal to register a Community trade mark. The thesis consists of two parts, the first of which presents various concepts and theories concerning the terms “public order” and “morality”, cohesion between these two terms, and the relationship between law and morals, as well as evaluates the relationship between the protection of public order and morality and the freedom of expression. The second section focuses on the practise of international, European Union and national authorities examining cases regarding refusal to register a mark contrary to public order and morality. Furthermore, in the final part of the paper the author reveals the main guidelines and criteria for trade mark examination. The purpose of this study is to reveal the diversity of concepts of public order and morality and the dependence of their content on many factors, as well as to evaluate the relationship between the protection of public order and morality and the freedom of expression, and to determine the main guidelines and criteria for trademark examination. Thus, by achieving these goals, the thesis provides theoretical arguments backed up by case law and case study. Finally, it is concluded that the definition of public order and morality is relative and depends on many factors, such as political system and social order, legal tradition, customs, religion, civilization and... [to full text]

Rome was among the largest cities in Europe during the Republic era, with a population that was diverse in social status and ethnicity. To maintain public order and social control of such a large, continually growing and shifting population that encompassed mixed cultures and Roman citizens, the Roman elites had to use various methods to keep the peace and maintain social stability. As religion was so deeply ingrained into every aspect of Roman life, it is worth taking a deeper look into how those in charge used it to maintain peace and relative control in Rome and its territories. Chapter 1 offers a brief look at the history of Roman religion, its terms and definitions, and the idea of social control as it pertains to this thesis. Chapter 2 shows the motivations of the Roman elite classes in their use of religion to maintain public order and enforce social control of the mass population. Couched in the need to uphold the Pax Deorum or Peace of the Gods, religious piety and order was cultivated as a means to protect the Republic from harm. Chapter 3 explains how the Patrician and Plebeian classes directed the attention of the residents of Rome with a calendar that was filled with rituals, sacrifices, festivals, and market days. In keeping a busy religious schedule, the people of Rome maintained a constant and direct relationship with the gods. Chapter 4 discusses the importance of women in the roles of priestesses and officers in religious cult to sustain the religious health and welfare of the city of Rome and the smaller communities within the city they inhabited. Chapter 5 examines the use of execution as a religious means of enforcing public order and social control. The chapter explores different means of execution and how they were placed into the realm of religion as a means to rid the populace of impurity and cultivate the piety of the Republic. Chapter 6 brings all of these elements together to show that the people of the Roman Republic believed in their gods and believed that the religious rites and practices that they maintained were instrumental in keeping the Pax Deorum. It was this belief that the ruling Patrician and Plebeian classes regulated to make sure that public and social order were upheld and preserved.

À rebours d’une croyance solidement installée, il n’existe pas d’ordre public inhérent au droit patrimonial de la famille. L’ordre public est une notion juridique singulière qu’il ne faut pas galvauder en la confondant avec d’autres limites à la liberté contractuelle : les bonnes mœurs, les droits fondamentaux et, en particulier, les lois impératives. Si toutes les lois d’ordre public sont impératives, la réciproque n’est pas vérifiable : toutes les lois impératives ne sont pas nécessairement d’ordre public. Bien qu’il se dérobe depuis toujours à l’exercice d’une définition, l’ordre public est par nature attaché à la sauvegarde de l’intérêt général. Par conséquent, il est proscrit d’y renoncer par anticipation et sa violation demeure fermement sanctionnée. Dans sa mise en œuvre judiciaire, le ministère public dispose d’une action pour poursuivre toute atteinte à l’ordre public et le juge a le pouvoir – sinon le devoir – de soulever d’office ce moyen. En l’absence de ces caractéristiques traditionnelles (qui sont autant d’éléments de définition), il devient téméraire de retenir la présence d’un ordre public ; sauf à prendre le risque de dévoyer la notion en la contorsionnant et en effaçant ses marqueurs distinctifs. Aucun de ces traits n’étant identifiable en droit patrimonial de la famille, l’idée selon laquelle il existerait un « ordre public patrimonial » (parfois qualifié de « matrimonial » ou de « successoral ») mérite d’être repoussée. En cette matière, les règles qui s’affirment de façon péremptoire sont des règles simplement impératives, qui ne participent pas à la mise en œuvre d’un quelconque ordre public. La distinction entre l’ordre public et les lois impératives n’est pas que théorique, ni même sémantique : elle emporte aussi (et surtout) d’importantes conséquences pratiques. Ce faisant, la thèse défendue permet de renouer avec les évolutions récentes observables en droit patrimonial de la famille (contractualisation, déjudiciarisation, subjectivisation, fondamentalisation...), tout en permettant de mieux comprendre les transformations qui affectent la société et la famille. Plus généralement, elle contribue à repenser les rapports entre la liberté contractuelle et la règle de droit, en montrant qu’il peut exister en droit civil des règles qui – bien qu’impératives – ne procèdent pas de la réalisation d’un ordre public. / Unlike a strongly held belief, there exists no public order inherent in family property law. Public order is a significant legal concept which should not be overused by confusing it with other limits of contractual freedom : accepted standards of behaviour, fundamental rights and, especially, imperative laws. If all public order laws are imperative, reciprocity cannot be verified : all imperative laws are not necessarily public order laws. Though it is always evasive when attempting to find out a definition, public order is inherently related to safeguarding the general interest. Accordingly, it is forbidden to give it up by anticipation and infringing it is strongly punished. Through its legal proceedings, the public prosecution is acting to prosecute any breach of public order and the judge holds the power – and further the duty – to institute ex-officio such legal proceedings. In absence of such traditional features (which are so many elements of definition), it becomes rash to retain the presence of a public order ; unless taking the risk of diverting the concept by twisting it and cancelling its distinctive landmarks. As none of such features is identified in family property law, the idea upon which a "patrimonial public order" (sometimes referred to as "matrimonial" or "succession-related") would exist, deserves to be rejected. In this respect, rules peremptorily asserted are simply imperative rules, which are not involved in any whatsoever public order implementation. Distinction between public order and imperative laws is not only theoretical, nor even semantic : it further (and especially) entails significant practical consequences. In doing so, defended thesis helps reviving the latest developments being observed in family property law (contractualisation, diversion, subjectivization, "fundamentalisation"...), while allowing to better understand shifts affecting society and family. In more general terms, it helps reconsidering relations between contractual freedom and the rule of law, by showing that there may exist, in civil law, rules which – though being imperative – do not result from the achievement of a public order.

The death of Ian Tomlinson at the G20 protests in London in April 2009 triggered a haemorrhaging of public confidence in public order policing. The protests were swiftly followed by a plethora of official inquiries and reports tasked with investigating the legitimacy of existing public order policing tactics and the associated mechanisms of accountability. Events since Tomlinson’s death indicate that this is an issue that is unlikely to dissipate any time soon. Dramatic footage taken during the 2010-11 student protests, including police officers charging protesters on horseback and dragging a disabled activist from his wheelchair, attracted widespread condemnation. The on-going revelations into the activities of undercover police officers suggest that such practices may be the tip of the iceberg. These disclosures have caused a serious crisis of legitimacy for an institution supposedly founded on a principle of ‘policing by consent’. Paradoxically, these developments have occurred during a period in which the right to protest is for the first time reflected in law. In October 2000 the much trumpeted Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA 1998) came into force in England and Wales, incorporating into domestic law the rights and freedoms enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Although the ECHR does not establish a legal right to protest per se, it does guarantee positive rights to “freedom of expression” and “freedom of peaceful assembly”, as well as prohibiting arbitrary state interferences with an individual’s liberty and security, thought, conscious and religion and right to privacy. The HRA 1998 appeared to mark a radical departure from the traditional approach and was celebrated as signalling a “constitutional shift” in the state’s approach towards public protest. A principle aim of this thesis is to examine the impact of the HRA 1998 on the regulation of public protest in England and Wales. Whilst a growing body of academic literature has analysed public order law and policy against abstract human rights principles, relatively few have attempted to ground the analysis in the experiences of protesters. This thesis seeks to begin to fill this lacuna. Moving away from a doctrinal analysis of human rights law, I utilise a socio-legal framework to examine contemporary developments in the regulation of public protest in the context of a view from below. Drawing on extensive ethnographic data and analyses of policy documents, newspaper reports, case-law, legislation and Hansard, I adopt a critical normative perspective to assess the legitimacy of the current restrictive interpretations of human rights principles in legal, political and policing-policy discourses.