Le droit de la famille s’est contractualisé et laisse aujourd’hui de larges espaces pouvant être régis par les seules volontés individuelles. Néanmoins, le mariage étant un acte très important, la loi prévoit que l’État se devait d’agir toujours en cette matière. La dimension institutionnelle du mariage traduit le contrôle exercé sur le mariage et sur la famille, par le ministère public.Depuis 2004 le Ministère public marocain occupe en droit de la famille la qualité de partie principale. Il peut déclencher toute action afin d’appliquer les dispositions du Code de la famille. L’observateur extérieur ne pouvait que louer pareille réforme, toutefois tout en ayant cette audace manifeste les dispositions concernant le Ministère public en matière familiale restent contradictoires. L’article 3 du Code de la famille et l’article 9 du Code de procédure civile, deux textes promulgués le même jour, sont antinomiques.Force est de constater que le mariage et le ministère public, partie principale suscite de multiples questions. De façon plus générale, quel est l’état actuel de ces deux institutions et comment évoluent - elles? C’est précisément à cette interrogation que notre travail a pour vocation de répondre. Pour mener à bien notre étude, il était utile de s’intéresser aux solutions consacrées par le droit français, lorsque ce dernier a été confronté à des questions identiques à celles que connaît le droit marocain actuellement. / The family law has been contracted, and is giving more importance to individual wills. Since marriage is a very important act, the state always has to intervene in this subject. The institutional dimension of marriage reflects the controlover marriage and family matters from the public prosecutor. Since 2004, the public prosecutor represents one of the most important parties in Moroccan family law. He can take anyaction to reinforce the provisions of the Family law. The external observer could only be pleased by such a reform. However the provisions of the family law remain contradictory. Article 3 of the Family Code, and the Article 9 of the Civil Code Procedure, promulgated two texts on the same day that are contradictory. It is clear that marriage and public prosecutor raise many questions. Generally, what is the current status of these two institutions and how do they progress? this question is precisely what our work aims to answer. To carry out our study, it was important to focus on the solutions founded by French law, when it faced issues similar to those that Moroccan lawis currently dealing with.

Les expositions de projets d’art public, nouvelle forme de commande artistique née dans les années 1970, changent de manière significative les paramètres de la création artistique contemporaine dans la ville. Associant une présentation dans l’espace public à la création in situ, elles incitent les artistes à réaliser leurs œuvres en vue d’un événement citadin et en fonction d’éléments spécifiques du contexte d’exposition urbain (comme la topographie du lieu, son histoire, son architecture...). Si l’impulsion première que ces manifestations délivrent aux artistes est primordiale pour la création de tout projet d’art public, elles laissent une marque plus précise dans les attaches individuelles qui relient ces œuvres à leurs sites urbains. Retraçant l’évolution du concept d’exposition de ses origines jusqu’en 2007, se dessinent successivement trois générations principales dont la césure correspond, au niveau de leur contenu artistique, à des élargissements substantiels du vocabulaire formel des participants. Une distinction entre formes abstraite, urbaine et relationnelle nous permet d’évaluer des retombées importantes de la commande artistique sur les œuvres en saisissant les différents degrés de leur intégration contextuelle, laquelle atteint son apogée dans des projets qui se construisent autour de ready-mades assistés ou simples trouvés sur place.Nouveaux types de monuments, éphémères pour la plupart, ces derniers constituent un art public sans précédents historiques dont nous mesurons, à travers l’exemple de douze études de cas, le rapport à la démarche artistique individuelle. / In the 1970s site-specificity revolutionizes the framework for artists working in the arena of public art. A new exhibition format, entirely based on new commissions, extends institutional activity way into the heart of the city space. By challenging artists to create new works that engage their particular urban surroundings (for example, the topographical, historical or architectural aspects of a site), these exhibitions of mostly temporary public art projects give a crucial new impulse to contemporary artistic creation in the city.This dissertation examines the effects this new form of commission exerts on the artists’ works by analyzing the ties that bind the projects to their installation sites. Following the evolution of public art project exhibitions from their inception to 2007, we distinguish between three main trends. Not only do they present major organizational differences, but their artistic content is characterized by a successive and substantial expansion of the participants’ formal vocabulary. A distinction between an abstract, an urban and a relational form enables us to evaluate the different degrees of contextual integration of extrinsic elements into the works of art and to locate the impact these commissions have on projects created with urban ready-mades found on the site. New types of monuments, mostly ephemeral, constitute a public art without historic precedents and of which we measure, at the example of twelve case studies, the relation to individual artistic methods.

Principe cardinal du droit de la santé, le consentement est traditionnellement étudié sous le prisme unique de la relation binaire : praticien - patient. Pourtant, bien qu'il doive être recueilli dans le cadre de ce colloque singulier, le consentement est la résultante d'une interaction réciproque entre trois liens liant le patient, le praticien et le financeur public. En effet, à l'instar de l'adage "Idem est non esse aut non probari", le consentement ne serait rien, s'il ne pouvait être effectif. C'est bien la reconnaissance du droit à la santé, impliquant un droit universel aux prestations sociales, qui lui permet d'être favorisé. Mais, financée par la solidarité et obligée par le principe d'équilibre budgétaire, l'assurance maladie se doit de maîtriser ses dépenses en agissant en financeur éclairé. Pour ce faire, elle participe à une politique d'infléchissement des comportements des patients en leur qualité d'assuré social. Tantôt favorisé, le consentement, expression individuelle de volonté, tend à être dépassé au profit d'un consentement social jugé responsable. Entre prévention et éducation, la responsabilisation a pour objectif d'accroître l'efficience de la prise en charge du risque maladie pour soi même, mais également pour la collectivité. Ainsi, le consentement, mode d'expression des droits et libertés fondant la disposition juridique corporelle, est plus que jamais celui du patient assuré social évoluant dans une démocratie sanitaire aux pourtours encore flous oscillant entre incitation et obligation et venant parfois s'achopper au principe de liberté de la vie privée. / A major principle of health law, assent is traditionally seen within the boundaries of the binaryrelationship “patient-medical practitioner”. However, assent results from the mutual interaction between patients, medical practitioners and the social security system. Indeed, as the saying notes "Idem est non esse aut non probari", the assent must be effective to really exist. It is promoted by the recognition of the “right to health care”, implying a universal right of social security benefits. However, being financed by solidarity and obliged to respect the constitutional principle of budgetary equilibrium, social insurance must contain its costs. This is why it partakes in a policy of modification of insured patients' behaviours. The assent, at times favoured as anindividual expression of will, tends to overtaken by a social assent, thought to be socially responsible. Between prevention and education, responsibilization aims at increasing efficiency of health care management. Thus, assent, expression of rights and liberties founded on the principle of “disposing of one's body”, is more than ever the insured patient's assent. This insured patient lives in a sanitary democracy which has hazy contours oscillating between incitation and healthcare obligation. These may struggle with the right to respect for private life.

In this thesis the process by which crime investigation, detection and prosecution became an integral function of the British police service is analysed through an examination of public records, contemporary papers and documents, and by reference to the literature on policing. The impact of the adoption of that function on the role, organisation and management of modem British policing is then assessed. It is established that at its foundation by Robert Peel's Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, the British professional police service was intended to be a purely preventive and protective body of uniformed patrolling constables. The function of crime investigation, detection and criminal prosecution was then subsequently added to its responsibilities by government using administrative rather than any democratic or legislative means, thus creating the present dual crime prevention and crime detection role of the police. Major recurrentp roblemse xperiencedb y the modemB ritish police servicea re identified as arising from that change in its original functions and purposes, and proposals for action to resolve them are set out.

This thesis deals with the tasks, activities, competences and education system of police and city police in order to comparing and proposing of the methodological tools for effective and efficient cooperation between the two components. Although each component has a very different structure and organization and substantive and territorial jurisdiction, activities of city police in some areas closely linked with the activities of police (supervision of public order in the city) or it is linked to the activities of police (reporting of crimes the police). Currently, there is necessary that the both components cooperated with one another, have functional channels and are constantly informed about important matters that take place within the activity of the components (police inform about search persons, about robberies, burglaries). Similarly, the education system and its form in the police and local police is very different simply because the police as a component of the state is organized from the central level, while the individual city police is controlled from the local level. Therefore depends on the decision of who controls the local city police, what kind of above standard training would provide police officers and what funds can allocate to this training. Currently, many city police have more available funds for equipment, instrumentation or training than the police, but on the other side missing some permissions that would help them operate more efficiently. The minor modification of an existing legislative authority of the municipal police would often resolve cases without the same time necessary police assistance The aim of this thesis is to outline how the city police could cooperate with the police more intensively and effectively in cities, provided that they solved some minor problems, and also propose optimal level of police officeres training in cities.

The concept of family call embraces a migratory alternative that allows a foreigner to stay in another country with  his or her spouse. Taking into account Peru’s legal framework, it is possible to ask if a foreigneris able to appeal to the family call if he or she is married to a person of the same sex? Wouldit be legitimate to recognize a foreign law thatallows same sex marriages?In the following paper, the author answers these and other questions, analyzing concepts such as family, public order, collective morality and familiar migratory unit that are acknowledged in our legal system by appealing, furthermore, to the weighting testof principles in collision. / El concepto de llamado de familia comprende la alternativa migratoria que permite a unextranjero permanecer en otro país con su cónyuge. Dado el marco normativo peruano, podríamos preguntarnos: ¿Es posible que unextranjero, casado con una persona de su mismo sexo, pueda recurrir al llamado de familia? ¿Podría ser válido reconocer una normaextranjera que permita el matrimonio entre personas de un mismo sexo?En el presente artículo, el autor da respuesta a estas y otras preguntas, analizando los conceptos de familia, orden público, moral colectiva y unidad migratoria familiar recogidos en nuestro ordenamiento, aplicando la ponderación entre estos principios.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:35:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Humberto Barrionuevo Fabretti.pdf: 1380629 bytes, checksum: 71d85ffa117a41318de100813e2b21eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-20 / The thesis aims to analyze the failure of the Brazilian state to promote public safety in a satisfactory way and find the possible causes of this problem. For this presents and analyzes the main contemporary theories about the risk to check on what they can contribute to the study of public safety, especially as a tool for measuring and managing risks arising from crime. Through the analysis of doctrine and international documents presents the development of the concept of security from the eighteenth century to the twenty-first century, when there is the notion of citizen security. Develops a comparative study of the concepts public safety and citizen security. As regards the legal treatment given to public security in Brazil, analyzes the 1988 Federal Constitution, especially article 144, and faces the legal treatment and doctrinal conceptions of public order. Notes that the inability to provide public safety arises mainly the understanding of public safety as a means of maintaining public order, and the alleged existence of an individual right to security. Public safety directed to the maintenance of public order, by its authoritarian nature, justifies the practice of arbitrary acts. The claim of an individual's right to security is exclusionary because it can not be guaranteed so universal. Concluded that the public safety oriented not reach the protection of citizens and that this situation will only be possible by replacing the paradigm of public order by the paradigm of citizen security and the recognition of the right to security can not be enjoyed individually, but collective. The state should not base their actions in order to maintain public order on the grounds of preserving the individual right to security of some people, but to provide and maintain the rights of all citizens. The goal state should be the maintenance of the rights of citizens and not public order. / A tese tem por objetivo analisar a incapacidade do Estado brasileiro em promover a segurança pública de maneira satisfatória e encontrar as possíveis causas deste problema. Para tanto apresenta e analisa as principais teorias contemporâneas sobre o risco para verificar no que podem contribuir para o estudo da segurança pública, especialmente como instrumento de mensuração e gestão dos riscos advindos da criminalidade. Por meio da análise de doutrina e de documentos internacionais investiga o desenvolvimento do conceito de segurança desde o século XVIII até o século XXI, quando surge a noção de segurança cidadã. Desenvolve um estudo comparativo dos conceitos segurança pública e segurança cidadã. No que se refere ao tratamento jurídico dado à segurança pública no Brasil, analisa a Constituição Federal de 1988, especialmente o artigo 144, e enfrenta o tratamento legal e as concepções doutrinárias sobre ordem pública. Constata que a incapacidade em prover a segurança pública decorre, principalmente, da compreensão da segurança pública como instrumento de manutenção da ordem pública, bem como da pretensa existência de um direito individual à segurança. A segurança pública dirigida à manutenção da ordem pública, por sua natureza autoritária, justifica a prática de atos arbitrários. A pretensão de um direito individual à segurança é excludente, pois não pode ser garantido de forma universal. Conclui que a segurança pública assim orientada não alcançará a proteção dos cidadãos e que tal situação somente será possível mediante a substituição do paradigma da ordem pública pelo paradigma da segurança cidadã e do reconhecimento de que o direito à segurança não pode ser usufruído de forma individual, mas coletiva. O Estado não deve pautar suas ações com o objetivo de manter a ordem pública sob a justificativa de preservação do direito individual à segurança de algumas pessoas, mas sim em prover e manter os direitos de todos os cidadãos. O objetivo estatal deve ser a manutenção dos direitos e não da ordem.

Le droit de l’environnement est un droit relativement jeune, dont la filiation naturelle à l’intérêt général en a fait l’affaire exclusive des pouvoirs publics. Mais aujourd’hui, alors que « toute personne a le devoir de prendre part à la préservation et à l’amélioration de l’environnement » (article 2 de la Charte de l’environnement), il ne saurait rester cantonné dans les bastions du droit public. La tendance contemporaine à la contractualisation du droit, traversant de nombreuses branches, touche le droit de l’environnement qui y puise les ressources de son déploiement. A cette fin, parler de « contractualisation du droit de l’environnement » recouvre deux réalités. C’est, d’abord, constater que le droit de l’environnement investit le contrat, qu’il s’agisse de diversifier son objet environnemental ou laisser y proliférer des obligations environnementales. La stratégie est simple. Le droit de l’environnement se place dans le contrat. Et le contrat, tel un « cheval de Troie », le fait pénétrer dans l’enceinte des relations interindividuelles. Vecteur de diffusion du droit de l’environnement, le contrat en devient un outil de gestion favorisant sa réception par les individus. C’est, ensuite, remarquer que le contrat agit sur le droit de l’environnement. Son action est, en premier lieu, créatrice de droit. A cet égard, la contractualisation recoupe, pour une part, l’hypothèse du droit négocié portant une dimension collective dans l’élaboration du droit et soulève, pour une autre part, la question débattue du potentiel normatif du contrat individuel, qui paraît pleinement se déployer en matière environnementale. L’action du contrat est, en second lieu, réformatrice. Une profonde mutation structurelle du droit de l’environnement est en effet à l’oeuvre, posant les fondations d’un ordre juridique environnemental, dont l’architecture glisse « de la pyramide au réseau ». Un tel changement de physionomie s’accompagnerait d’un changement de philosophie, vers un droit du développement durable. Mais c’est davantage au soutien d’un développement durable du droit de l’environnement que la dynamique de contractualisation trouvera sa pertinence. Dans le contrat et par le contrat, le droit de l’environnement prend de l’envergure : il rayonne et il s’impose, prêt à relever le défi de sa « modernisation ». / Environmental law is a relatively young law. Due to its natural filiation to public interest, it was exclusively governed by the public authorities. But today, while "everyone has the duty to participate in the conservation and in the improvement of the environment" (article 2 of the Charter for the environment), it could not remain quartered in the realm of public law. The contemporary trend to the law contractualization, crossing lots of branches, concerns environmental law which draws from it the resources of its deployment. To this end, speaking about "contractualization of the environmental law" covers two realities. It is, at first, to notice that environmental law moves into the contract, whether it is a question of diversifying its environmental object or of letting proliferate environmental obligations there. The strategy is simple. Environmental law takes place in the contract. And the contract, like a Trojan horse, makes it penetrate the enclosure of the interpersonal relations. Like a vehicle for dissemination of environmental law, the contract becomes one management tool favoring its reception by individuals. It is, then, to notice that the contract acts on environmental law. In this connexion, the contractualization overlaps, for one part, the hypothesis of the negotiated law carrying a collective dimension in the elaboration of the law, and for another part, that of the spontaneous law revealing the normative potential of the individual contract. A profound structural transformation of environmental law is at work, putting the foundations of an ecological public order, the architecture of which slides "from the pyramid to the network". Such a change of face comes along with a change in philosophy, towards a sustainable development law. But it is more in the support of a sustainable development of environmental law that the dynamics of contractualization will find its relevance. In the contract and by the contract, environmental law expands: it shines and it stands out, ready to take up the challenge of its "modernization".

Cette thèse examine les mutations des organisations policières et leurs implications sur les pratiques des acteurs du maintien de l’ordre dans les villes de l’espace belge de la fin de l'Ancien Régime à la fin du Premier Empire. Elle interroge plus largement les rapports entre la modernisation administrative et la construction de l’État et se penche sur l’articulation des éléments hérités des structures préexistantes avec ceux apportés au moment des conquêtes révolutionnaires. L’approche proposée est celle d’une histoire de la police napoléonienne « par le bas » et ancrée dans les traces de ses prédécesseurs d’Ancien Régime. Riche en découvertes, elle fait ressortir les mutations à la fois lentes et profondes des organisations policières des villes.L’analyse se concentre tout d’abord sur les mutations des systèmes policiers urbains dans la dernière décennie de l'Ancien Régime, au moment où les Pays-Bas autrichiens et la principauté de Liège sont marqués par des politiques réformatrices et par de fortes tensions révolutionnaires. Ensuite, les transformations des structures et des pratiques survenues à l’occasion des occupations des territoires belges de 1792 à 1795 et des troubles de l’époque du Directoire sont abordées. Cette partie permet de mettre en lumière les polices urbaines sous le Directoire restées, jusqu'à présent, largement méconnues. La thèse se concentre ensuite sur le Consulat, principalement sur la bureaucratisation de l'administration de la police. Les deux chapitres suivants montrent les continuités et les changements dans les pratiques de maintien de l'ordre au cours de la période 1780-1814. Enfin, le dernier chapitre tente d'évaluer comment la police de l'État et les polices urbaines s’articulent, dans la collaboration ou la concurrence, pendant les dernières années de l'Empire napoléonien.Au-delà du passage d’une police de type englobant à une police considérée comme plus moderne car davantage orientée vers la sécurité des personnes, ce parcours chronologique met en lumière les transformations à la fois endogènes et exogènes survenues dans les appareils policiers des villes, bien avant l’annexion des territoires belges à la République française et l’avènement du régime bonapartiste. Les continuités importantes mais aussi le dynamisme et l’autonomie des polices urbaines face à la centralisation de l'État nuancent et rendent plus complexe l’analyse de la construction politique napoléonienne. Cette thèse donne également la mesure des similitudes entre les épisodes de troubles (1787-1795, 1809, 1813-1814) dans les pratiques de surveillance ou le recours à l’armée.Au terme de l’expérience napoléonienne, les polices municipales léguées par le Premier Empire apparaissent davantage comme le résultat d’un syncrétisme entre des éléments proprement locaux et originaux et d’autres importés et digérés par les villes de l’espace belge. La personnalité forte de certains individus appelés à remplir des fonctions de police, y compris sur le terrain, peut avoir une influence importante dans la mise en place, la diffusion et l’appropriation de nouvelles pratiques. Dès lors, la modernité policière – qui n’est pas nécessairement synonyme de centralisation – émerge, selon les lieux, en des temps et sur des objets différents. Elle se donne à voir surtout à travers cette synthèse qui s’opère entre des éléments locaux, héritage éventuel des structures d’Ancien Régime, et des éléments importés à l’occasion des conquêtes révolutionnaire et napoléonienne. / This thesis examines the changes in police organizations and their implications for the practices of actors maintaining public order in cities of Belgian territories from the end of the Ancien Régime to the end of the first Empire. More broadly it questions the relationships between administrative modernization and construction of the State, and concentrates on the interrelationships between elements inherited from pre-existent structures with those introduced at the moment of revolutionary conquests. The approach suggested is that of a history of the Napoleonic police “from the bottom up”, one anchored in traces of its predecessors from the Ancien Régime. Rich in discoveries, it lays emphasis on what are slow but profound changes in city police organizations.The analysis, first of all, concentrates on changes in urban police systems in the last decade of the Ancien Régime, at the moment when the Austrian Netherlands and the principality of Liège were marked by reform policies and strong revolutionary tensions. Subsequently, transformations in structures and practices occurring during the occupations of Belgian territories from 1792 to 1795 and the disorders of the Directory period are approached. That section allows us to shed light on the urban police forces under the Directory, something that has been so far largely ignored. The thesis then concentrates on the Consulate, principally on its bureaucratization of police administration. The following two chapters show continuities and changes in practices in the maintenance of public order during the 1780-1814 period. Finally, the last chapter seeks to evaluate how the State police force and the urban police forces got along, in collaboration or competition, during the last years of the Napoleonic Empire.Beyond transiting from a comprehensive type of police force to a police force considered more modern in being more oriented towards the security of people, this chronological itinerary sheds light on both the endogenous and exogenic transformations occurring in the city police apparatuses, well before the annexation of Belgian territories to the French Republic and the advent of the Bonapartist regime. Important continuities, as well as the dynamism and autonomy of the urban police regarding State centralization simultaneously nuance and make analysis of Napoleonic political construction more complex. This thesis also assesses the similarities between the episodes of disorders (1787-1795, 1809, 1813-1814) in surveillance practices and recourse to the army.At the end of the Napoleonic experiment, the municipal police forces bequeathed by the First Empire appear to be more the result of a syncretism between strictly local and original elements and others imported and digested by cities in Belgian space. The strong personality of certain individuals called upon to exercise policing functions, including in the field, may have had an important influence on the installation, the dissemination and the adoption of new practices. Consequently, police modernity – which is not necessarily synonymous with centralization – emerged, depending on the places, times and various objects. This can be seen above all through the synthesis which took place between local elements, the possible inheritance of structures from the Ancien Régime, and elements imported on the occasion of revolutionary and Napoleonic conquests.

This diploma thesis is focused on issues of socially excluded Romany locality in Litvínov - Janov. The problematic situation is described in the thesis. There is a higher number of socially handicapped people with a wide range of social problems like unemployment, insolvency, occurrence of socio-pathological phenomena including criminal behaviour in this locality. The occurrence of socio-pathological phenomena within the socially handicapped people causes conflicts with other residents living in the locality. The diploma thesis also focuses on the precautions and policies made by the city of Litvínov to solve such problematic situation. Each precaution is subsequently described. Furthermore, there is an evaluation of these precautions by means of monitoring social indicators. In result, it is possible to say that there are no signs of distinctive improvement of the situation in the locality. In the conclusion, further precautions are recommended for finding a solution to this problematic situation in the housing estate. The recommended precautions arise from the analysis executed in the locality Janov and from precautions realised by the city of Litvínov.