La pratique contractuelle des prestataires de services d'investissements s'illustre tant à l'occasion de la fourniture des services d'investissement que lors de montage contractuel issu de la pratique. L'objet de cette étude est de cerner quelles sont les nouvelles règles d'ordre public susceptibles de mettre à mal la sécurité juridique des PSI à l'occasion de cette pratique contractuelle. / Contractual practice of providers of investment illustrates both the provision of investment services and contract assembly created by the practice . The purpose of this study is to identify what are the new public order rules that undermine the legal certainty of PSI during this contractual practice.

La théorie des nullités, telle qu'exercée aujourd'hui en Droit civil, souffre d'une grave incohérence tant dans sa conceptualisation que dans son application. Il serait adéquat de parler de "cumul de théories". Car, de toutes les théories qui ont été élaborées, nulle n'a réussi à s'imposer comme seule compétente à régir toute la matière, et aucune, en revanche, n'a été définitivement éradiquée de la pratique juridique. De l'inexistence, à la rescision, aux nullités relative, absolue, virtuelle, partielle, conventionnelle, unilatérale, les modules du système d'annulation s'entassent sans qu'ils constituent un ensemble homogène susceptible de former une théorie pertinente, digne de la réputation historique et mondiale du Code civil français. Dans le mouvement d'européanisation et de mondialisation de l'activité juridique et législative, d'une part, et à l'heure où le chantier de la réforme du droit des obligations et des contrats est lancé, d'autre part, il semble que seule une théorie de nullité débarrassée de toute classification astreignante et dogmatique saurait remédier aux difficultés que soulève l'inlassable variation des circonstances. Dans cette perspective, désencombrer la nullité nous amène à dépoussiérer le noyau de la théorie et à remettre en avant le principe du but de la loi. Ceci implique aussi un élargissement de l'imperium du magistrat pour faire valoir le but de la loi, soit pour assurer la sauvegarde de l'intérêt général ou de l'ordre public, soit pour renforcer la protection du contractant faible au contrat. / The theory of nullities, as exercised nowadays in civil Law, suffers from a severe incoherence as much in its conceptualization as in its applicafion. It would be adequate to talk of “accumulation of theories”. Since, of all the theories that have been elaborated, none has succeeded to impose itself as the only competent to cover the entire subject, and none, on the other side, has been definitely eradicated from the juridical practice. From the inexistence, to the rescission, to the relative, absolute, virtual, partial, conventional, unilateral nullities, the modules of the system of nullification accumulate without forming a homogenous set liable of forming an apt theory worth the historical and global reputation of the French civil Code. In light of the movement of Europeanization and globalization of the juridical and legislative activity from one part, and at the time when the site of the reform of the of the law of obligations and contracts has been launched, from the other part, it seems that only a theory of nullity free of any demanding and dogmatic classification would be able to remedy the difficulties arising from the tireless variation of circumstances. In this perspective, emancipating the nullity will lead us to dust the nucleus of the theory and put on forth the principle of the goal of the law. This also implies enlarging the “imperium” of the magistrate to emphasize the goal of the law, either to ensure the protection of the general interest or public order or to reinforce the protection of the contractor weak towards the contract.

The dissertation concerns on an evaluation of public construction projects efficiency. In the beginning is made the explanation of necessity to monitor the indicators of public construction investment efficiency in relation with possibility of stabilization of public budgets. Afterwards is examined the historical development and the actual status of legislative dealing with investment of public founds into construction projects. Subsequently is made the analysis of available methodology for evaluation of public investment economical efficiency. Within the dissertation was made the survey between the representatives of most important public investors in the Czech Republic. Their attitude to evaluation of construction investment efficiency was examined. The results of survey and good and bad praxis examples are concluded into methodical recommendation and instructions for public investors in order to implement into the decision making process about the public construction projects the evaluation of economical efficiency.

Esta investigación demuestra que, si bien el derecho de familia delimita los derechos, deberes y obligaciones que debe cumplir cada uno de los miembros de la familia, no solo aborda ello, sino también aspectos de libre disponibilidad y/o con contenido patrimonial como en el caso del régimen económico del matrimonio, la pensión de alimentos, la administración y disposición de los bienes sociales por uno de los cónyuges, entre otros. Dentro de esta relación, en el marco del derecho de familia, es posible que ocurran diversas controversias. Estas, a falta de acuerdo entre las partes, deben ser resueltas, indefectiblemente, en la jurisdicción ordinaria, encontrándose las partes frente a un sistema burocrático, con problemas en la notificación, elevadas cargas procesales y lento, lo que no permiten dar respuestas oportunas a las necesidades de contenido patrimonial inaplazables y, en algunos casos, hasta vitales. Sin embargo, bajo el argumento que el derecho de familia es una rama del derecho que no tiene materias de libre disponibilidad y de contenido extrapatrimonial, hasta el día de hoy únicamente las disputas han podido ser resueltas en la jurisdicción ordinaria. No obstante, a lo largo del presente estudio demostraremos que esto no debe ser así, dado que el derecho de familia incorpora materias que son de libre disponibilidad y que denotan manifiesto contenido patrimonial; por tanto, esto también podría resolverse en sede arbitral peruana, sin incurrir en ningún tipo de afectación al orden público. / This research shows that although family law delimits the rights, duties and obligations to be fulfilled by each of the family members, it not only addresses this, but also aspects of free availability and/or with patrimonial content, as in the case of the economic regime of marriage, alimony, the disposition of social goods by one of the spouses, compensation due to divorce or de facto separation, among others. Within this relationship, within the framework of family law, disputes may occur. These, in the absence of agreement between the parties, must be resolved, without fail, in the ordinary jurisdiction, the parties being faced with a bureaucratic system, with problems in notification, high procedural burdens and slow, which does not allow timely responses to needs of patrimonial content that cannot be postponed and, in some cases, even vital.  However, under the argument that family law is a branch of law that does not have matters of free availability and extra-matrimonial content, to date only disputes have been able to be resolved in the ordinary jurisdiction. However, we will show that this is not the case, since family law incorporates matters that are freely available and that denote clear patrimonial content; therefore, this could also be resolved in Peruvian arbitration, without incurring in any kind of affectation to the public order. / Tesis

The diploma thesis The City Hall of Prague attitude towards prostitution is based on the constructivist paradigm and uses feminist theories. It examines, by means of a critical reading, the attitudes of the City Hall of Prague towards prostitution and its development in course of time. The period of investigation was determined by the beginning of municipal intention to introduce a regulatory bill. For this purpose all the relevant press releases from the period 2003 and 2015 were gathered. These documents are concerned with prostitution and they are accessible on press service section of www.praha.eu portal used by the City Hall as a medium for press releases. A theory part introduces basic concepts and trends in feminist debates concerning prostitution. The core of the thesis consists of four categories derived from the source data.These are: definition of prostitution, prostitution as a problem, needs and goals, and support and repression. The categories are treated critically from the viewpoint of feminist theories. The author follows not only the topics concerning prostitution, but also the way they are presented. There are also topics mentioned the City Hall neglects. The City Hall, by expressing and non-expressing its attitude towards partial themes, shapes their real form, development and...

El presente informe versa el expediente civil N° 03196-2011-0-0401-JR-CI-01, proceso iniciado por Héctor Orestes Rondón Rivas, quien interpone demanda contra Belia Perfecta Guillen, Asociación de Vivienda las Buganvillas de Arequipa y Centro de Conciliación para la Paz Social, con la finalidad de declarar la Nulidad del Acto Jurídico del acuerdo conciliatorio contenido en el Acta de Conciliación N° 1540-2011, mediante el cual la Sra. Belia se inscribió como asociada en la ficha de Padrón del Centro de Conciliación. Las causales de nulidad planteadas fueron: falta de manifestación de voluntad (al transmitirse su derecho de asociado sin su consentimiento) y nulidad virtual (vulneración a la Ley Electoral y Ley N° 26872). Por otro lado, la demandada planteó como respuesta, que el acto jurídico contenido en el acta conciliatoria tenía como finalidad regularizar sus derechos como propietaria, reputando la validez del acto, siendo este ejercido en amparo de una anterior sentencia expedida por el Juzgado de Familia, la cual disolvió el vínculo matrimonial con el demandante y se dispuso el 50.00% para cada cónyuge del único inmueble que pertenecía a la sociedad de gananciales. Al respecto, el juzgado de primera instancia declaró infundada la demanda considerando que el inmueble adquirido se produjo durante la vigencia del vínculo matrimonial entre las partes, no presentándose causal de nulidad invocada; decisión respecto del cual se interpuso recurso de apelación señalando falta de motivación, apelación que ha sido concedida y elevado al Superior Jerárquico, quienes revocaron la sentencia de primer grado y declararon fundada la demanda. / This report deals with a civil proceeding N° 03196-2011-0-0401-JR-CI-01, where Héctor Orestes Rondón Rivas files a lawsuit against Belia Perfecta Guillen, Las Buganvillas de Arequipa Housing Association and Conciliation Center for Social Peace, in order to declare the Nullity of the Legal Act of the conciliation agreement contained in the Conciliation Act No. 1540-2011, through which Mrs. Belia registered as an associate in the Register of the Conciliation Center. The grounds for nullity raised were due to a lack of expression of will (when his right to associate was transferred without his consent) and virtual nullity (violation of the Electoral Law and Law No. 26872). On the other hand, the defendant raised in response, that the legal act contained in the conciliation act was intended to regularize her rights as owner, presuming the validity of the act, being this exercised under a previous ruling issued by the Family Court, which dissolved the marriage bond with the plaintiff and 50.00% was provided for each spouse of the only property that belonged to the marriage. In this regard, the court of first instance declared the claim unfounded, considering that the property acquired was produced during the validity of the marriage bond between the parties, with no grounds for nullity invoked; decision regarding which an appeal was filed indicating lack of motivation, an appeal that has been granted and raised to the Hierarchical Superior, who revoked the first degree sentence and declared the claim founded. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Объектом исследования в диссертации являются органы внутренних дел по субъектам Российской Федерации. Цель исследования, проведенного в диссертации, - это изучение механизмов публичного управления, их использование для привлечения народных дружин к охране общественного порядка, разработка проекта, который называется «Создание условий по участию народных дружин в обеспечении общественной безопасности и охране общественного порядка в Ямало-Ненецком автономном округе». В исследовании применяются следующие методы: это анализ теоретической литературы, нормативных правовых актов, сравнительный, компаративный, социологический анализ (опрос с применением анкеты и экспертный опрос). Использованы следующие информационные материалы: сайты исполнительных органов государственной власти в субъектах Российской Федерации, в том числе Управления внутренних дел, органов местного самоуправления, федеральной службы государственной статистики. Результатом работы стала разработка проекта по стимулированию участия граждан в охране общественного порядка в ЯНАО. / The object of research in the dissertation is the internal affairs bodies for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the research carried out in the dissertation is to study the mechanisms of public administration, their use to attract people's militias to the protection of public order, to develop a project called «Creating conditions for the participation of people's militias in ensuring public safety and protecting public order in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous district». The research uses the following methods: analysis of theoretical literature, regulatory legal acts, comparative, comparative, sociological analysis (a survey using a questionnaire and an expert survey). The following information materials were used: websites of executive bodies of state power in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including the Department of Internal Affairs, local government bodies, and the federal state statistics service. The result of the work was the development of a project to stimulate the participation of citizens in the protection of public order in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

<p>Prostitucijom se prevashodno bave žene zbog čega se često naziva i &bdquo;ženskom profesijom&rdquo;. U Republici Srbiji zastupljen je prohibicionistički model regulisanja prostitucije. Prema odredbi čl. 16. st. 1. Zakona o javnom redu i miru Republike Srbije, lica koja se odaju prostituciji podležu prekr&scaron;ajnom kažnjavanju. Osim &scaron;to odavanje prostituciji predstavlja prekr&scaron;aj protiv javnog reda i mira, lica koja se bave prostitucijom, a koja su pretežno žene, izložena su osudi dru&scaron;tvene sredine. Osuda dru&scaron;tvene sredine povlači za sobom stigmatizaciju, marginalizaciju i diskriminaciju žena u prostituciji.<br />Nesrazmerno veliki broj žena koje se bave prostitucijom u odnosu na broj mu&scaron;karaca bio je razlog da doktorsku disertaciju zasnujemo na teorijskom konceptu roda, primarne analitičke kategorije u feminističkim istraživanjima, prihvatajući kao polazi&scaron;te stav da &bdquo;rodni režimi nisu jednostavno odnosi mu&scaron;karaca i žena, već su oni sistem moći, očekivanja, uloga, pona&scaron;anja, stavova, diskursa i prikazivanja, vizualizovanja i hijerarhizovanja rodnih razlika&rdquo; (Blagojević Hjuson 2013, 34). Rodni režim koji sa jedne strane &bdquo;ograničava individualne mogućnosti i slobode&rdquo; (Ibid.), sa druge strane otvara ženama put ka prostituciji, dok dru&scaron;tvo bavljenje prostitucijom najče&scaron;će pogre&scaron;no vidi kao &bdquo;izbor&rdquo; same žene. Saglasno tome, prostituciju kao žensku profesiju istražujemo polazeći od toga da rodni obrazac oblikovan patrijarhalnom ideologijom u Srbiji, u određenim nepovoljnim životnim situacijama, vr&scaron;i nevidljiv, ali snažan pritisak na ženu da uđe u prostituciju.<br />Osnovni cilj istraživanja jeste da, uzimajući u obzir prihvaćen prohibicionistički pristup u regulisanju prostitucije, istražimo pravni i dru&scaron;tveni položaj žena u prostituciji.<br />Osim aktuelnog pravnog i dru&scaron;tvenog položaja žena u prostituciji u na&scaron;oj zemlji, istorijsko-pravnim metodоm analizirali smo položaj žena u prostituciji u Srbiji u vremenskom periodu od pre Prvog svetskog rata do danas.<br />Kako bi se kritički sagledali svi aspekti aktuelnog prohibicionističkog modela u Srbiji, u disertaciji su, osim prohibicionističkog, istraživanjem obuhvaćeni, reglementacioni, abolicionistički i neoabolicionistički modeli. Odabrane su po dve države koje prihvataju jedan od navedenih modela i analiziran je uticaj izabranog modela na položaj žena u prostituciji.<br />Zakonodavstvo Savezne Republike Nemačke i Kraljevine Holandije odabrano je za analizu kako bi se utvrdilo kako reglementacioni model utiče na položaj žena u prostituciji. Od država koje su implementirale abolicionistički model, za analizu je izabrano zakonodavstvo Republike Italije i Kraljevine &Scaron;panije. Kako bismo stekli uvid u relativno nov, neoabolicionistički model regulisanja prostitucije, za analizu smo odabrali zakonodavstvo Kraljevine &Scaron;vedske i Kraljevine Norve&scaron;ke. Od država koje kao i Republika Srbija prihvataju prohibicionistički model, za analizu je izabrano zakonodavstvo Republike Hrvatske i Crne Gore.<br />S obzirom na to da smo želeli da pružimo potpunu sliku o pravnom položaju žena u prostituciji u Republici Srbiji, za potrebe disertacije sproveli smo empirijsko istraživanje čiji su rezultati omogućili sticanje uvida u praksu organa nadležnih za procesuiranje slučajeva prostitucije, kao i stvaranje potpunije slike o dru&scaron;tvenom položaju žena u prostituciji u Republici Srbiji.<br />Na osnovu rezultata sprovedenog istraživanja do&scaron;li smo do zaključka da je neophodna promena pravnog položaja žena u prostituciji. Promena je moguća isključivo napu&scaron;tanjem postojećeg prohibicionističkog pristupa u regulisanju prostitucije, koji se negativno odražava na sve aspekte života žena u prostituciji.<br />U skladu sa rezultatima istraživanja, u disertaciji su date i preporuke za unapređenje pravnog i dru&scaron;tvenog položaja žena u prostituciji u Republici Srbiji.</p> / <p>Prostitucijom se prevashodno bave žene zbog čega se često naziva i &bdquo;ženskom profesijom&rdquo;. U Republici Srbiji zastupljen je prohibicionistički model regulisanja prostitucije. Prema odredbi čl. 16. st. 1. Zakona o javnom redu i miru Republike Srbije, lica koja se odaju prostituciji podležu prekr&scaron;ajnom kažnjavanju. Osim &scaron;to odavanje prostituciji predstavlja prekr&scaron;aj protiv javnog reda i mira, lica koja se bave prostitucijom, a koja su pretežno žene, izložena su osudi dru&scaron;tvene sredine. Osuda dru&scaron;tvene sredine povlači za sobom stigmatizaciju, marginalizaciju i diskriminaciju žena u prostituciji.<br />Nesrazmerno veliki broj žena koje se bave prostitucijom u odnosu na broj mu&scaron;karaca bio je razlog da doktorsku disertaciju zasnujemo na teorijskom konceptu roda, primarne analitičke kategorije u feminističkim istraživanjima, prihvatajući kao polazi&scaron;te stav da &bdquo;rodni režimi nisu jednostavno odnosi mu&scaron;karaca i žena, već su oni sistem moći, očekivanja, uloga, pona&scaron;anja, stavova, diskursa i prikazivanja, vizualizovanja i hijerarhizovanja rodnih razlika&rdquo; (Blagojević Hjuson 2013, 34). Rodni režim koji sa jedne strane &bdquo;ograničava individualne mogućnosti i slobode&rdquo; (Ibid.), sa druge strane otvara ženama put ka prostituciji, dok dru&scaron;tvo bavljenje prostitucijom najče&scaron;će pogre&scaron;no vidi kao &bdquo;izbor&rdquo; same žene. Saglasno tome, prostituciju kao žensku profesiju istražujemo polazeći od toga da rodni obrazac oblikovan patrijarhalnom ideologijom u Srbiji, u određenim nepovoljnim životnim situacijama, vr&scaron;i nevidljiv, ali snažan pritisak na ženu da uđe u prostituciju.<br />Osnovni cilj istraživanja jeste da, uzimajući u obzir prihvaćen prohibicionistički pristup u regulisanju prostitucije, istražimo pravni i dru&scaron;tveni položaj žena u prostituciji.<br />Osim aktuelnog pravnog i dru&scaron;tvenog položaja žena u prostituciji u na&scaron;oj zemlji, istorijsko-pravnim metodom analizirali smo položaj žena u prostituciji u Srbiji u vremenskom periodu od pre Prvog svetskog rata do danas.<br />Kako bi se kritički sagledali svi aspekti aktuelnog prohibicionističkog modela u Srbiji, u disertaciji su, osim prohibicionističkog, istraživanjem obuhvaćeni, reglementacioni, abolicionistički i neoabolicionistički modeli. Odabrane su po dve države koje prihvataju jedan od navedenih modela i analiziran je uticaj izabranog modela na položaj žena u prostituciji.<br />Zakonodavstvo Savezne Republike Nemačke i Kraljevine Holandije odabrano je za analizu kako bi se utvrdilo kako reglementacioni model utiče na položaj žena u prostituciji. Od država koje su implementirale abolicionistički model, za analizu je izabrano zakonodavstvo Republike Italije i Kraljevine &Scaron;panije. Kako bismo stekli uvid u relativno nov, neoabolicionistički model regulisanja prostitucije, za analizu smo odabrali zakonodavstvo Kraljevine &Scaron;vedske i Kraljevine Norve&scaron;ke. Od država koje kao i Republika Srbija prihvataju prohibicionistički model, za analizu je izabrano zakonodavstvo Republike Hrvatske i Crne Gore.<br />S obzirom na to da smo želeli da pružimo potpunu sliku o pravnom položaju žena u prostituciji u Republici Srbiji, za potrebe disertacije sproveli smo empirijsko istraživanje čiji su rezultati omogućili sticanje uvida u praksu organa nadležnih za procesuiranje slučajeva prostitucije, kao i stvaranje potpunije slike o dru&scaron;tvenom položaju žena u prostituciji u Republici Srbiji.<br />Na osnovu rezultata sprovedenog istraživanja do&scaron;li smo do zaključka da je neophodna promena pravnog položaja žena u prostituciji. Promena je moguća isključivo napu&scaron;tanjem postojećeg prohibicionističkog pristupa u regulisanju prostitucije, koji se negativno odražava na sve aspekte života žena u prostituciji.<br />U skladu sa rezultatima istraživanja, u disertaciji su date i preporuke za unapređenje pravnog i dru&scaron;tvenog položaja žena u prostituciji u Republici Srbiji.</p> / <p>Since women usually deal with prostitution the prostitution is often called the &ldquo;female profession&rdquo;. The Republic of Serbia stands for the prohibitionist model of regulating prostitution. According to Article 16 paragraph 1 of the Law on Public Order and Peace of the Republic of Serbia, a person who deals with prostitution will be subject to the fine for a misdemeanor. Apart from the fact that prostitution is misdemeanor against public order and peace persons who are dealing with the prostitution, who are mostly women, will be exposed to the condemnation of society. Condemnation of the society is connected with stigmatization, marginalization and discrimination of women in prostitution.<br />Unproportionally large number of women dealing with the prostitution comparing to the number of men was determinative to establish the Ph.D. thesis on the theoretical concept of gender, the primary analytical category in feminist researches, accepting the fundamental concept that &ldquo;gender regimes are not simply the relationship between men and women, but are the system of power, expectations, roles, behaviors, attitudes, discourse and presentation, visualization and hierarchization of gender difference&rdquo; (Blagojevic Hughson 2013, 34). The gender approach, which on one hand, &ldquo;is limiting individual abilities and freedoms&rdquo; (ibid), is on the other hand opening the path of women towards prostitution, while the society most often wrongly sees prostitution as a woman&rsquo;s &ldquo;choice&rdquo;. In accordance with this, we analyze prostitution as a woman&rsquo;s profession taking into consideration that gender pattern shaped by patriarchal ideology in Serbia, in certain unfavorable life circumstances hasinvisible but powerful pressure on a woman to enter into prostitution.<br />The basic goal of the research is to, taking into consideration the accepted prohibitionist approach in regulating prostitution, analyze the legal and social status of women in prostitution.<br />Apart from the current legal and social status of women in prostitution in Serbia, based on the historical-legal method we have analyzed the status of women in prostitution in Serbia in the time period from before the First World War up today.<br />In order to critically review all the aspects of the current prohibitionist model in Serbia, the thesis analyzes in addition to the prohibitionist, also the reglementary, abolitionist and neo-abolitionist model. Two countries were selected,which accepted one of the stated models and we analyzed the impact of the selected model on the status of women in prostitution.<br />The legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Kingdom of the Netherlands was chosen for the analysis in order to assess how the reglementary model influences the status of women in prostitution. The legislation of the Italian Republic and Kingdom of Spain was selected from the countries that implemented the abolitionist model. In order to have insight into a relatively new, a neo-abolitionist model of regulating prostitution we chose to analyze the legislation of the Kingdom of Sweden and the Kingdom of Norway. The legislation of the Republic of Croatia and Montenegro were selected, which like the Republic of Serbia, accept the prohibitionist model.<br />Since in this PhD thesis we strive to present the full picture of legal status of women in prostitution in the Republic of Serbia, we conducted empirical research and the results of this research enabled us to have insight into the practice of authorities in charge for processing the cases of prostitution and to have more clear picture about the social status of women in prostitution in the Republic of Serbia.<br />Based on the results of conducted research, we came to the conclusion that it is necessary to change the legal status of women in prostitution. This change is possible only by abandoning the existing prohibitionist approach in regulating prostitution that negatively affects all the aspects of women&rsquo;s lives in prostitution.<br />In accordance with the results of the research, in the Ph.D. thesis we gave recommendations for improvement of the legal and social status of women in the prostitution in the Republic of Serbia.</p> / null

Cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à une question peu étudiée par l’historiographie de la Chine moderne et pourtant fondamentale pour la compréhension de l’impérialisme dans l’histoire de la Chine moderne. En s’inscrivant à la croisée de trois chantiers historiographiques, connexes, mais distincts, l’histoire urbaine, l’histoire des empires et l’histoire des forces de l’ordre, elle cherche à mettre en lumière la circulation des techniques et des savoirs de l’État moderne comme « statecraft » au niveau de la ville entre les empires européens et l’État chinois. Son objet central est la question de la défense et du maintien de l’ordre public dans la Concession française comme révélateur à la fois des relations entre les autorités françaises et locales, des tensions éventuelles entre les empires, de la hiérarchisation administrative de l’Empire français sur place, et la répartition du pouvoir de commandement militaire entre autorités civiles et militaires, dans le but d’éclairer la mise en place de l’administration municipale de Shanghai avant l’installation de la municipalité de Kuomintang en 1927 à trois niveaux. Comment les rapports existent-ils entre les trois municipalités au sein de la ville? Comment les autorités françaises construisent-elles une administration de la sécurité sur place? Enfin, comment cette administration de la sécurité répond-elle aux défis de la guerre et du conflit militaire ? / This doctoral thesis focuses on a question that has been little studied by the historiography of modern China but that is nevertheless fundamental to the understanding of imperialism in the modern history of this nation. By positioning itself at the intersection of three historiographical camps that are connected and yet distinct—urban history, the history of empires, and the history of the forces of law and order—this thesis will seek to emphasise the idea that the circulation of the skills and knowledge-base of a modern state were an example of “statecraft” within the city of Shanghai, which occupied an intermediary position between the European empires and the Chinese state. The primary focus of the thesis is the issue of defence and the maintenance of public order in the French Concession of Shanghai as being indicative of the relations that existed between the French and local authorities, the possible tensions between the empires, the administrative hierarchy of the French Empire on the ground, and the distribution of the power of military command between the civil and military authorities. The objective is to shed light on the shaping of the municipal administration of Shanghai before the establishment of the Kuomintang municipal authority in 1927 on three levels: what form did relations between the three municipalities within the city take? How did the French authorities build a security administration on the ground? Lastly, how did this security administration respond to the challenges of war and military conflict?

L'ordre public économique sociétaire est défini comme l'ensemble des règles de droit impératif et de principes d'ordre public qui jouent un rôle dans la structuration et l'organisation juridique des sociétés et la limitation de la liberté des particuliers dans cette structuration et organisation; les sociétés sont vues dans cette perspective comme les expressions juridiques des entreprises, organisations socio-économiques impliquant une multiplicité d'intérêts, mais aussi comme des « lieux » d'organisation du pouvoir privé économique, ne pouvant par conséquent être laissées absolument au jeu de la liberté contractuelle, notamment pour ce qui concerne les formes sociétaires les plus développées. Sous le terme français de montages on peut par contre regrouper des efforts de l'autonomie privée d'exploiter au maximum les marges de liberté en droit des sociétés, des efforts qui souvent se meuvent vers les limites du licite ou même poursuivent des finalités sans aucun doute illicites. Les montages peuvent être définis dans leurs rapports avec l'ordre public économique sociétaire, comme des efforts des particuliers d'aménager des effets de règles de cet ordre public, de contourner l'application normale de ces effets ou même d'instrumentaliser des blocs de règles de cet ordre public à des finalités atypiques ou même illicites. Les montages peuvent consister à des actes sociétaires de droit organisationnel (statuts, décisions des organes sociaux) ou à des actes relevant du droit des contrats (contrats de la société avec ses associés ou dirigeants, pactes entre associés - notamment actionnaires- ou des associés avec des tiers); ils peuvent aussi instrumentaliser les sociétés au delà de leur finalité type légale de constituer des formes juridiques d'entreprises-entités autonomes (ainsi les groupes de sociétés) ou même au-delà de toute utilisation comme formes juridiques d'entreprises. Il en résulte le besoin d'étudier les différents montages rencontrés dans la pratique des deux pays sous comparaison et l'attitude de leurs droits à l'égard de ces montages, en examinant les mécanismes de base du droit français et du droit grec pour le partage du licite et d'illicite, l'application de ces mécanismes dans la prise en compte des montages et les mécanismes de sanction des montages illicites. / The economic public order of the legal entities of commercial law (companies, partnerships,entities with limited liability of their members) is the total of mandatory rules and mandatory principles which act in the legal organization and structuring of the above entities and put the limits of the freedom of the individuals in this domain. ln this perspective, the entities of commercial law are seen as the legal expressions of the enterprises, socioeconomic organizations implicating a multitude of different interests, but also "places" of the private economic power, which cannot be totally abandoned in the domain of contractual freedom, especially regarding the most developed forms of such entities. The french term "montages" expresses on the contrary the endeavor of the individuals and of their autonomy to exploit to the maximum the margins of freedom let by the law of the entities of commercial law, moving often toward the limits between the legal and the illegal or even pursuing ends beyond doubt illegal. These montages can be defined in their relationship with the economic public order of the entities of commercial law, as the efforts of the individuals to adjust the normal effects of this public order, or to evade these effects, or to manipulate sets of rules of this public order to serve ends atypical or even unlawful. The montages can be acts of organizational law (acts of constitution, decisions of the organs of the entities of commercial law) or acts of the law of contracts (contracts of the entity with its members or directors, contracts between the members of the entities - especially shareholders-, contracts between these members and persons exterior to the entity) ; they can also use and manipulate the entities of commercial law themselves beyond their destination to be legal forms of enterprises-autonomous economic unities (especially this is the case in the groups of legal entities of commercial law) or even beyond any use as legal forms of enterprises. The result of these considerations is the need to study the different montages found in the practice of the two countries under comparison and examine the attitude of their laws toward those montages, by the examination of their basic mechanisms of distinction between the lawful and the unlawful and of the application of these mechanisms on the different montages and by the study of the mechanisms of sanction of the unlawful montages.