Master´s thesis describes an actual legal regulations in the sphere of public procurement. Goal is determine changes that brought amendment of act No 55/2012 Coll., about public orders and elaboration of recommendation for municipality Čkyně that must these changes break in the his public procurement contractual proceeding.

Mass disruptions of public order present very dangerous social phenomena.Acting as a public authority warranting that these situations are handled whenever they arise, the Police of the Czech Republic need to proceed in such a way as to prevent large-scale damage to health and property and ensure that protected interests are well secured as far as possible. The following two objectives are defined in the Introduction to the present thesis. To identify social changes and changes to legislation affecting the work of the Police of the Czech Republic in ensuring internal security of the State, with special regard to ensuring public order during civil unrests. To draft a guideline serving as a basis for the Police of the Czech Republic to define a standard used to improve its procedures in tackling civil unrests. As the Police of the Czech Republic represent one of the component parts of the Integrated Rescue System (IRS), the introductory part gives a brief account of the history and component units of the IRS. This is followed by a detailed description of the organisational structure of the Police of the Czech Republic, ranging from the Police Presidium and services having a republic-wide competence to Regional Police Directorates. Moreover, an account is given of riot police forces, including their history, development, organisation and training, as well as of the history and activity of anti-conflict teams. As a basis for methodology used to achieve the above-defined objectives, a sufficient amount of documents, coming mainly from internal sources of the Police of the Czech Republic was collected and thoroughly analysed, and a research into foreign and Czech legislation relating mainly to mass disruptions of public order was carried out. A qualitative research was used to gather data on the number of interventions by the riot police forces and anti-conflict teams in each year and with regard to each security measure, and an analysis of these phenomena was undertaken, including above all the events in the Sluknov Headland in 2011 and Ceske Budejovice in 2013. The qualitative research was further applied in the chapter describing the historical record of mass disruptions of public order in the Czech Republic, and in describing how the Police of the Czech Republic perceive these phenomena in terms of their gradual evolution and related social changes. The data collected in relation to foreign and Czech legislation on mass disruptions of public order were evaluated, as was the approach of the Police of the Czech Republic toward tackling these kinds of situation. Based on the defined objectives, the following research question was formulated: Do the Police of the Czech Republic have to respond to social changes and changes to legislation that are deemed to alter their procedures in maintaining public order? The research carried out along with the analysis of the collected data showed that the Police of the Czech Republic should indeed respond to social changes resulting from mass disruptions of public order, ranging from the "techno-party" type of events and spectator violence to the actions of extremists who become increasingly better organised and prepared to stand up against riot police forces, particularly whenever such events involve national minorities. Changes to legislation, such as the adoption of Act No. 273/2008 Coll., on the Police of the Czech Republic, as amended, or amendments of certain legal norms or internal management acts change the procedures and organisation of the Police of the Czech Republic related to tackling mass disruptions of public order, and the Police of the Czech Republic have to respond to them. The thesis includes a draft guideline that will serve as a basic tool for the Police of the Czech Republic to deal with mass disruptions of public order, especially at the stage of preparation, deployment of forces and means and appointment of command crews.

Cette étude à l’intersection entre pouvoir et espace porte sur le contrôle du cinéma par les autorités des concessions, l’intervention de pouvoirs concurrents dans le champ du cinéma et les activités de l’industrie cinématographique entre 1927 et 1943. Dans les années 1920, Shanghai, en particulier par ses concessions, devient la capitale du cinéma en Chine. En 1927, les autorités de la Concession internationale et celles de la Concession française établissent l’une après l’autre un système de censure cinématographique en prenant en compte l’expérience de leurs métropoles ou de leurs colonies et coopèrent entre elles dans sa mise en œuvre. Pour maintenir les bonnes mœurs et l’ordre public, les censeurs examinent les films en fonction de critères qui relèvent de la morale publique, de la prévention de la criminalité, de la sensibilité nationale ou du rapport avec la politique. Le cinéma en effet n’est pas seulement un outil de divertissement. Il devient aussi un enjeu de la lutte croissante entre les divers pouvoirs. Ainsi les autorités chinoises utilisent le nationalisme en manipulant l’émotion populaire et parviennent à orchestrer des mouvements de protestation « spontanée » pour s’emparer du droit de censure dans les concessions. Le Japon, acteur clé dans l’histoire moderne de la Chine, joue également un rôle dans ce tableau. Avec l’occupation du territoire chinois de Shanghai à partir de 1937, dans la mesure où l’armée japonaise considère le cinéma comme un outil de propagande, elle cherche à contrôler ce secteur. Les autorités des concessions doivent adapter leurs critères de censure au gré des mutations politiques, sociales et culturelles afin de préserver la stabilité sociale ainsi que leurs propres intérêts. Ces mesures ont une influence sur l’industrie du cinéma qui doit trouver un équilibre entre le contrôle exercé par divers pouvoirs et le marché. Une culture spécifique du cinéma s’est ainsi construite. Cette étude entend analyser à la fois l’évolution du système de censure cinématographique et son influence sur l’industrie cinématographique dans le contexte historique, culturel, ethnique, économique et politique de Shanghai entre 1927 et 1943. / This study at the crossroad of power and space focuses on the control of films the authorities of the foreign settlements implemented in Shanghai, the intervention of competing powers in the field of cinema and the activities of the film industry under their control between 1927 and 1943. In the 1920s, Shanghai, and particularly its settlements, became the capital of cinema in China. In 1927, the authorities of the International Settlement and the French Concession both established a system of film censorship that drew on the experience of their metropolitan states or their colonies and began to cooperate in its implementation. To maintain a sound moral environment and public order, the censors examined the films based on criteria such as morality, crime prevention, national sensitivity or politics. Movies were not only a means of entertainment, but also a major issue in the growing struggle among various authorities. In order to take hold of the right of censorship in settlements, the Chinese authorities took advantage of nationalism by manipulating popular emotion and succeeded in provoking campaigns of “spontaneous” protests. In such a context, Japan, a key player in modern Chinese history, also played an important role. After the occupation of the Chinese territory of Shanghai in 1937, the Japanese army, considering that movies were a means of propaganda, tried to control the film industry in Shanghai. The settlements’ authorities had to adapt their censorship criteria to political, social and cultural changes in order to maintain social stability and ensure their own interests. These measures influenced the film industry which had to find a balance between the control by various powers and market forces. A specific film culture thus emerged. This study aims at analysing both the evolution of the film censorship system and its influence on the film industry in the historical, cultural, ethnic, economic and political context of Shanghai between 1927 and 1943.

L'art contemporain se veut transgressif, c'est un art fugitif dont on garde trace dans ses souvenirs, grâce à des photographies et des protocoles conservés dans les archives des institutions et prêts à être «réactivés». Située à la frontière de plusieurs domaines de création et confrontée à une forte dématérialisation, l'œuvre d'art contemporain déroute le juriste. Aujourd'hui, elle ne résulte plus du travail d'un artiste agissant seul dans son atelier, mais d'équipes réunissant les talents de multiples professions qui fragmentent sa réalisation en plusieurs phases. De fait, la scénographie ou le procédé artistique l'emportent souvent sur l'œuvre elle-même. Ce procédé prend le nom de «production» d'art. C'est pourquoi l'art contemporain constitue un objet d'étude complexe en droit, lequel s'attache encore trop à la forme de l'œuvre plutôt qu'à ses modes de création. La production artistique contemporaine est un domaine où les usages et les coutumes naissent au gré de pratiques efficientes, et prennent petit à petit le pas sur le droit. Dès lors, un fossé se creuse entre les professionnels de l 'art contemporain et le droit, ce qui a tendance à induire la co­existence de pratiques divergentes et d'interprétations diverses des coutumes établies, ainsi que le chevauchement de la coutume et de la législation, sans que des directives d'application de l'une ou l'autre ne soient adoptées. La question à laquelle nous tentons donc de répondre dans cette thèse est celle de savoir comment réduire cet écart entre la pratique des professionnels de la création contemporaine et le droit afin d'apporter sécurité juridique à la production artistique, et plus particulièrement au sein de la commande publique. / Contemporary art transgress, it is a fugitive art, which we remember thanks to our memories, to photographs and protocols owned by institutions, ready to be revived. The contemporary work of art is dematerialized and located in-between many fields of creation. That is why legal experts have troubles understanding it. Nowadays, a sole artist does not make the work of art anymore. Although, it is the result of the work of a team, gathering multiples professionals, who divide the creation of the work of art up in many phases. That phenomenon is called « production of art». Thus, contemporary art is a complex subject for the law, which is still focused on the form and materials constituting the work of art, instead of being focused on the ways it is produced. The artistic production is regulated by customs, which tend progressively to take advantage on the law. In fact, this creates divergent practices and interpretations of the rules. Plus, the law and the customs sometimes tend to overlap, and no one knows which one should be applied. The question we try to answer in this thesis is how is it possible to reduce the gap between the professional practices and the law, in pursuing the goal to bring legal security in the artistic production, and most specifically, in the field of public call for artists.

While writing this diploma thesis, I realized that the issue of the Czech Police{\crq}s activities in the context of potentially reoccurring floods is a considerably complex matter. Moreover, it is subject to a multitude of mutually intertwined and interlinked laws and regulations. In the theoretical part, I studied the relevant laws concerning high-water crises, e.g., floods, and the work of the police in such emergency situations. Also, I focused on floods as such, their types, the factors leading to high-water scenarios, and the different levels of activities during floods. Thereupon I compiled an overview of the authorities of competence during floods, and examined the laws dealing with high-water crises. The second part of my thesis details the events that occurred during the flood in the Třeboň region in 2002. Finally, my thesis presents a detailed description of the current organizational structure of the PCR, as one of the fundamental elements of the country{\crq}s Integrated Rescue System (IZS). In the practical part of my thesis, I present an evaluation of a questionnaire that was taken with the aim of analyzing the level of preparedness of the PCR for maintaining public order in the event of a flood. My research indicates that the level of the PCR{\crq}s preparedness is not adequate enough, primarily in terms of existing material provisions and communication amongst the individual units of the IZS. This problem cannot be solved on the level of the Třeboň District Police (OOP) alone, for it has to be approached centrally in the context of potential flooding in the given locality. Another drawback appears to be, apart from shortage of PCR{\crq}s material provisions, also communication amongst the IZS units, particularly on the level of field watches (ground surveillance). A survey focused on to-date experience of the PCR{\crq}s members in the area of assuring public order in flooded territories revealed that the main problems the policemen had to deal with was disobedience and obstinacy on the part of the public when asked to evacuate a place, as well as inadequate provisions for effective communication. Moreover, the survey revealed inadequate knowledge of the scope of competence on the part of the PCR when ordered to evacuate a flooded area. Clearly, the Police Code should be applied consistently and better knowledge thereof pursued through periodical training, upgrading, and independent study. Despite the above shortcomings and the many problems arising therefrom, it should be noted that the organization of rescue activities was handled well, thanks to maximum effort of all the participating persons, so that the population suffered no major casualties or significant material losses.

Constitutional Law has irradiated to the whole legal system, constitutionalizing Civil Law. However, it is also true that this process has occurred in reverse, “privatizing” Constitutional Law.In this article, the author presents us a complete analysis of the fundamental rights of private origin, with an special emphasis on the constitutional right to convene freely, its limits and its possible judicial control. / El Derecho Constitucional se ha irradiado a todoel ordenamiento jurídico, constitucionalizandoel Derecho Civil. Sin embargo, también es ciertoque este proceso ha ocurrido a la inversa, “privatizando” el Derecho Constitucional.En el presente artículo, el autor nos presenta un completo análisis de los derechos funda- mentales de carácter privado, con especial énfasis en el derecho constitucional a contratar libremente, sus límites y sus posibles controles judiciales.

Les modes alternatifs de règlement des litiges en matière familiale se développent considérablement en droit français. Divers types ont pu être observés : médiation familiale, droit collaboratif, ou encore convention de procédure participative. Cette étude a pu mettre en évidence que le droit substantiel de la famille donne une consistance particulière aux modes alternatifs qui y sont concevables. Ils se détachent d’un droit commun des modes alternatifs pour s’émanciper et devenir autonome. Les modes alternatifs de règlement des litiges donnent un cadre structuré de négociation aux membres de la famille. Toutefois, il existe certaines normes impératives dont les individus ne peuvent s'écarter dans leurs conventions, des principes considérés comme fondamentaux qui imposent d’encadrer la volonté privée : le rôle du juge est irréductible en droit de la famille / Alternative forms of litigation settlement in familial matters have been considerably developing in French law. Several of them now exist: familial mediation, collaborative law, or participative procedure convention. This study has shown that substantial law of family gives particular consistency to the alternative forms that are subject to it. They detach themselves from common law alternative forms of settlement and have become autonomous. Alternative forms of litigation settlement give a structured framework to the negotiations between family members. However, individuals are not exempt from several imperative norms in their convention, principles that are considered as fundamental and which dictate that private will be ruled: the judge's role is irreducible in family law

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-29T13:59:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 priscilavieiramattos.pdf: 722364 bytes, checksum: fe4b30339fede49e6d5838ce7878ca13 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-05T14:51:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 priscilavieiramattos.pdf: 722364 bytes, checksum: fe4b30339fede49e6d5838ce7878ca13 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T14:51:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 priscilavieiramattos.pdf: 722364 bytes, checksum: fe4b30339fede49e6d5838ce7878ca13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / A proposta desta dissertação é entender o processo de constituição do Estado brasileiro, tendo como foco de abordagem os textos produzidos pelos presidentes provinciais de Minas Gerais, em face de seus discursos para manutenção da ordem pública e suas críticas e propostas para a administração da justiça no período entre 1850-1860. Os Relatórios dos presidentes, fontes primordiais no desenvolvimento da pesquisa, são analisados para compreender as adversidades que os delegados do chefe da Nação enfrentaram ao perpetrar a causa nacional em uma província marcada pela diversidade econômica e pela singularidade política. A partir deste levantamento, o objetivo é refletir sobre a concepção de Justiça dos representantes do Estado na província e identificar de que maneira os presidentes produziram e difundiram em seus registros o mote da manutenção da ordem como uma das condições indispensáveis para o desenvolvimento da prosperidade na província. Perante estas questões, o propósito é entrever os limites, mas também as possibilidades de ação do Executivo provincial no processo de consolidação do Estado Nacional. / The proposal of this dissertation is to understand the process of constitution of the Brazilian State, tends as abordagem focus the texts produced by the provincial presidents from Minas Gerais, in face of its speeches for maintenance of the public order and its critics and proposals for the administration of the justice in the period among 1850-1860. The presidents' Reports, primordial sources in the development of the research, they are analyzed to understand the adversities that the delegates of the boss of the Nation faced when perpetrating the national cause in a county marked by the economic diversity and for the political singularity. Starting from this rising, the objective is to contemplate about the conception of the representatives' of the State Justice in the county and to identify that way the presidents produced and they diffused in its registrations the mote of the maintenance of the order as one of the indispensable conditions for the development of the prosperity in the county. Before these subjects, the purpose is to glimpse the limits, but also the possibilities of action of the provincial Executive in the process of consolidation of the National State.

Au cours des années 1930, l’État vaudois vit se développer, sur son territoire, de nombreux courants politiques remettant en cause sa légitimité ainsi que la forme de ses institutions. Il s’agissait des mouvements communistes à caractère révolutionnaire, d’une part, des groupuscules frontistes d’inspiration fasciste, d’autre part. Ces formations, par ailleurs antagonistes, défièrent les autorités de diverses manières et s’affrontèrent également dans l’espace public, dans la rue ou dans la presse. Enfin, la présence dans le canton de colonies italienne et allemande, corsetées par les cadres des partis nationaux, constitua alors un facteur inédit de subversion. Dans ces temps agités, les hommes présidant aux destinées du Pays de Vaud durent défendre l’ordre et la tranquillité publics tout en préservant, dans la mesure du possible, les droits et libertés du plus grand nombre. La présente recherche ambitionne de décrire l’attitude des pouvoirs exécutif, législatif et judiciaire face aux facteurs de troubles et d’agitation ayant parcouru la décennie. Elle analyse les menaces que représentèrent les forces subversives et met en lumière les mesures, préventives et répressives, adoptées par les autorités. Les lois et arrêtés, la correspondance des services de police ainsi que les rapports et notes des inspecteurs de la Sûreté constituent les sources principales de cette thèse. Celles-ci permettent de mettre en évidence la tendance, dans les différents cercles du pouvoir, à considérer de moins en moins les dangers concrets planant sur l’État démocratique, pour mener progressivement une politique emprunte d’autoritarisme et d’une volonté de défendre à tout prix le régime en place. / During the 1930s, the state of Vaud was a favourable ground to many political streams denying its legitimacy as well as the form of its institutions. On the one hand were communist and revolutionary movements, and on the other hand, small frontist groups, inspired by fascism. Besides, those antagonistic factions happened to challenge the authorities in different ways, and also confronted each other in public spaces, in the streets or in the press. At last, the presence of italian and german settlements in the canton, hindered by executives of national parties, appeared to be a new factor in subversion. In these turbulent times, the men who determined the fate of the canton of Vaud had to defend public order and tranquility, while conserving, as often as possible, rights and liberties of the greatest number. The present research strives to describe the behaviour of executive, legislative and judicial powers towards the factors of troubles that went through the decade. It analyses the threats that the subversive forces represented and highlights the preventive and repressive measures adopted by the authorities. Laws and decrees, correspondence of the police services, reports and notes left by the police officers, these are the main sources of this thesis. They bring to light the general trend, in each circle of power, towards less and less considering real dangers for the democratic state, in order to pursue a kind of authoritarian policy and to defend the existing regime at all costs.

L'action directe contre les P&I clubs constitue l'une des principales problématiques du contentieux maritime. Relative à l'indemnisation des victimes par la voie assurantielle, l'action directe s'avère aujourd'hui impossible à mettre en œuvre contre ces institutions. En effet, les clubs de protection et d'indemnité, qui ont un fonctionnement mutualiste particulier ne laissent aucune place à l'indemnisation de la victime à travers l'action directe. Ce constat est conforté par le droit anglais qui régit le contrat d'assurance de ces institutions et qui valide l’opposabilité de la clause « pay to be paid » aux victimes. Cette impossibilité de mise en œuvre a été consacrée aux débuts des années 1990 par les juridictions anglaises, puis réaffirmée à travers le « third parties act » de 2010. Pourtant, l'organisation maritime internationale a entrepris ces dernières années, un travail d’unification de la responsabilité civile du propriétaire du navire en impliquant ces institutions dans le processus d’indemnisation à travers l’assurance obligatoire. En effet, les textes internationaux confèrent pour certains dommages assurés par les clubs de protection et d'indemnité, une action directe aux victimes, la superposant ainsi, à l'indemnisation par la voie de la responsabilité. L'OMI a été ainsi à l'initiative de la mutation de ces institutions. En dehors de l'assurance obligatoire imposée par les conventions internationales de l’OMI, la réhabilitation du mécanisme s’avère possible à travers la solution juridique que nous proposerons. L'action directe serait alors un mécanisme salvateur face au phénomène des « single ship companies » / Direct action against the P & I clubs is one of the main issues of maritime international disputes. Indeed, protection and indemnity clubs, which provides to shipowners "Indemnity" policies, requires a club member to discharge his liabilities to the injured third party before he can be indemnified by the P&I club. It results from a clause contained in the rules called "pay to be paid". Therefore, if the member cannot compensate the third party as result of insolvency, the english law does not allow the victim to bring proceedings against these institutions. Indeed, the third parties act against insurers 2010 transfers to the victim the rights of the insolvent insured against the insurer. At the same time, and regarding the legislation of England, the club is entitled to rely on the “pay to be paid” rule against the third party, which will defeat finally the claim. However, it is well known that some international conventions regarding the liability of the shipowner are conferring direct right of action against the P&I clubs. The International maritime organization does not allow these institutions, for some damages, to rely on the "pay to be paid" clause. From "indemnity insurers", the P&I club become "liability insures". Besides these conventions, this thesis will analyze the function of the direct action against P&I clubs in maritime disputes, and the legal solution which will allow any third party to sue directly the P&I clubs for the other damages