Esta pesquisa apresenta uma contribuição ao entendimento do efeito da variação do estado de tensões e variação de umidade na compactação, na suscetibilidade à deformação permanente dos solos de subleito. Assim, um programa experimental foi desenvolvido considerando as variáveis o estado de tensões e a umidade, que são importantes na análise da evolução da deformação permanente dos solos de subleito. Para esta avaliação, foi utilizado um solo arenoso laterítico proveniente da região de Dois Córregos, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização e ensaios triaxiais de cargas repetidas (módulo de resiliência e deformação permanente). Adicionalmente, foi analisado o efeito do acúmulo de deformação permanente nos valores de módulo de resiliência, que foi efetuado a partir de ensaios realizados antes e após o ensaio de deformação permanente. Além disso, de posse dos resultados de deformação permanente foi verificada a ocorrência do Shakedown. Concluiu-se que um aumento de tensões causa um aumento na deformação permanente, não sendo possível avaliar o efeito da variação de umidade na deformação permanente. Observou-se a ocorrência do Shakedown, porém não foi possível definir seu limite. Não foi possível o enquadramento da deformação permanente no modelo de Monismith, sendo proposto, por meio de regressão múltipla, um modelo para avaliação da deformação permanente, considerando as variáveis, umidade, número de aplicações de carga e estado de tensões. / This research presents a contribution to understanding the effect of the variation of the state of stress and water content in the evolution of the permanent deformation of subgrade soils. A lateritic sandy soil from the region of Dois Córregos, State of São Paulo, Brazil, was used throughout the characterization and triaxial repeated loads tests (resilient module and permanent deformation tests). Additionally, it was analyzed the effect of the accumulation of permanent deformation in the values of resilient module from tests performed before and after the permanent deformation tests, as well as it was verified the occurrence of Shakedown. It was concluded that an increase of stress causes an increase in permanent deformation, but it was not possible to evaluate the effect of the variation of moisture content in permanent deformation. It was also observed the occurrence of Shakedown, but it was not possible to set its limit. Furthermore, it was not possible to fit the permanent deformation testing data in the model of Monismith, being proposed, by means of multiple regression, a model for the assessment of permanent deformation considering the variables moisture content, number of load applications and state of stress.

Recently, there has been growing interest on the behaviour of unbound granular material in road base layers. Researchers have studied that the design of a new pavement and prediction of service life need proper characterization of unbound granular materials, which is one of the requirements for a new mechanistic design method in flexible pavement. Adequate knowledge of the strength and deformation characteristics of unbound layer in pavements is a prerequisite for proper thickness design, residual life determination, and overall economic optimization of the pavement structure. The current knowledge concerning the granular materials employed in pavement structures is limited. In addition, to date, no general framework has been established to explain satisfactorily the behaviour of unbound granular materials under the complex repeated loading which they experience. In this study, a conceptual method, packing theory-based model is introduced; this framework evaluates the stability and performance of granular materials based on their packing arrangement. In the framework two basic aggregate structures named as Primary Structure (PS), and Secondary Structure (SS). The Primary Structure (PS) is a range of interactive grain sizes that forms the network of unbound granular materials. The Secondary Structure (SS) includes granular materials smaller than the primary structure. The Secondary Structures fill the gaps between the particles in the Primary Structure and larger particles essentially float in the skeleton. In this particular packing theory-based model; the Primary Structure porosity, the average contact points (coordination number) of Primary Structure, and a new parameter named Disruption Potential are the key parameters that determine whether or not a particular gradation results in a suitable aggregate structure. Parameters mentioned above play major role in the aggregate skeleton to perform well in terms of resistance to permanent deformation as well as load carrying capacity (resilient modulus). The skeleton of the materials must be composed of both coarse enough and a limited amount of fine granular materials to effectively resist deformation and carry traffic loads. / QC 20120601

The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) which is widely used for the rational design of pavements has three different design levels (i.e., Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3) that are typically based on the resources and the level of risk associated for a given project. Specifically, Level 2 design requires the estimation of the resilient modulus, MR (which is the key parameter in the mechanistic design procedures) from simple experiments such as the California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and R-value tests. In this study, a technique is proposed for estimation of MR from CBR that can be used in Level 2 designs of pavements. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a relatively inexpensive laboratory test which provides a measure of the strength of a soil. The CBR test can easily be performed as the experimental procedure is relatively straightforward to execute. The CBR test procedure widely used and is simple, however the fundamental engineering principles governing CBR tests do not realistically describe the mechanical behavior of pavements. Due to this reason, there has been a significant interest to design pavements using a mechanistic approach such as the resilient modulus (MR). The MR test method provides an indication of the stiffness of pavement materials under cyclic loads, which closely represents the typical loading conditions that are experienced by pavements. MR is a reliable method as it considers the cyclic loading (i.e., resilient response) of pavements. However, it has one major drawback as the triaxial testing equipment used for measurement of the MR is relatively costly, testing is complex and requires trained professional to perform them. The CBR and MR are both used in present day practice to evaluate the strength of pavement materials. However, the CBR is widely used because of its relatively low cost and the vast experience with its use in the design of pavements. The common trend in today’s practice is to estimate the MR from CBR as evident in most pavement design procedures used around the world. For instance, the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (AASHTO 2008) suggests that the MR may be estimated from standard tests like the CBR for design of Level 2 pavements. Numerous studies in the literature propose relationships between CBR and MR, but only a hand full of these studies takes account of the effect of matric suction, 𝜓 which is a key stress state variable that describes the rational behavior of unsaturated soils. This thesis document includes the explanation of a modified CBR test equipment capable of measuring unsaturated properties (𝜓 and water content) of specimens subjected to wetting and drying. In addition, some correlations were developed using the measured CBR data and the data of MR from other studies. The results provide useful information for Level 2 mechanistic-empirical design of pavement structures for various soils in the province of Ontario.

No description available.

Full-depth reclamation (FDR) is an increasingly common technique that is used to rehabilitate flexible pavements. Implementation of FDR on rehabilitation projects produces several desirable benefits. However, these benefits are not fully realized due to the fact that state department of transportation specifications typically limit the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content of pavement base material to 50 percent. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of RAP content, cement content, temperature, curing time, curing condition, and moisture state on the strength, stiffness, and deformation characteristics of cement-treated base (CTB) mixtures containing high percentages of RAP.For this research, one aggregate base material and one RAP material were used for all samples. RAP content ranged from 0 to 100 percent in increments of 25 percent, and low, medium, and high cement levels corresponding to 7-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of 200, 400, and 600 psi, respectively, were selected for testing. Moisture-density, UCS, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation tests were performed for various combinations of factors, and several statistical analyses were utilized to evaluate the results of the UCS, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation testing.The results of this work show that CTB containing RAP can be made to achieve 7-day UCS values approaching 600 psi regardless of RAP content. With regards to stiffness, the data collected in this study indicate that the resilient modulus of CTB containing RAP is affected by temperature in the range from 72 to 140°F for the low cement level. Permanent deformation of CTB containing RAP is significantly affected by RAP content and cement level at the test temperature of 140°F. At the low cement level, temperature is also a significant variable. As the 7-day UCS reaches approximately 400 psi, permanent deformation is reduced to negligible quantities. The results of this research indicate that the inverse relationship observed between permanent deformation and 7-day UCS is statistically significant.Given that the principle conclusion from this work is that CTB with high RAP contents can perform satisfactorily as a base material when a sufficient amount of cement is applied, agencies currently specifying limits on the percentage of RAP that can be used as a part of reclaimed base material in the FDR process should reevaluate their policies and specifications with the goal of allowing the use of high RAP contents where appropriate.

Cracking is one of the most severe distress modes of asphaltpavements. Thus characterising the fracture resistance properties of asphaltmixtures is the key issue for improving the performance relatedmixture design. The present master thesis project addresses the implementationof the theoretical framework, which is used to characterise thefracture resistance of mixtures based on the SuperPave indirect tensiletest (IDT). An open source Matlab-based software for analysing resilientmodulus, Poisson’s ratio, creep parameters and fracture resistance parametershas been developed. The software analyses the the IDT results, toestimate mixture’s fracture resistance based on hot mix asphalt FractureMechanics. Predictions form the field specimens concerning the fractureresistance obtained from IDT are compared with observed field performance.

[pt] A geração e consumo crescente de embalagens PET representa um grande problema ambiental, pois o resíduo destes produtos acaba sendo descartado inadequadamente na natureza ou sendo simplesmente disposto nos aterros. Com o objetivo de atenuar este problema pesquisas foram desenvolvidas nos últimos anos buscando oferecer um destino mais nobre para o resíduo de PET, especialmente para as garrafas PET. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa propõe o uso do resíduo de garrafas PET, sob a forma de pó, triturado e fibras, como material alternativo para camadas de base em pavimentos. Misturas de Solo-PET, utilizando um solo argiloso com inserção de pó de PET nas porcentagens de 10, 20 e 30 por cento, inserção de PET triturado nas porcentagens de 3, 5 e 7 por cento, e inserção de fibras de PET nas porcentagens de 0,25 e 0,50 por cento, foram avaliadas geotecnicamente por meio de ensaios de caracterização física, ensaios de compactação e ensaios de módulo de resiliência. Os ensaios mecânicos foram realizados nas amostras recém-compactadas e em corpos de prova aquecidos, avaliando ainda a influência do aquecimento no módulo de resiliência. Também foi utilizado o programa computacional SisPav para simular o dimensionamento de um pavimento típico composto pelos materiais estudados. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a inserção de PET nas misturas tem influência sobre o comportamento mecânico do solo, sendo constatado que menores teores possibilitam maiores valores de módulo resiliência. Ainda, a mistura com 10 por cento de pó de PET foi considerada mais eficiente. Conclui-se que a utilização de um solo argiloso adicionado com PET como material alternativo em base de pavimentos é tecnicamente viável e representa uma boa solução para a destinação deste resíduo bem como para a mitigação de seu potencial agressivo ao meio ambiente. / [en] The growing production and consumption of PET packaging represents a major environmental problem because they end up being improperly discarded in nature or simply disposed in landfills. With the aim to attenuate the environmental problem researchers were developed in the last years, in order to offer a nobler destination for this waste, especially for PET bottles. In this context, this research proposes the use of PET bottles waste, in form of powder, crushed and fibers as an alternative material for pavements base. Soil-PET mixtures, using a clayey soil with the addition of PET powder in percentages of 10, 20 and 30 percent, addition of crushed PET in percentages of 3, 5 and 7 percent and addition of PET fiber in percentages of 0,25 and 0,5 percent, were geotechnically evaluated by physical characterization tests, compaction tests and Resilient Modulus tests. The mechanical tests were performed on freshly compacted samples and also on heated specimens, evaluating the influence of heating in the resilient modulus. The computer program SisPav was also used to simulate the mechanistic empirical design for a typical pavement structure composed of the researched material. The results indicate that the insertion of PET influences the mechanical behavior of the soil, and it was verified that lower contents of PET allows higher values of resilient modulus. It can be concluded that the use of a clayey soil added with PET, as an alternative material in pavements base, is technically feasible and represents a good solution for the destination of this waste as well as for the mitigation of its aggressive potential to the environment.

In this research study, a strategy was used for assigning stiffness values to various layers of the pavement system so that there are negligible tensile stresses in the subgrade and base layers. The stiffnesses of the aggregate base layers were assigned double the values of the corresponding subgrade materials. The layer thicknesses were designed to achieve surface deflection values within the acceptable limit. An innovative design procedure was developed for designing pavement sections covering various layer thicknesses, material and environmental variables. The designed sections were compared with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) procedure and the differences were critiqued. Porous asphalt layer was used as the surface course for all pavement sections. The calculations validated the general principle of pavement design, as the subgrade stiffness decreased the base thickness increased for the same surface course thickness and traffic. Structural design of 63 pavements sections was accomplished representing various temperature and materials including additives. Low Density Polyethylene, performance graded asphalt, different soils, aggregates, lime and cement were the component materials utilized in this research study. An explanation on the mechanics of the mixtures is given in the results and discussion section. / Civil Engineering

O crescimento do setor industrial brasileiro, na última década, tem demandado a fabricação de maior volume de máquinas e peças metálicas. Como resultado, a produção de fundidos metálicos aumentou e foi acompanhada da geração de maiores volumes de resíduos. O processo de fundição mais comum emprega areia natural, misturada com ligantes orgânicos e inorgânicos, para conformar os moldes que dão forma às peças metálicas. Após certo número de ciclos de fundição, a areia não apresenta mais as características apropriadas para seu emprego nessas indústrias e passa a ser o principal resíduo das siderúrgicas. Assim, a areia de fundição residual (AFR) deve ser descartada em aterros sanitários licenciados a elevados custos. Por tal motivo, pesquisadores e engenheiros têm procurado alternativas que permitam reaproveitar esse resíduo em atividades da construção civil. A construção de estradas consume elevados volumes de recursos naturais, portanto, fornece a oportunidade de reutilizar o resíduo em quantidades significativas. Nesse sentido, nesta pesquisa, o objetivo principal foi avaliar a possibilidade de reaproveitar a areia de fundição residual na construção de camadas de bases e sub-bases de pavimentos de baixo volume de tráfego. A areia de fundição residual utilizada foi coletada no município de Piracicaba/SP, que apresenta elevada concentração de siderúrgicas. Esse resíduo foi utilizado na composição de misturas do tipo solo areia, solo areia cal e areia asfalto usinada a quente (AAUQ). Essas misturas foram avaliadas à luz das propriedades de interesse à engenharia rodoviária para determinar a viabilidade de seus empregos em camadas estruturais de pavimentos. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios mecânicos mostram que composições de solo areia e solo areia cal com AFR de 20% a 60% poderiam ser utilizadas em bases e sub-bases de pavimentos, assim como as misturas de AAUQ, que consumiriam quantidades consideráveis de areia residual, também poderiam ser utilizadas em bases de pavimentos. Ensaios ambientais também foram executados na AFR e em algumas misturas para determinar o risco de poluição do meio ambiente. Os resultados mostraram que a AFR atende aos requisitos exigidos para seu reuso; contudo algumas misturas apresentaram concentração de poluentes superior aos valores máximos permitidos. Portanto, concluiu-se que a areia de fundição residual apresenta características para ser reaproveitada nas atividades de construção de pavimentos de baixo volume de tráfego, mas recomenda-se a construção de trechos experimentais para monitoramento por longos períodos de tempo para garantir que o resíduo não comprometa a segurança ambiental. / The Brazilian industry grew up considerably last decade, increasing the needing of machinery and metal production. As a result, the metal casting production raised and also the amount of the residues. The most common foundry system uses natural sand mixed with organic and inorganic binders, to produce the cores of the metal products. After a certain number of foundry cycles, the sand losses its properties and remain as the main residue of the foundry industry. Thereby, the waste foundry sand (WFS) must be discarded in licensed landfills at high costs. Hence, researchers and engineers have researched for alternative solutions to reuse this residue in civil construction activities. Pavement construction uses high volumes of natural resources, thus, provides an opportunity to reuse significant amounts of WFS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of use the waste foundry sand as construction material of pavement bases and sub-bases courses with low volume traffic. The waste foundry sand used here was collected close to the city of Piracicaba/SP, region which has a high concentration of foundry industries. The residue was used to compose soil-sand, soil-sand-lime and sand-asphalt mixtures. Tests commonly used in pavement research were used to evaluate the mixtures containing waste foundry sand and determine their potential as road construction material. The results showed that mixtures of soil-sand and soil-sand-lime containing 20% to 60% of WFS could be used as pavement bases and sub-bases courses. On the other hand, sand-asphalt-hot-mix could consume higher volumes of the residue and also could be used as bases courses. The waste foundry sand and some mixtures were also analyzed through environmental tests. The results showed that the WFS has suitable characteristics to be reused in alternative activities. However, some metals were detected in the mixtures at higher concentrations than the allowed by specifications. Therefore, it is concluded that the waste foundry sand has characteristics that encourage its reuse in low volume traffic pavements, but, it is recommended the construction of experimental pavement sections using WFS to assess the environmental impact of the residue in long term periods.

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência da variação do teor de umidade no valor do módulo de resiliência (MR) de um solo argiloso de subleito, tendo em vista que este parâmetro é muito susceptível à variações climáticas ambientais. Foram realizados ensaios triaxiais cíclicos para se estimar o módulo de resiliência de corpos de prova ensaiados em diversas condições de umidade. Verificou-se que o MR é influenciado pela tensão desvio, de forma que aquele aumenta com o acréscimo desta. Constatou-se que os corpos de prova moldados na Wot e submetidos a trajetórias de secagem e umedecimento alcançaram valores de MR superiores e inferiores, respectivamente, ao se comparar com o MR de corpos de prova ensaiados na Wot. Este fato foi também observado para os corpos de prova moldados com massa específica seca máxima, em teores de umidade abaixo e acima do teor ótimo. Determinou-se, ainda, a sucção no solo através do método do papel filtro e levantou-se a sua curva característica. Verificou-se que à medida que a umidade aumenta, a sucção diminui. Observou-se que o valor do MR aumenta com o aumento da sucção no solo. Este crescimento é tanto maior quanto maior seja a tensão desvio aplicada. Foi possível determinar a relação entre o MR, a tensão desvio e o módulo tangente inicial (Eo), proveniente dos ensaios de compressão simples. Relacionou-se, também, o Eo e a sucção no solo. / The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of moisture content variation in resilient modulus value (MR) of a subgrade clayey soil, considering that this parameter is very susceptible to environmental climatic variations. Cyclic triaxial tests were performed to acess resilient modulus of specimens tested in several moisture conditions. lt has been verified that MR is influenced by deviator stress, so that the former increases with the latter increases. lt has been confirmed that specimens molded in Wot and submited to a drying and moistening route reached MR values higher and lower, respectively, to compare with MR of specimens tested in Wot. This fact was also observed for the specimens molded with dry density, in moisture contents below and above of optimum moisture content. lt has been also determined the soil suction using filter paper method and it has been built its characteristic curve. lt has been verified that when moisture increases, the suction decreases. lt has been observed that MR value increases with the soil suction increase. This increase is as bigger as bigger the applied deviator stress be. lt was possible to determine the relationship between MR, deviator stress and parameters from compressive strength tests. lt has been related parameters from compressive strength tests and soil suction.