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Diese Arbeit behandelt die Beschreibung des Fließens und des Blockierens von granularer Materie. Granulare Materie kann einen Verfestigungsübergang durchlaufen. Dieser wird Jamming genannt und ist maßgeblich durch vorliegende Spannungen sowie die Packungsdichte der Körner, welche das Granulat bilden, bestimmt. Die Rheologie dichter granularer Medien ist zusätzlich zu Spannung und Packungsdichte stark durch Reibung zwischen den Körnern beeinflusst. Wir zeigen mittels numerischer Simulationen und analytischer Betrachtungen, wie Reibung Jamming qualitativ verändert. Reibungsfreies Jamming ist ein kontinuierlicher Phasenübergang mit einem kritischen Punkt bei verschwindender Spannung. Reibungsbehaftetes Jamming ist ein diskontinuierlicher Phasenübergang mit einem kritischen Punkt bei endlicher Spannung. Der kritische Punkt bei endlicher Spannung führt zu bemerkenswertem Verhalten: Oberhalb der kri- tischen Packungsdichte gibt es ein Intervall an Packungsdichten, innerhalb dessen große oder kleine Spannungen zum Fließen führen, mittlere Spannungen hingegen führen zum Blockieren des Mediums. Das Fließverhalten nahe Jamming ist stark durch die Systemgröße beeinflusst: Es gibt eine kritische Systemgröße, oberhalb derer zeitabhängiger Fluss entsteht. Dieser zeitabhängige Fluss wird durch die Ausbildung von großskaligen Strukturen im Spannungsfeld erklärt. Sowohl die großskaligen Strukuren als auch der damit einhergehende zeitabhängige Fluss sind neuartige Phänomene im Fluss von trockenen Granulaten und durch Rei- bung hervorgerufen.

Title: The influence of pharmacological substances from the SYSADOA group on knee osteoarthritis. Objectives: The aim of this work is to determine the effect of three - month usage of pharmacological substances from the SYSADOA group on the subjective perception of the difficulties associated with the knee osteoarthritis and on the reological changes in the joint. Methods: In collaboration with rehabilitation and orthopedic centres 18 probands with knee osteoarthritis in the second degree were obtained. These probands were divided into two groups - the experimetal group (including those who have taken Proenzi 3 plus) and the control group (including those who have taken placebo). With all the pacients the input clinical examination and the medical history were done. Probands had been using these preparations for twelve weeks. After this time, the changes in the subjective perception using the WOMAC test and reological changes in the joint were evaluated, using a special knee rheometer. Results: The results of objectively measured parameters clearly proved that the Proenzi 3 plus has a positive effect on the rheological properties of the knee osteoarthritis. The experimental group had a statistically significant improvement in both of these parameters, as opposed to the control group. Concerning...

In South Africa mineral processing is a very important activity and ""lith declining om grades and increased need for foreign' revenue it is necessarv to develop methods which wUl keep are processing'~osts as low as possible. (( Milling is an example of a capital intensive unit operation 'which has much scope for more efficient Operation. Better control of the viscosity of the slurry discharged from a rotary 9rir~ding mill will result in improved milling efficiency and hence a saving 1'1electricity ~nd steel costs will be experienced. More effective and conslstent grinding in the mil! will also result in em lmproved mineral recovery. Slurry rheology is the variable of interest in monitoring and controlling a wet grinding mill rather than other rneascres of slurry composition presently used (eg percent solids). Up to this point in time however this variable has not been successfully used due to the fact that a sufficiently reliable and robust device for measuring the viscosities of slurries on an on-line basis has riot been available, This project was undertaken to develop just such a device (which is in the process of being patented bV Professor M H Mays). The flow rate of a fluid down a vertical tube is a function if its viscosity as well as ether quantifiable variables. This is the basis of the operation of the measurement device. Useful features of this device Include the fact tl'tat it has no movin~ paris, is inexpensive and robust and is subject tli) little wear. ''rha measurement can b --------------------------------------.--~~-----~------ performed directly on the stream in question and it is unlikely to be blocked up by fibres/particles. A self cleaning facility may also be Included. Ba$ed On the experimental results the technique shows much promise and it is anticipate:ted that the basic design could easily evolve into a useful, practical devi~e for th~ measurement of the apparent viscosity of settling slurries as well as other fluids. If a differential pressure tell" Is also connected to the device it may be used to obtain the density of the fluid being sampled. A model based on the. principles of conservation of momentum was developed and solved numerically using MATLAB {which uses 5th order Runge Kuttal as well as a Turbo pascal program using 4th order Runge i<utta. The model was also' simp.lified slightly by neglecting acceleration of th~ flui¢ (a simplificatlcbn which was shown ~xperimentally to hold) and solved analytically. The results predict~d by the model ~3~ffar only slightly from the experimentally determined i' results. The devil~e has been tested on pilot mills at MINTEK's research facility as wall as the Anglo American Research labs, with varying degrees of success.

Student Number : 0218148W - MSc Dissertation - School of Civil Engineering - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is becoming a popular form of concrete usage in a range of applications throughout the world. This investigation considers the development of the technology and use of SCC. Importantly, the investigation aims to highlight the opportunities for using SCC in South Africa. A mixture design model is proposed and has been found to work well using local materials. The advantage of this model is the simplicity and the adaptability to any aggregate type. This method should be more acceptable to SCC producers who do not have special facilities and testing equipment An overview concerning concrete rheology is included to explain the mechanisms used to describe the flow and deformation of both the concrete and mortar mixtures. Included is a comparison between concrete, mortar and paste rheology. The Tattersall Two Point Tester was used to measure the shear resistance at two shear deformation rates. From the test results it was found that SCC can be made using South African materials and that it is possible to design a mixture with a lower cementitious content. The results from the Tattersall Two Point Tester gave additional information about the flowability of SCC.

L’objet de cette thèse expérimentale est l’étude de la rhéologie des mousses de fluides complexes. L’utilisation de matériaux modèles permet de découpler les effets des bulles et du fluide complexe sur le comportement rhéologique des mousses. Nous caractérisons notamment le module élastique et la contrainte seuil des mousses de suspension de particules et des mousses d’émulsion. La rhéologie des mousses de particules est fortement dépendante du rapport entre la taille des particules et la taille du réseau interstitiel de la mousse (nœud et bords de Plateau). Lorsque les particules sont suffisamment petites pour être inclues dans le réseau de la mousse, elles peuvent former un squelette granulaire compact. Cette structure mise en place par le drainage de la suspension augmente sensiblement la valeur du module élastique des mousses de particules. En effet, le confinement exercé par les bulles sur le squelette granulaire est à l’origine de l’élasticité de la matrice granulaire. Lorsque taille des particules augmente, ces dernières sont exclues du réseau de la mousse et le module élastique des mousses de particules diminue avec la disparition de la matrice. Les mousses de particules avec un squelette granulaire possèdent l’avantage d’avoir deux sources d’élasticité distinctes : l’élasticité capillaire des bulles et élasticité du squelette granulaire. On peut sommer ces deux contributions pour modéliser le module élastique macroscopique de la mousse, ce n’est pas le cas des mousses d’émulsion. En effet, il existe un couplage entre bulles et la matrice d’émulsion. L’introduction des nombres capillaire élastique et capillaire de Bingham permet de décrire l’évolution respective du module élastique et de la contrainte seuil des mousses d’émulsion. Enfin, l’analyse de la contrainte seuil de ces deux types de mousses permet d’identifier la matrice de particules comme étant un fluide à seuil, et forme un parallèle intéressant entre ces deux mousses à priori dissemblables / The subject of this experimental thesis is the study of the rheology of complex fluid foams. The use of model materials allows decoupling the effects of the bubbles and the complex fluid on the rheological behavior of the foams. In particular, we characterize the elastic modulus and the yield stress of particle-loaded foams and emulsion foams. The rheology of particle-loaded foams is highly dependent on the size ratio between the particle and the interstitial foam network (node and the so called “Plateau borders”). When the particles are small enough to be included in the foam network, they can form a compact granular skeleton. This structure put in place by the drainage of the suspension substantially increases the value of the elastic modulus of the particle-loaded foams. Indeed, the confinement exerted by the bubbles on the granular skeleton is at the origin of the elasticity of the matrix (skeleton). As the size of the particles increases, they are excluded from the foam network and the elastic modulus of the foam particles decreases with the disappearance of the matrix. Particle foams with a granular skeleton have the advantage of having two distinct sources of elasticity: the capillary elasticity of the bubbles and the elasticity of the granular skeleton. These two contributions can be summed up to model the macroscopic elastic modulus of the foam, this is not the case for emulsion foams. Indeed, there is a coupling between bubbles and the emulsion matrix. The introduction of elastic capillary number and the Bingham number allows to describe the respective evolution of the elastic modulus and the yield stress of the emulsion foams. Finally, the analysis of the yield stress of these two types of foams enables to identify the matrix of particles as a yield stress fluid, and forms an interesting parallel between these two foams that are a priori dissimilar

O colágeno possui características que fazem com seja amplamente utilizado como biomaterial. A termo-estabilidade do colágeno está diretamente relacionada a mudanças na sua estrutura (hélice tripla) via de regra quanto mais estável termicamente uma matriz, mais estável biologicamente será. Vários poliálcoois incluindo o glicerol têm apresentado um aumento na estabilidade térmica do colágeno tipo I, embora o tipo de interação não seja evidente. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o efeito da adição de glicerol sobre o colágeno aniônico obtido por tratamento alcalino (24 H) em três diferentes tecidos: pericárdio e tendão bovinos e serosa porcina. Para isto são utilizados a espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), termogravimetria e reologia. Os espectros mostraram que o tratamento alcalino e a adição de glicerol não causam desnaturação da proteína de colágeno. A partir dos resultados das curvas termogravimétricas foi observado que o glicerol aumenta a temperatura de decomposição térmica do colágeno. Os resultados dos ensaios de reologia mais precisamente a varredura de deformação mostrou que as soluções de colágeno apresentam G\' maior que G\'\' independente do tecido de origem, e a adição de glicerol não causa mudanças nesta propriedade das soluções. A varredura de freqüência mostrou que as amostras têm características de um gel, sendo G\' maior que G\'\' nas condições de estudo. O ensaio de escoamento a temperatura constante determinou o comportamento pseudoplástico das soluções, e a adição de glicerol causou aumento na viscosidade das soluções sem alterar tal característica. Os ensaios de escoamento com variação de temperatura permitiram determinar a temperatura de desnaturação do colágeno. A adição de glicerol aumentou apenas a temperatura de desnaturação do colágeno obtido por serosa porcina, sugerindo que esta solução é a mais sensível à adição de glicerol. / Several characteristics make collagen widely applied as a biomaterial. The collagen thermal stability is directly related with its structure changes (triple helix), generally, the better is the thermal stability the better is the biological stability. Several polyols including glycerol, has shown a increasing on type I collagen denaturation. The objective of this work is to study the effect of glycerol when mixed with anionic collagen. Type I anionic collagen was obtained after alkaline treatment (24h) of bovine pericardium, bovine tendon and porcine serosa. FT-IR, thermogravimetry and rheology were used. The results of thermal analysis showed that glycerol indeed increases the collagen decomposition temperature. The reologycal tests, precisely strain sweep, revealed that collagen samples have modulus G\' prevailed on modulus G\'\' independent of tissue origin, and glycerol addiction did not change these. The frequency sweep revealed that collagen and collagen:glycerol samples behave like a gel-like substance since both the storage and loss modulus showed dependence with frequency sweep and G\' > G\'\' in all cases. Flow tests at constant temperature revealed that collagen solution behave like a pseudoplastic substance, and glycerol addiction increase solution viscosity and did not change the pseudoplastic characteristic. Flow tests in function of temperature revealed collagen denaturation temperature, but glycerol addiction alters thermal stability (increase of denaturation temperature) only for collagen obtained from porcine serosa.

Sistemas multifásicos reativos, como as argamassas, vêm sendo bastante estudados e explorados das mais diversas formas ao longo dos anos. A mistura é uma das etapas do processamento (mistura, transporte e aplicação) desses sistemas que, devido à aparente simplicidade operacional tem sido de certa forma negligenciada. A qualidade da mistura exerce influência direta no comportamento reológico e nas propriedades no estado endurecido. Nesse contexto, os objetivos da pesquisa consistem em avaliar a influência de parâmetros que interferem no comportamento de mistura (tempo, taxa de adição de água e velocidade de mistura do equipamento), no intuito de entender o fenômeno físico envolvido, sugerindo técnicas de análise para estudá-los e propor procedimentos (sequência de introdução dos materiais) mais adequados para a mistura de argamassas em laboratório. O trabalho de pesquisa compreende duas etapas. A primeira trata da avaliação dos parâmetros que influenciam a mistura de argamassas (cimento, cal, filer e areia) com e sem aditivo dispersante (policarboxilato de sódio) e, estabelece técnicas de análise da curva de mistura, obtida no reômetro rotacional tipo planetário desenvolvido na POLI-USP. A segunda etapa estuda diferentes procedimentos de mistura de argamassas em laboratório, na Hobart, e os compara com o procedimento da ABNT NBR13276/2005. No estado fresco emprega-se a reometria rotacional (curva de mistura + ciclos de cisalhamento) e squeeze-flow (na segunda etapa do trabalho) para avaliação do comportamento reológico. No estado endurecido, as propriedades mecânicas são verificadas por meio de resistência à tração por compressão diametral, módulo de elasticidade dinâmico e porosidade. Os resultados obtidos na primeira etapa, indicam que a técnica empregada na análise das curvas mostra ser apropriada para avaliar o fenômeno físico envolvido na dispersão e homogeneização das partículas do sistema durante a mistura. Na segunda etapa, o estudo de diferentes procedimentos de mistura em laboratório, aponta que introduzir o líquido nos materiais sólidos, nas condições analisadas, tende a produzir sistemas mais fluidos. Dependendo da composição dos sistemas, estes podem ser mais ou menos suscetíveis ao processo de mistura. E, por fim, no estado endurecido, as propriedades avaliadas indicam que um processo de mistura adequado conduz a resultados satisfatórios no material endurecido, com redução da porosidade e melhor desempenho do produto final. / Multiphase reactive systems, such as mortars, have been extensively studied in many different ways over the years. The mixture is one of the processing steps (mixing, transport, application) of these systems that due to its apparent operational simplicity, has been somewhat neglected. The quality of the mixing process has a direct influence on the rheological behavior and on the properties in the hardened state. In this context, the objectives of the research are to assess the influence of experimental parameters that affect the mixing behavior (time, water addition rate and rotation speed) in order to understand the physical phenomena involved, and to develop analysis methodology and propose procedures (sequence of mixing) best suited for mixing mortar in the laboratory. The research comprises two steps; the first part is the evaluation of the influence of experimental parameters on mixing behavior of mortars (cement, lime, filler, sand) with and without additive (sodium polycarboxylate) and the establishment of a methodology to analyze the mixing curve obtained in planetary rotational rheometer developed on POLI-USP, and the second stage studies different procedures for mixing mortars in laboratory, on Hobart, and compares them with the current ABNT NBR13276/2005 standard procedure. In the fresh state rotational rheometer (mixing curve + shear cycles) and squeeze-flow (in the second stage of research) are used for rheological characterization, while mechanical properties were verified by splitting tensile strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity and porosity. The results obtained in the first step indicates that the technique employed for the analysis of the curves is suitable for evaluating the physical phenomena involved in the dispersion and homogenization of the particles during mixing. In the second step, the study of different mixing procedures in the laboratory indicates that introducing the water in the solids tends to produce more fluid systems. The mixing behavior of the systems depends on their mix design (composition). Finally, in the hardened state, properties evaluated indicated that a suitable mixing process leads to satisfactory results with reduced porosity and better final performance of the products.

O desenvolvimento de novos materiais tem sido baseado na mistura de dois ou mais polímeros ou biopolímeros, onde soluções destes são misturadas em diferentes proporções na tentativa de se obter materiais com propriedades distintas das de seus precursores. Neste trabalho foram analisadas blendas colágeno:PVA. O colágeno utilizado foi o tipo I, porem proveniente de duas formas diferentes, o colágeno comercial que foi cedido pela Novaprom Food Ingredients Ltda e o colágeno obtido a partir de tendão bovino por meio de hidrólise alcalina em diferentes tempos (24h e 96h). As blendas e os colágenos foram caracterizados por análise térmica (DTG e DSC), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho (FT-IR) e analises reológicas. As curvas DSC mostraram que o colágeno comercial é o de maior temperatura de desnaturação e que a adição de PVA não altera essa temperatura. Já as curvas TG mostraram que o PVA, seja qual for sua massa molecular, aumenta a estabilidade térmica do colágeno. A microscopia eletrônica mostrou que os colágenos com tratamento alcalino apresentam uma estrutura fibrilar e pouco desorganizada, enquanto o colágeno comercial apresenta uma estrutura uma pouco mais compacta. Através do FT-IR foi possível observar que a presença de PVA nas blendas não influencia na presença dos picos, sugerindo que não há interação química entre os mesmos. A análise reológica permitiu comparar os módulos elástico (G\') e viscoso (G\") dos géis em diferentes proporções, tendo todos eles valores de G\' maior do que G\", ou seja, podemos concluir que os materiais são mais elásticos do que viscosos. Observa-se também a influência na viscosidade dos géis com a adição de PVA ao mesmo, sendo a viscosidade maior com o aumento da massa de PVA adicionado. / The development of new materials has been based on the mix of two or more polymers or biopolymers where solutions are mixed in different portions trying to get materials with distinct properties from their precursors. In this work different collagen solutions and collagen-PVA blends were analyzed. The used collagen was the type I, however obtained from two different forms, the commercial collagen that was provided by Novaprom Food Ingredients Ltda and the collagen obtained from bovine tendon by alkaline hydrolysis in different times (24h and 96h). The blends and collagen were characterized by thermal analysis (DTG and DSC), electronic scan microscopy (ESM), infrared absorption spectroscopy (FT-IR) and rheological analysis. DSC curves showed that the commercial collagen has the highest denaturing temperature and that the addition of PVA does not change this temperature. In other hand, TG curves showed that PVA, in any given molecular weight, increases collagen thermal stability. Electronic microscopy shows that collagen with alkali treatment have a fibrillar and little disorganized structure, insofar, the commercial collagen have a little more compact structure. By FT-IR it was to possible observe that the presence of PVA on blends have no influence on the peaks, suggesting that there is no chemical interaction between then. Rheological analysis allow to compare the elastic module (G\') and the viscous module (G\'\') from blends in different proportions. All the obtained values for G\' are higher than G\'\', so it can be conclude that samples are more elastic than viscous.