Este trabalho apresenta um método sistemático para projeto de controladores suplementares para um tipo de dispositivo FACTS (o modelo TCSC) para o amortecimento de oscilações em sistemas elétricos de potência. Adota-se uma metodologia previamente desenvolvida para projeto de apenas controladores de tipo PSS. Tal metodologia é fundamentada na teoria de controle robusto e estruturada na forma de desigualdades matriciais lineares (LMIs). A modelagem politópica é utilizada para tratar a robustez dos controladores frente às variações no ponto de operação do sistema. O fator de amortecimento mínimo para os modos de resposta do sistema em malha fechada é especificado como índice de desempenho mínimo a ser satisfeito na fase de projeto. Os controladores propostos possuem uma estrutura de realimentação dinâmica de saída e utilizam sinais medidos localmente como entrada de controle. O projeto dos controladores propostos é realizado de duas maneiras diferentes: (i) projeto simultâneo e coordenado de controladores de tipo PSS e controlador suplementar de dispositivo TCSC para amortecimento tanto de modos locais, quanto de modos inter-área e; (ii) projeto de controlador suplementar para apenas um dispositivo TCSC operando no sistema com a finalidade de amortecer modos inter-área pouco amortecidos e instáveis. No primeiro caso, a descentralização dos controladores é garantida através da imposição de uma estrutura bloco-diagonal para as variáveis matriciais presentes na formulação do problema de controle. No segundo caso, este trabalho propõe uma extensão da metodologia de projeto utilizada no caso anterior ao combiná-la com uma técnica de redução da ordem de modelo do controlador. A análise de desempenho dos controladores em malha fechada é realizada através de análise modal e simulações não-lineares em dois sistemas testes. O primeiro deles é constituído por 10 barras e 4 geradores e o segundo sistema teste apresenta 40 barras e 10 geradores. / This work proposes a systematic method for the design of supplementary controllers for a type of FACTS device (the TCSC device model) to damp oscillations in electric power systems. It is adopted a technique previously presented to design only PSS-type damping controllers. The method is based on a robust control technique structured in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The polytopic model is used to guarantee the robustness of the controllers with respect to the variations in the operating points of the system. The minimum damping ratio is used in the design stage as performance index for the closed loop system. The proposed controllers are based on dynamic output feedback and uses only local measurements as input signals. The design of the proposed controllers is realized in two different cases: (i) a simultaneous coordinated design of PSS-type controllers and TCSC supplementary controller to damp both local and interarea oscillations and; (ii) design of a supplementary controller for a FACTS device only to damp poorly damped and unstable inter-area oscillations. In the first case, a decentralized structure of the controllers is guaranteed by adoption of a block-diagonal strutucture to the matricial variables of the control problem. In the second case, this work proposes a extension of the previously methodology by combining it with a model order reduction technique. Performance analyses of the closed loop system were carried out by means of modal analysis and nonlinear simulations in two test systems. The first one is constituted by 10 buses and 4 generators and the other test system is constituted by 40 buses and 10 generators.

Esta tese aborda o problema de regulação para sistemas lineares sujeitos a saltos Markovianos de tempo discreto com matrizes de transição incertas. Considera-se que as incertezas são limitadas em norma e os estados da cadeia de Markov podem não ser completamente observados pelo controlador. No cenário com observação completa dos estados, a solução é deduzida com base em um funcional quadrático dado em termos das probabilidades de transição incertas. Enquanto que no cenário sem observação, a solução é obtida por meio da reformulação do sistema Markoviano como um sistema determinístico, independente da cadeia de Markov. Três modelos são propostos para essa reformulação: um modelo é baseado no primeiro momento do sistema Markoviano, o segundo é obtido a partir da medida de Dirac e resulta em um sistema aumentado, e o terceiro fornece um sistema aumentado singular. Os reguladores recursivos robustos são projetados a partir de critérios de custo quadrático, dados em termos de problemas de otimização restritos. A solução é derivada da técnica de mínimos quadrados regularizados robustos e apresentada em uma estrutura matricial. A recursividade é estabelecida por equações de Riccati, que se assemelham às soluções dos reguladores clássicos, para essa classe de sistemas, quando não estão sujeitos a incertezas. / This thesis deals with regulation problem for discrete-time Markovian jump linear systems with uncertain transition matrix. The uncertainties are assumed to be normbounded type. The states of the Markov chain can not be completely observed by the controller. In the scenario with complete observation of the states, the solution is deduced based on a quadratic functional given in terms of uncertain transition probabilities. While in the scenario without observation, the solution is obtained from reformulation of the Markovian system as a deterministic system, independent of the Markov chain. Three models are proposed for the reformulation process: a model is based on the first moment of the Markovian system, the second is obtained from Dirac measure which results in an augmented system, and the third provides a singular augmented system. Recursive robust regulators are designed from quadratic cost criteria given in terms of constrained optimization problems. The solution is derived from the robust regularized least-square approach, whose framework is given in terms of a matrix structure. The recursiveness is established by Riccati equations which resemble the solutions of standard regulators for this class of systems, when they are not subject to uncertainties.

Nesta dissertação é apresentado um estudo comparativo entre seis controladores H \'infinito\' não lineares aplicados em um robô móvel com rodas. Três estratégias de controle são avaliadas. Na primeira, o modelo do robô é considerado completamente conhecido. Na segunda, o modelo matemático é considerado desconhecido e é realizada uma estimativa baseada em métodos inteligentes. E finalmente, na terceira estratégia, o modelo nominal é conhecido e técnicas inteligentes são usadas para estimar somente incertezas paramétricas do robô. As técnicas inteligentes usadas são baseadas em redes neurais e em lógica fuzzy. Esses controladores são resolvidos através de desigualdades matriciais lineares (DMLs) e equações algébricas de Riccati. Todos os resultados obtidos são baseados em dados experimentais. / This dissertation is present a comparative study between six nonlinear H \'infinity\' controllers applied to a wheeled mobile robot. Three control strategies are adopted. In the first, the model of the robot is considered completely known. In the second, the mathematical model is considered unknown and is accomplished an estimate based on intelligent methods. And finally, in the third strategy, the nominal model is known and intelligent techniques are used only to estimate parametric uncertainties of the robot. The intelligent techniques used are based in neural networks and in fuzzy logic. These controllers are solved via linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and algebraic Riccati equations. All results obtained are based in experimental data.

Orientador: Edvaldo Assunção / Resumo: Este trabalho aborda o controle via realimentação estática de saída aplicado à sistemas lineares com parâmetro variante (LPV) e lineares incertos invariantes no tempo (LIT). O projeto de ganhos de realimentação estática de saída apresentado neste trabalho é baseado no método dos dois estágios, o qual consiste em primeiramente obter um ganho de realimentação de estados, e então, utilizar esta informação no segundo estágio para obter-se o ganho de realimentação estática de saída desejado. As soluções para os problemas investigados são apresentadas na forma de desigualdades matriciais lineares (no inglês, linear matrix inequalities, LMIs), obtidas por meio da aplicação do Lema de Finsler. Baseado em resultados anteriores encontrados na literatura, este trabalho propõe uma estratégia de relaxação de forma a obter um método menos conservador para obtenção de ganhos robustos de realimentação estática de saída para sistemas incertos LTI. Na estratégia proposta, as variáveis adicionais do Lema de Finsler são consideradas como dependentes de parâmetro, juntamente com o uso de funções de Lyapunov dependentes de parâmetro (no inglês, parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions, PDLFs). É apresentado um estudo avaliando a eficácia da estratégia proposta em fornecer uma maior região de factibilidade para um dado problema. Os resultados foram utilizados em uma comparação com um método de relaxação baseado apenas no uso de PDLFs. Uma segunda contribuição deste trabalho consiste na proposta de um... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The static output feedback (SOF) control applied to linear parameter-varying (LPV) and uncertain linear time-invariant (LTI) systems are addressed in this work. The approach chosen for the design of SOF gains is based on the two-stage method, which consists in obtaining a state feedback gain at first, and then using that information for deriving the desired SOF gain at the second stage. The solutions for the investigated problems are presented in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), obtained by means of the application of the Finsler's Lemma. Based on previous papers found in literature, this work proposes a relaxation strategy in order to achieve a less conservative method for obtaining robust SOF gains for uncertain LTI systems. In the proposed strategy, the Finsler's Lemma additional variables are considered to be parameter-dependent along with the use of parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions (PDLFs). A study evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in providing a larger feasibility region for a given problem is presented. The results were used in a comparison with a relaxation method based only on PDLFs. Another contribution of this work lies in the proposal of a solution for the control of LPV systems via the design of a gain-scheduled SOF controller. The methods proposed for both control problems were applied on the design of controllers for an active suspension system. In the experiments, it was assumed that only one of its four system's states wer... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Este trabalho apresenta um método sistemático para projeto de controladores suplementares para um tipo de dispositivo FACTS (o modelo TCSC) para o amortecimento de oscilações em sistemas elétricos de potência. Adota-se uma metodologia previamente desenvolvida para projeto de apenas controladores de tipo PSS. Tal metodologia é fundamentada na teoria de controle robusto e estruturada na forma de desigualdades matriciais lineares (LMIs). A modelagem politópica é utilizada para tratar a robustez dos controladores frente às variações no ponto de operação do sistema. O fator de amortecimento mínimo para os modos de resposta do sistema em malha fechada é especificado como índice de desempenho mínimo a ser satisfeito na fase de projeto. Os controladores propostos possuem uma estrutura de realimentação dinâmica de saída e utilizam sinais medidos localmente como entrada de controle. O projeto dos controladores propostos é realizado de duas maneiras diferentes: (i) projeto simultâneo e coordenado de controladores de tipo PSS e controlador suplementar de dispositivo TCSC para amortecimento tanto de modos locais, quanto de modos inter-área e; (ii) projeto de controlador suplementar para apenas um dispositivo TCSC operando no sistema com a finalidade de amortecer modos inter-área pouco amortecidos e instáveis. No primeiro caso, a descentralização dos controladores é garantida através da imposição de uma estrutura bloco-diagonal para as variáveis matriciais presentes na formulação do problema de controle. No segundo caso, este trabalho propõe uma extensão da metodologia de projeto utilizada no caso anterior ao combiná-la com uma técnica de redução da ordem de modelo do controlador. A análise de desempenho dos controladores em malha fechada é realizada através de análise modal e simulações não-lineares em dois sistemas testes. O primeiro deles é constituído por 10 barras e 4 geradores e o segundo sistema teste apresenta 40 barras e 10 geradores. / This work proposes a systematic method for the design of supplementary controllers for a type of FACTS device (the TCSC device model) to damp oscillations in electric power systems. It is adopted a technique previously presented to design only PSS-type damping controllers. The method is based on a robust control technique structured in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The polytopic model is used to guarantee the robustness of the controllers with respect to the variations in the operating points of the system. The minimum damping ratio is used in the design stage as performance index for the closed loop system. The proposed controllers are based on dynamic output feedback and uses only local measurements as input signals. The design of the proposed controllers is realized in two different cases: (i) a simultaneous coordinated design of PSS-type controllers and TCSC supplementary controller to damp both local and interarea oscillations and; (ii) design of a supplementary controller for a FACTS device only to damp poorly damped and unstable inter-area oscillations. In the first case, a decentralized structure of the controllers is guaranteed by adoption of a block-diagonal strutucture to the matricial variables of the control problem. In the second case, this work proposes a extension of the previously methodology by combining it with a model order reduction technique. Performance analyses of the closed loop system were carried out by means of modal analysis and nonlinear simulations in two test systems. The first one is constituted by 10 buses and 4 generators and the other test system is constituted by 40 buses and 10 generators.

Esta tese de doutorado propõe um controlador preditivo robusto tipo finite control set aplicado ao controle das potências do gerador de indução duplamente alimentado. Desta forma, a proposta possui dois membros do vetor tensão predita do rotor, sendo que o primeiro termo calcula a tensão considerando as referências de corrente do rotor e o segundo é projetado considerando os erros devido à estimação dos parâmetros da máquina. Os referidos erros devido a variações de parâmetros são modelados como alterações na corrente do rotor. O vetor de tensão a ser fornecido ao rotor da máquina é selecionado através da minimização de uma função custo. Os resultados obtidos na simulação computacional e em bancada experimental confirmam o desempenho do controlador proposto. / This Ph.D. thesis proposes a robust predictive controller type finite control set applied to control of the powers at doubly fed induction generator. In this way, the proposal has two members of the predicted voltage vector of the rotor, the first term calculating the voltage considering the rotor references current and the second one is projected considering the errors due to the estimation of the machine parameters. The errors due to variations parameter are modeled as changes in the rotor current. The voltage vector to be supplied to the machine rotor is selected by minimizing a cost function. The results obtained in the computational simulation and experimental bench confirm the performance of the proposed controller.

This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with theNevanlinna-Pick interpolation problem, a problem which occursnaturally in several applications such as robust control, signalprocessing and circuit theory. We consider the problem of shaping andapproximating solutions to the Nevanlinna-Pick problem in a systematicway. In the second part, we study distance measures between powerspectra for spectral estimation. We postulate a situation where wewant to quantify robustness based on a finite set of covariances, andthis leads naturally to considering the weak*-topology. Severalweak*-continuous metrics are proposed and studied in this context.In the first paper we consider the correspondence between weighted entropyfunctionals and minimizing interpolants in order to find appropriateinterpolants for, e.g., control synthesis. There are two basic issues that weaddress: we first characterize admissible shapes of minimizers bystudying the corresponding inverse problem, and then we developeffective ways of shaping minimizers via suitable choices of weights.These results are used in order to systematize feedback controlsynthesis to obtain frequency dependent robustness bounds with aconstraint on the controller degree.The second paper studies contractive interpolants obtained as minimizersof a weighted entropy functional and analyzes the role of weights andinterpolation conditions as design parameters for shaping theinterpolants. We first show that, if, for a sequence of interpolants,the values of the corresponding entropy gains converge to theoptimum, then the interpolants converge in H_2, but not necessarily inH-infinity. This result is then used to describe the asymptoticbehaviour of the interpolant as an interpolation point approaches theboundary of the domain of analyticity.A quite comprehensive theory of analytic interpolation with degreeconstraint, dealing with rational analytic interpolants with an apriori bound, has been developed in recent years. In the third paper,we consider the limit case when this bound is removed, and only stableinterpolants with a prescribed maximum degree are sought. This leadsto weighted H_2 minimization, where the interpolants areparameterized by the weights. The inverse problem of determining theweight given a desired interpolant profile is considered, and arational approximation procedure based on the theory is proposed. Thisprovides a tool for tuning the solution for attaining designspecifications. The purpose of the fourth paper is to study the topology and develop metricsthat allow for localization of power spectra, based on second-orderstatistics. We show that the appropriate topology is theweak*-topology and give several examples on how to construct suchmetrics. This allows us to quantify uncertainty of spectra in anatural way and to calculate a priori bounds on spectral uncertainty,based on second-order statistics. Finally, we study identification ofspectral densities and relate this to the trade-off between resolutionand variance of spectral estimates.In the fifth paper, we present an axiomatic framework for seekingdistances between power spectra. The axioms requirethat the sought metric respects the effects of additive andmultiplicative noise in reducing our ability to discriminate spectra.They also require continuity of statistical quantities withrespect to perturbations measured in the metric. We then present aparticular metric which abides by these requirements. The metric isbased on the Monge-Kantorovich transportation problem and iscontrasted to an earlier Riemannian metric based on theminimum-variance prediction geometry of the underlying time-series. Itis also being compared with the more traditional Itakura-Saitodistance measure, as well as the aforementioned prediction metric, ontwo representative examples. / QC 20100817

The main interest of the present thesis is the constrained control of time-delay system, more specifically taking into consideration the discretization problem (due to, for example, a communication network) and the presence of constraints in the system's trajectories and control inputs. The effects of data-sampling and modeling problem are studied in detail, where an uncertainty is added into the system due to additional effect of the discretization and delay. The delay variation with respect to the sampling instants is characterized by a polytopic supra-approximation of the discretization/delay induced uncertainty. Some stabilizing techniques, based on Lyapunov's theory, are then derived for the unconstrained case. Lyapunov-Krasovskii candidates were also used to obtain LMI conditions for a state feedback, in the ''original" state-space of the system. For the constrained control purposes, the set invariance theory is used intensively, in order to obtain a region where the system is ''well-behaviored", despite the presence of constraints and (time-varying) delay. Due to the high complexity of the maximal delayed state admissible set obtained in the augmented state-space approach, in the present manuscript we proposed the concept of set invariance in the ''original" state-space of the system, called D-invariance. Finally, in the las part of the thesis, the MPC scheme is presented, in order to take into account the constraints and the optimality of the control solution.

In this study, various stability control systems are developed to remove the lateral instability of a conventional articulated steer vehicle (ASV) during the oscillatory yaw motion or “snaking mode”. First, to identify the nature of the instability, some analyses are performed using several simplified models. These investigations are mainly focused on analyzing the effects of forward speed and of two main subsystems of the vehicle, the steering system and tires, on the stability. The basic insights into the stability behavior of the vehicle obtained from the stability analyses of the simplified models are verified by conducting some simulations with a virtual prototype of the vehicle in ADAMS. To determine the most critical operating condition with regard to the lateral stability and to identify the effects of vehicle parameters on the stability, various studies are performed by introducing some modifications to the simplified models. Based on these studies, the disturbed straight-line on-highway motion with constant forward speed is recognized as the most critical driving condition. Also, the examinations show that when the vehicle is traveling with differentials locked, the vehicle is less prone to the instability. The examinations show that when the vehicle is carrying a rear-mounted load having interaction with ground, the instability may happen if the vehicle moves on a relatively good off-road surface. Again, the results gained from the analyses related to the effects of the vehicle parameters and operating conditions on the stability are verified using simulations in ADAMS by making some changes in the virtual prototype for any case. To stabilize the vehicle during its most critical driving condition, some studies are directed to indicate the shortcomings of passive methods. Alternative solutions, including design of different types of stability control systems, are proposed to generate a stabilizing yaw moment. The proposed solutions include an active steering system with a classical controller, an active torque vectoring device with a robust full state feedback controller, and a differential braking system with a robust variable structure controller. The robust controllers are designed by using simplified models, which are also used to evaluate the ability to deal with the uncertainties of the vehicle parameters and its variable operating conditions. These controllers are also incorporated into the virtual prototype, and their capabilities to stabilize the vehicle in different operating conditions and while traveling on different surfaces during the snaking mode are shown.

In this study, various stability control systems are developed to remove the lateral instability of a conventional articulated steer vehicle (ASV) during the oscillatory yaw motion or “snaking mode”. First, to identify the nature of the instability, some analyses are performed using several simplified models. These investigations are mainly focused on analyzing the effects of forward speed and of two main subsystems of the vehicle, the steering system and tires, on the stability. The basic insights into the stability behavior of the vehicle obtained from the stability analyses of the simplified models are verified by conducting some simulations with a virtual prototype of the vehicle in ADAMS. To determine the most critical operating condition with regard to the lateral stability and to identify the effects of vehicle parameters on the stability, various studies are performed by introducing some modifications to the simplified models. Based on these studies, the disturbed straight-line on-highway motion with constant forward speed is recognized as the most critical driving condition. Also, the examinations show that when the vehicle is traveling with differentials locked, the vehicle is less prone to the instability. The examinations show that when the vehicle is carrying a rear-mounted load having interaction with ground, the instability may happen if the vehicle moves on a relatively good off-road surface. Again, the results gained from the analyses related to the effects of the vehicle parameters and operating conditions on the stability are verified using simulations in ADAMS by making some changes in the virtual prototype for any case. To stabilize the vehicle during its most critical driving condition, some studies are directed to indicate the shortcomings of passive methods. Alternative solutions, including design of different types of stability control systems, are proposed to generate a stabilizing yaw moment. The proposed solutions include an active steering system with a classical controller, an active torque vectoring device with a robust full state feedback controller, and a differential braking system with a robust variable structure controller. The robust controllers are designed by using simplified models, which are also used to evaluate the ability to deal with the uncertainties of the vehicle parameters and its variable operating conditions. These controllers are also incorporated into the virtual prototype, and their capabilities to stabilize the vehicle in different operating conditions and while traveling on different surfaces during the snaking mode are shown.