O objetivo principal deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de controladores robustos baseados no princípio do modelo interno, em referenciais síncrono e estacionário, para aplicação ao estágio de saída de uma fonte ininterrupta de energia (UPS) a fim de minimizar a distorção na tensão de saída causada pela conexão de cargas não lineares balanceadas e desbalanceadas. A formulação em referencial estacionário (abc) é realizada através da aplicação de controladores com múltiplos modos ressonantes, a fim de se estabelecer erro nulo ao seguimento de referência senoidal e rejeição de distúrbios na tensão de saída devido às correntes com elevado conteúdo harmônico drenadas pelas cargas. Além disso, o controle é formulado em referencial síncrono (dq0) utilizando controladores Proporcional-Integral (PI) convencionais muito difundidos na maioria das aplicações comerciais de UPS. O projeto de ambos controladores é realizado utilizando uma metodologia de controle robusto com realimentação de estados, onde os parâmetros dos controladores são determinados através da resolução de um problema de otimização convexa sujeito a um conjunto de restrições na forma de desigualdades matriciais lineares (LMI). Uma análise comparativa de desempenho é realizada entre controladores com um modo ressonante (sintonizado na fundamental) e o PI em dq0, pois apresentam estruturas funcionalmente equivalentes sob a ótica do princípio do modelo interno aplicada a seus respectivos referenciais. Além do mais, demonstra-se a melhoria no desempenho com o uso dos controladores múltiplo ressonantes em referencial estacionário onde escolhe-se as frequências de ressonância de cada modo de maneira a suprimir os efeitos de harmônicas específicas na tensão de saída da UPS. A análise comparativa entre os controladores propostos é realizada através de simulações numéricas, utilizando os procedimentos de ensaio dinâmico e estático e as exigências estabelecidas pela norma internacional IEC 62040-3. / The main objective of this work is the development of robust controllers based on the internalmodel principle, in synchronous and stationary frames, applied to the output stage of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), in order to minimize the output voltage distortion caused by the connection of balanced and unbalanced nonlinear loads. The formulation in stationary abc-frame is accomplished through the aplication of a multiple resonant controller, so that, it is possible to achieve zero-error tracking of the sinusoidal reference and disturbances rejection on the output voltage due to the high amount of harmonic currents drained by the loads. Moreover, a controller in synchronous reference frame (dq0 axis) is formulated through the application of conventional Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers which are widely used in comercial UPS applications. The design of both controllers is formulated using a state-feedback robust controlmethod, in which the controller parameters are determined by solving a convex optimization problem subject to a set of LMI constraints. A comparative analysis on the performance of the single-mode resonant controller (tuned at the fundamental frequency) and the PI controller is performed, because these controllers are functionally equivalent in the sense of the internal model principle applied to their respective frames. Furthermore, the improvement in performance is demostrated with the use of multiple resonant controllers in stationary abc-frame where the resonance frequencies are chosen to suppress the effects of a specific harmonic in the UPS output voltage. The comparative analysis of the proposed controllers is performed through numerical simulations, making use of the dynamical and steady-state test methods and performance requirements defined by the IEC 62040-3 international stardard.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da discretização de controladores ressonantes aplicados a fontes ininterruptas de energia (UPSs, do termo em inglês, Uninterruptible Power Suppllies). Primeiramente, diferentes métodos de discretização serão considerados na obtenção de um modelo em tempo discreto da UPS. Além disso, estes métodos serão comparados do ponto de vista frequencial para a definição da formulação do controlador ressonante a ser utilizado. Então, uma metodologia de projeto robusto do controlador ressonante em tempo discreto é proposta a partir de uma representação em espaço de estados do sistema em malha fechada e os parâmetros do controlador são obtidos através da solução de um problema de otimização convexa sujeito a restrições na forma de Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares (do inglês, Linear Matrix Inequalities - LMIs). A estratégia proposta foi validada por meio de resultados de simulação e experimentais obtidos com um inversor comercial de 3,5 kVA considerando os critérios estabelecidos na norma IEC 62040-3. Nestas condições, demonstrara-se um desempenho melhor do que os obtidos com a discretização do controlador projetado em tempo contínuo, sobretudo quando consideradas frequências de amostragem menores. / This work presents a study about discrete-time resonant controllers applied to uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs). First, different discretization methods are considered to obtain an equivalent UPS discrete-time model. Moreover, these methods are compared in the frequency domain in order to define the resonant controller structure to be employed. Then, a robust design methodology to the discrete-time resonant controller is proposed using a state-space representation of the closed-loop system and the controller parameters are obtained by solving a convex optimization problem subject to constraints in the form of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). The proposed strategy was validated by means of simulation and experimental results obtained with a 3.5 kVA commercial inverter taking into account the IEC 62040-3 norm requirements. In this conditions, a better performance was achieved than those obtained through discretization of a continuous-time controller, especially when considering smaller sampling frequencies.

Cette thèse porte sur le contrôle acoustique actif (ANC) dans une cavité. L’objectif est d’atténuer l’effet d’une onde sonore perturbatrice en des points ou dans un volume. Ceci est réalisé à l’aide d’un contre-bruit généré, par exemple, par un haut-parleur. Cette étude requiert l’utilisation de modèles dynamiques rendant compte de l’évolution des pressions aux points d’intérêt en fonction des bruits exogènes. Ce modèle peut être obtenu par une identification fréquentielle des réponses point-à-point ou en utilisant le modèle physique sous jacent (équation des ondes). Dans ce dernier cas, la recherche d'un modèle de dimension finie est souvent un préalable à l’étude conceptuelle d'un système d’ANC. Les contributions de cette thèse portent donc sur l’élaboration de différents modèles simplifiés paramétrés par la position pour les systèmes acoustiques et sur la conception de lois de commande pour l’ANC. Le premier volet de la thèse est dédié à l’élaboration de différents modèles simplifiés de système de propagation acoustique au sein d’une cavité. Pour cela, les simplifications envisagées peuvent être de nature spatiale autant que fréquentielle. Nous montrons notamment qu'il est possible, sous certaines conditions, d’approximer le système 3D par un système 1D. Ceci a été mis en évidence expérimentalement sur le banc d’essai LS2NBox. Le second volet porte sur la conception de lois de commande. En premier lieu, les stratégies de commandes couramment utilisées pour l’ANC sont comparées. L'effet dela commande multi-objectif H en différents points voisins des points d'atténuation est analysé. La possibilité d’une annulation parfaitedu bruit en un point est aussi discutée. / This thesis deals with active noise control (ANC) in a cavity. The aim is to mitigate the effect of a disturbing sound wave at some points or in a volume. This is achieved using ananti-noise generated, for example, by a loudspeaker. This study requires the use of dynamic models that report changes in pressure at points of interest in response to exogenous noises. Such models can be obtained by frequency identification of point-to-point responses or by using the underlying physical model (wave equation). In the latter case, the search for a low-complexity model (finite dimensional model) is often a prerequisite for the conceptual study of an active control system. The contributions of this thesis concern the development of different simplified models parameterized by the spatial position for acoustic systems, and the design of control laws for noise attenuation. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the development of various simplified models of acoustic propagation system within a cavity. For that, the simplifications envisaged can be of spatial nature as much as frequential. We show in particular that it is possible, under certain conditions, to approximate the 3D system by a 1D system. This has been demonstrated experimentally on the prototype system, LS2NBox. The second part of the thesis deals with the design of control laws. First, the control strategies commonly used for ANC are compared. The effect of multi-objective H control at different spatial positions close to the attenuation points is analyzed. The possibility of perfect noise cancellation at one point is also discussed.

Les travaux effectués lors de cette thèse se sont focalisés sur les applications des méthodes et techniques d’Automatique avancée à des problématiques actuelles de l’automobile. Les sujets abordés ont porté sur trois axes fondamentaux en s’appuyant sur des techniques telles que la synthèse H infini LTI et q-LPV, la linéarisation par bouclage dynamique, la retouche de correcteurs de type PI en particulier et l’optimisation des pondérations des filtres nécessaires aux synthèses H infini :• Contrôle de la trajectoire d’un véhicule automobile. Nous avons proposé une structure de commande reprenant une démarche classiquement mise en œuvre dans le milieu aéronautique ou spatial.• Contrôle de la chaîne d’air d’un moteur essence, turbocompressé. Nous avons proposé une formulation novatrice de type q-LPV du modèle du moteur. Cette formulation d’un nouveau modèle de commande nous a permis de synthétiser des correcteurs évolués à paramètres variables qui s’adaptent automatiquement au point de fonctionnement.• Contrôle du freinage d’un véhicule électrique. Pour cette partie, nous avons précisé la motivation et l’intérêt des véhicules électriques, puis étudié le gain d’autonomie potentiellement accessible par la mise en œuvre d’une récupération d’énergie au freinage. Finalement, des solutions permettant de réduire les oscillations induites dans la chaîne de traction par des demandes de couple freineur à la machine électrique ont été développées. / The work achieved in this PhD thesis is dedicated to applications of advanced control methodologies to problems currently faced in the automotive field. Three main areas of investigation were successively considered, using advanced techniques such as H infinity LTI and q-LPV design procedures, dynamic feedback linearization, retuning of controllers, in particular PI-type, and optimization of filters required by the H infinity design procedure:• Trajectory control of automotive vehicle. A control structure has been proposed which is based on the procedure classically developed in the aeronautics field.• Robust nonlinear control of the air path of an internal combustion engine. An innovative q-LPV formulation of the motor has been proposed, which has enabled design of advanced controllers with varying parameters. These parameters are automatically updated according to the operating point.• Optimal control laws for brakes’s torque blending on electrical vehicle. Motivation and interest for electrical vehicle has been first detailed, then potential gain in autonomy due to regenerative braking has been studied. Finally, solutions which reduce oscillations in the power train chain induced by torque demand to the electrical machine during braking phases has been developed.

La problématique traitée dans cette thèse concerne la commande de robots manipulateurs à articulations flexibles. Les méthodes développées visent à satisfaire les spécifications de performance et de robustesse en suivi de trajectoire, ainsi qu’à assurer un niveau de sécurité compatible avec un scénario de fonctionnement interactif dans lequel l’homme et le robot partagent un même espace de travail. Seules les mesures moteur sont utilisées dans un contexte d’instrumentation réduite. Le premier objectif de performance de la commande de mouvement est atteint grâce à l’identification expérimentale d’un modèle flexible représentatif du système, et l’usage de ce modèle pour la synthèse de lois de commande avancées intégrées au sein d’une structure cascade. Deux approches complémentaires fondées d’une part sur la commande prédictive de type GPC (Generalized Predictive Control), et d’autre part sur la commande Hinfini, sont considérées pour la synthèse de lois de commande à deux degrés de liberté, prédictives et robustes. Les performances de ces deux approches sont analysées et évaluées expérimentalement. Le deuxième objectif de sécurité est abordé à travers un algorithme de détection de collisions du robot avec son environnement, sans capteur d’effort et en présence d’incertitudes de modélisation. Afin de séparer efficacement les effets dynamiques des collisions de ceux des erreurs de modélisation, une stratégie adaptative de filtrage et de décision tenant compte de l’état du système est proposée. La validation expérimentale montre une très bonne sensibilité de détection, compatible avec les normes et les recommandations de sécurité relatives à la robotique collaborative. / The present thesis addresses the problem of motion control of flexible-joint robot manipulators using motor sensors only. The global objective is to guarantee tracking performance and robustness with respect to modeling uncertainties, together with safe human-robot interaction in a collaborative scenario where the robot and the human operator share the same workspace. The first objective of performance is achieved through the experimental identification of a flexible model of the system and the use of this model for the design of advanced control laws implemented in a cascade structure. Two complementary approaches, based either on predictive (Generalized Predictive Control, GPC) or Hinfinity control frameworks, are considered to design predictive and robust two degrees-of-freedom controllers. Experimental evaluation and analysis of the proposed strategies is provided. The second objective of safety is addressed by a novel algorithm for human-robot collision detection, without force sensors and in the presence of modeling uncertainties. In order to efficiently separate the dynamic effects of the collisions from the effects due to modeling errors, the proposed approach includes adaptive filtering and uses dynamic thresholds depending on the robot state. Experimental evaluation demonstrates a good detection sensitivity which is consistent with safety standards and recommendations for collaborative robotics.

Ces travaux de recherche portent sur la commande et la planification de trajectoires pour la navigation de véhicules autonomes. Ils se situent dans le cadre d'un projet très ambitieux lancé par le laboratoire Heudiasyc sur la conduite autonome à grande vitesses (vitesse longitudinale supérieure à 5m/s ~= 18 km/h). Pour proposer des solutions à cette problématique, après avoir réalisé une large recherche bibliographique sur la commande et la planification des trajectoires des véhicules autonomes, plusieurs contributions ont été présentées. En ce qui concerne la commande des véhicules autonomes, un contrôleur latéral par mode glissant d'ordre supérieur a été proposé. Compte tenu de la ressemblance implicite entre le mode glissant et le principe d'immersion et d'invariance (I&I), deux contrôleurs utilisant le principe d'immersion et d'invariance ont été proposés par la suite pour améliorer les performances par rapport au mode glissant. Le développement de ces nouveaux contrôleurs nous a permis de garantir une stabilité robuste pour tous les gains positifs des contrôleurs I&I. Ce résultat nous a conduit à étudier les propriétés intrinsèques du système. Une étude des propriétés de passivité du système a révélé des caractéristiques de passivité intéressantes. Par la suite, nous avons développé un contrôleur robuste basé sur la passivité. Concernant la navigation, nous avons développé deux algorithmes de navigation basés sur la méthode des tentacules. Ceci dans le but d'améliorer la méthode de base. Les résultats de la simulation montrent que les algorithmes donnent de bons résultats vis-à-vis des objectifs attendus d'évitement d'obstacles et de suivi de la trajectoire globale de référence. Les algorithmes de commande et de planification de trajectoires développés ont été validés en simulation hors-ligne avec des données réelles après avoir été testés sur un simulateur réaliste. / My research focuses on trajectory planning and control of autonomous vehicles. This work is a part of an extremely ambitious project launched by the Heudiasyc laboratory about autonomous driving at high speed (longitudinal speed greater to 5m/s ~= 18 km/h). With regard to the control of autonomous vehicles at high speed, a lateral controler using higher-order sliding mode control is proposed. Given the implicit similarity between the sliding mode and the principle of immersion and invariance, two controllers using the principle of immersion and invariance have been subsequently proposed in order to improve the performance with respect to the sliding mode. The development of these new controllers shows very strong robust stability which leads us to study the intrinsic properties of the system. A study of the passivity properties of the system is also crried out, showing some interesting characteristics of the system. Hence, a robust passivity-based controller has been developed. Regarding the navigation, we have developed two navigation algorithms based on the tentacles method. Subsequently, a feasibility study of trajectory generation strategies for high speed driving is conducted. The outcome of the simulation proved that the algorithms gave out good results with respect to the expected ogjectives of obstacle avoidance and global reference path following. Control and motion planning algorithms developed were validated offline by simulation with real data. They have been also tested on a realistic simulator.

A validação de modelos lineares é uma etapa importante em um projeto de Identificação de Sistemas, pois a escolha correta do modelo para representar a maior parte da dinâmica do processo, dentro de um número finito de técnicas de identificação e em torno de um ponto de operação, permite o sucesso no desenvolvimento de controladores preditivos e de controladores robustos. Por tal razão, o objetivo principal desta Tese é o desenvolvimento de um método de validação de modelos lineares, tendo como ferramentas de avaliação os métodos estatísticos, avaliações dinâmicas e análise da robustez do modelo. O componente principal do sistema de validação de modelos lineares proposto é o desenvolvimento de um sistema fuzzy para análise dos resultados obtidos pelas ferramentas utilizadas na etapa de validação. O projeto de Identificação de Sistemas é baseado em dados reais de operação de uma Planta-Piloto de Neutralização de pH, localizada no Laboratório de Controle de Processos Industriais da Escola Politécnica da USP. Para verificar o resultado da validação, todos os modelos são testados em um controlador preditivo do tipo QDMC (Quadratic Dynamic Matrix Control) para seguir uma trajetória de referência. Os critérios utilizados para avaliar o desempenho do controlador QDMC, para cada modelo utilizado, foram a velocidade de resposta do controlador e o índice da mínima variabilidade da variável de processo. Os resultados mostram que a confiabilidade do sistema de validação projetado para malhas com baixa e alta não-linearidade em um processo real, foram de 85,71% e 50%, respectivamente, com relação aos índices de desempenho obtidos pelo controlador QDMC. / Linear model validation is the most important stage in System Identification Project because, the model correct selection to represent the most of process dynamic allows the success in the development of predictive and robust controllers, within identification technique finite number and around the operation point. For this reason, the development of linear model validation methods is the main objective in this Thesis, taking as a tools of assessing the statistical, dynamic and robustness methods. Fuzzy system is the main component of model linear validation system proposed to analyze the results obtained by the tools used in validation stage. System Identification project is performed through operation real data of a pH neutralization pilot plant, located at the Industrial Process Control Laboratory, IPCL, of the Escola Politécnica of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. In order to verify the validation results, all modes are used in QDMC type predictive controller, to follow a set point tracking. The criterions used to assess the QDMC controller performance were the speed response and the process variable minimum variance index, for each model used. The results show that the validation system reliability were 85.71% and 50% projected for low and high non-linearity in a real process, respectively, linking to the performance indexes obtained by the QDMC controller.

Le soudage par friction malaxage (FSW) est un procédé de soudage innovant pour les matériaux à bas point de fusion (aluminium, cuivre…). Il a été breveté en 1992 par l’organisme anglais The Welding Institute (TWI). Depuis plusieurs années, celui-ci se développe dans l’industrie en cherchant à réduire son coût d’investissement. Le principe du FSW est de réaliser un cordon de soudure grâce à un outil animé d’un mouvement de rotation et d’avance. Les niveaux d’efforts et de précision requis contraignent à l’utilisation de machines cartésiennes de grande envergure. L’utilisation des robots industriels est un moyen de réduire les coûts, mais ils ne sont pas conçus pour ce genre d’applications et leur inconvénient majeur réside dans leur manque de rigidité. Ainsi, lorsque l’outil entre en contact avec les pièces à assembler, celui-ci peut dévier de plusieurs millimètres dans différentes directions de l’espace, rendant la mise en oeuvre d’une compensation de la trajectoire du robot obligatoire afin d’obtenir des soudures sans défauts. Le but de cette thèse a été de développer un procédé robotisé robuste. Le premier objectif est la mise en oeuvre d’une commande en effort robuste. En effet, en FSW, le maintien d’un effort axial constant est obligatoire. Le contrôle de cet effort permet de compenser la déviation axiale de l’outil et les défauts de mise en position des pièces à souder. Ainsi, une démarche d’identification et de modélisation afin de créer une commande en effort a été mise en oeuvre. La commande est définie de manière robuste afin d’éviter les réglages de l’asservissement lorsque les outils, les paramètres de soudage ou les trajectoires du robot changent. Une validation expérimentale complète a été réalisée dans le contexte du FSW. Le second objectif de cette thèse a été de développer une compensation de la déviation latérale de l’outil. Contrairement à l’objectif précédent, il n’y a pas d’effort à maintenir pour compenser cette déviation latérale. Dans l’industrie, cette déviation peut être compensée à l’aide d’un système de vision, mais ce dernier comporte de nombreux inconvénients en FSW (réflexion de l’aluminium, non visibilité du joint, coût, mise en oeuvre complexe). Ainsi, dans cette partie, un algorithme de compensation temps réel de la déviation latérale de l’outil a été mis en oeuvre. Celui-ci repose sur l’identification d’un modèle élasto-statique du robot. L’algorithme de compensation de la déviation latérale de l’outil a été couplé à la commande en effort et validé expérimentalement en FSW. La différence avec la majorité des travaux de recherche dans ce domaine est que les procédures d’identification n’utilisent pas de système de mesure 3D (photogrammétrie CCD ou laser de poursuite) dont le coût est un frein indéniable pour beaucoup d’industriels. La démarche est simple à mettre en oeuvre sur un robot industriel du marché actuel, et applicable pour d’autres procédés à contact comme l’usinage ou le polissage. / Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an innovative welding process for materials with a low melting point (aluminium, copper…). It was patented in 1992 by the English organization The Welding Institute (TWI). For many years, an effort is done to reduce the investment cost for industrial applications. FSW process involves a rotating tool advancing along a path. Currently, gantry-type CNC systems are using for FSW manufacturing. These machines offer a high stiffness and can tolerate the forces during FSW in order to carry out a good weld quality. Industrials robots can reduce the investment cost; however they are not design for these applications. The main limitation is the low stiffness of the robot structure. Consequently, the robot deformation under the high process forces causes tool deviations about several millimeters. The robot path has to be compensated in order to obtain a good weld quality. The aim of this thesis is to develop a robust robotized process. The first goal is to realize a robust force control. During FSW, a constant axial forging force should be applied. Axial tool deviation is compensated with the force control approach. In this way, a modeling and identification method is done in order to design a force controller. The force controller is robust because no tuning is required, even if welding parameters or robot paths change. An experimental validation in FSW is done. The second goal is to realize a compensation of the lateral tool deviation. Unlike the axial deformation, there is no force to maintain for compensate this deviation. In industry, the lateral tool deviation could be compensated with a camera or laser sensor in order to track the weld seam path during welding. However, the cost of a seam tracking device, the aluminium reflexion and the lack of visibility in lap joint configuration are significant drawbacks. In this chapter, a compensation algorithm is designed. An elastostatic model of the robot is used to estimate in real time the deflection of the robot TCP. The compensation algorithm is coupled with the force controller defined previously. Compare with others research works about this topic, identification methods don’t need a 3D measurement system (CCD camera or laser tracker). The cost of such system is a main drawback for industrial applications. In this thesis, identification methods are easy to implement in an industrial robot and available for others processes like machining or polishing.

Submitted by Lucas Mangili Esteves null (lucas82031@aluno.feis.unesp.br) on 2017-02-09T18:36:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Lucas_final.pdf: 3159641 bytes, checksum: 2ee0f12201f163a9442f08759eb6e685 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-14T16:49:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 esteves_lm_me_ilha.pdf: 3159641 bytes, checksum: 2ee0f12201f163a9442f08759eb6e685 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T16:49:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 esteves_lm_me_ilha.pdf: 3159641 bytes, checksum: 2ee0f12201f163a9442f08759eb6e685 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise do motor de indução trifásico (MIT), que é um dos motores mais utilizados em aplicações industriais, e de diferentes metodologias de controle de velocidade aplicadas para este tipo de motor. A princípio realizou-se um estudo do funcionamento do MIT sem nenhum tipo de controle, para somente depois analisar-se tanto técnicas clássicas e já bastante difundidas no controle deste tipo de máquina como também um tipo específico de controlador robusto, a fim de utilizá-lo para substituir os controladores clássicos na intenção de obter-se um desempenho superior. O controlador robusto escolhido foi do tipo com Estrutura Variável e Modos Deslizantes (CEV-MD). Este trabalho foca no estudo do Controle Vetorial Indireto com Orientação sobre o Fluxo do Rotor, sendo utilizados juntamente deste método um controlador clássico (do tipo PI, Proporcional Integral) e o controlador robusto projetado (do tipo CEV-MD), no intuito de realizar-se uma comparação entre o desempenho dos dois controladores mediante diferentes condições de operação, incluindo-se variação de parâmetros do motor e falhas de queda de tensão nos terminais da máquina. Todos os estudos e projetos resultaram em um conjunto de simulações no ambiente MATLAB/Simulink, a partir das quais constatou-se que o controlador robusto projetado apresentou um desempenho um pouco superior ao do PI, tanto no controle da velocidade quanto em relação a tolerar as falhas de queda de tensão. / This paper presents a three phase induction motor analysis, one of the most used machines in industries applications, and also shows different speed control methods for this kind of machine. At first a study about the IM (induction motor) was made without any control technique, and then an analysis of the classic and well known methods is presented, as well as an analysis of a robust controller, in order to replace the classic controllers by this one and achieve better performance. The chosen robust controller was a Variable Structure Controller with Sliding Mode. This paper focus is the study of the Indirect Vector Control with Rotor Orientation, which was used along a classic controller (PI – Proportional Integral) and the above proposed robust controller, in order to make a balance between both considering several operational conditions, including parameters variation and a particular fault (voltage drops on the motor terminals). All the analysis culminated in a set of simulations on the MATLAB/Simulink ambient, from which it was observed that the proposed robust controller showed a better performance than the PI, both on the speed control and the voltage drops faults tolerance.

Manipuladores robóticos têm ganhado cada vez mais importância em operações espaciais por poderem substituir humanos na realização de tarefas perigosas ou demasiadamente demoradas e repetitivas. Em destaque tem-se os manipuladores de base livre, por poderem ser acoplados a satélites ou estações espaciais e representarem um grande desafio para engenheiros de controle. Tais robôs possuem dois modos de operação: com base livre controlada e com base livre flutuante. No primeiro modo a base do manipulador tem atitude e translação controladas por jatos propulsores ou rodas de reação, de modo que o comportamento do robô se aproxima de um manipulador de base fixa. Porém, há um considerável consumo de combustível e energia elétrica, além de novos distúrbios que são inseridos no sistema. No segundo modo, considerado neste trabalho de mestrado, os controles da base são desligados durante a operação e ela pode mover-se livremente em resposta aos movimentos do braço. Embora tenha-se notável economia de combustível e energia elétrica, o acoplamento dinâmico entre base e braço deve ser considerado tanto na modelagem como no projeto do controlador. Para modelar o robô espacial considerado neste projeto foi aplicado o método do Manipulador Dinamicamente Equivalente, que mapeia um manipulador de base livre flutuante através de um robô sub-atuado de base fixa. Dessa forma é possível utilizar sobre robôs espaciais técnicas de controle já desenvolvidas para manipuladores terrestres. Este trabalho trata da análise de controladores robustos e adaptativo aplicados sobre um manipulador planar de base livre flutuante com dois braços para realizar a tarefa de seguimento de trajetórias definidas no espaço de tarefa. Os sistemas de controle considerados foram: Regulador Linear Quadrático Recursivo Robusto (RLQR), controlador H-infinito robusto e controlador adaptativo com modos deslizantes. Os resultados mostraram que os controladores apresentaram desempenhos distintos mas ainda assim foram capazes de realizar a tarefa de seguir trajetórias no espaço de trabalho com erros de acompanhamento bastante pequenos. Foi elaborada também uma comparação quantitativa através de índices de desempenho considerando integral de torques e norma L2 de erros de acompanhamento. / Robotic manipulators gained greater importance in space operations by being able to replace humans in dangerous or very long and repetitive tasks. Free-floating manipulators are highlighted, because they can be coupled to satellites or space stations and represent a great challenge to control engineers. These robots have two operation modes: controlled base and free-floating base. In the first mode, the base has its attitude and translation controlled by propulsion jets or reaction wheels, so that the robot behavior is similar to a fixed-base manipulator. However, there is considerable fuel and electrical energy consumption, besides additional disturbances inserted in the system. In the second mode, which is considered in this work, the base is not controlled during operation and is able to move freely in response to movements of the arm. Even though there is a remarkable fuel and electrical energy saving, the dynamic coupling between base and arm must be taken into account during modelling and controller design. To model the space manipulator considered in this work the Dynamically Equivalent Manipulator method was used, which maps a free-floating manipulator into a underactuated fixed-base manipulator. Thus, it is possible to apply known control techniques for terrestrial manipulators on free-floating ones. This work discusses robust and adaptive controllers applied on a planar dual-arm free-floating space manipulator in order to track trajectories defined in the workspace. The considered control systems are: Robust Recursive Linear Quadratic Regulator, Robust H-infinity and Adaptive Sliding Modes. Results showed that the controllers had distinct performances but were still able to perform trajectory tracking in workspace with very small tracking errors. A quantitative comparison was also elaborated with performance indexes considering integral of torques and L2 norm of tracking errors.