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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
361

Projeto de controle robusto para sistemas chaveados via LMIs / Robust control design for switched systems via LMIs

Tello, Ivan Francisco Yupanqui [UNESP] 20 June 2017 (has links)
Submitted by IVAN FRANCISCO YUPANQUI TELLO null (ivan.yupanqui.tello@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-28T18:37:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 minha dissertacao.pdf: 4687608 bytes, checksum: 8a9fc873657ce7c21593f7e3653e4b0c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-06-28T20:46:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tello_ify_me_ilha.pdf: 4687608 bytes, checksum: 8a9fc873657ce7c21593f7e3653e4b0c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T20:46:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tello_ify_me_ilha.pdf: 4687608 bytes, checksum: 8a9fc873657ce7c21593f7e3653e4b0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Neste trabalho são apresentados uma série de resultados relacionados com as técnicas de controle para sistemas lineares chaveados incertos que asseguram índices de desempenho e custos garantidos no projeto. Inicialmente a técnica abordada para este estudo consiste na utilização das desigualdades de Lyapunov-Metzler e as propriedades dos sistemas Estritamente Reais Positivos (ERP). São abordados os sistemas Lyapunov-Metzler-ERP (LMERP), que permitem o desenvolvimento de um método de projeto de estabilização para sistemas que apresentam comutação e incertezas no modelo, usando para isto a realimentação do vetor de estado. A análise de estabilidade é descrita por meio de Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares (em inglês: Linear Matrix Inequalities), LMIs, que, quando factíveis, são facilmente resolvidas por meio de ferramentas disponíveis de programação convexa. Neste trabalho trata-se também da síntese via realimentação de estado com chaveamento no ganho que assegura o critério de desempenho Hoo. Para a validação das estratégias de controle mencionadas foram realizadas simulações e experimentos práticos em um sistema de suspensão ativa de bancada e em um sistema ball balancer, equipamentos fabricados pela Quanser. Os resultados comprovam a eficácia dos método propostos tanto nas simulações quanto nos testes realizados em bancada. / This work presents a series of results related to the control techniques for uncertain switched linear systems that ensure performance indicators and guaranteed cost in the design. Initially the technique discussed in this study is the use of Lyapunov-Metzler Inequalities and properties of Strictly Positive Real Systems (SPR), so the Lyapunov-Metzler-SPR systems (LMSRP) are revised, which allow the development of a method of stabilization for systems that have switching and uncertainties in the model, using for this the state feedback. The stability analysis is described by Linear Matrix Inequalities, LMIs, that when are feasible, these are easily solved through tools available in convex programming literature. We also deal with the synthesis via state feedback with switching in the gain that ensures the performance criterion Hoo. In order to validate the proposed strategy simulations and experiments were performed on a bench active suspension system and a ball balancer system, equipments manufactured by Quanser. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method both in simulations and in bench tests.
362

Controle robusto de inversores VSI com filtro LCL aplicados a geração distribuída, com controle da injeção de potências ativa e reativa na rede de distribuição em baixa tensão e capacidade de operação ilhada em ambiente de microrredes /

Pena, José Carlos Ugaz January 2016 (has links)
Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Resumo: Os inversores fonte de tensão com filtro de saída LCL (VSI+LCL) são amplamente utilizados em sistemas de geração distribuída. Nestas aplicações o sistema é controlado como uma fonte de corrente, no entanto, há a possibilidade de controlar o conjunto como uma fonte de tensão. Desta forma, a mencionada configuração pode ser utilizada em geração distribuída no ambiente de microrredes onde os sistemas, monofásicos ou trifásicos, devem operar conectados à rede de distribuição elétrica com controle das potências injetadas (ativa e reativa) e serem capazes de, em ausência da rede, passar a operar no modo autônomo. Ainda, após o restabelecimento da rede, o controle deve levar o sistema a operar novamente no modo conectado. Sendo as transições realizadas sem transientes que possam danificar qualquer componente do sistema. O filtro LCL, de terceira ordem, caracteriza um comportamento ressonante que pode comprometer a estabilidade do sistema. Para resolver esta situação, diversas técnicas ativas e passivas são aplicadas. Para aplicações de baixa potência, preferem-se as técnicas passivas de amortecimento devido a sua simplicidade e baixo custo, porém estas implicam em perdas adicionais. Já as técnicas ativas de amortecimento, consideram procedimentos de controle para atenuar a ressonância, e, portanto, não adicionam perdas, porém, sua realização requer da realimentação de variáveis adicionais elevando assim o custo do sistema. Todavia, mesmo que aplicáveis a ambos os modos de operação,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The voltage source inverter utilization with LCL filters (VSI+LCL) is extended in Distributed Electrical Energy Systems. In these applications, the system is controlled as a current source, however, it can also be controlled as a voltage source. Hence, this configuration is suitable for microgrids environment. In this scenario, the system should operate connected to utility grid with control of the supplied power (active or reactive) and also be capable, in case of grid absence, to operate in islanded mode. Then, if the grid is reestablished, system should be reconnected to grid. Moreover, these transitions should be smooth, with no hazardous transients. The third order filter leads to a resonant behavior that can compromise the system stability. In order to overcome this limitation, passive and active damping methods are used. In low power applications, passive damping methods are preferred due to their simplicity and low. Nevertheless, these methods lead to additional losses. On the other hand, active damping methods consider the feedback of additional variables in order to damp the resonance in closed loop, with no additional losses. This implies additional sensors, thus increasing the overall cost. Despite their effectiveness to damp the resonance in both autonomous and grid connected applications, the most of the damping methods are usually designed only for a specific operation mode. This work explores the possibility to control VSI+LCL systems, single and three-phase... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor
363

Design and implementation of linear robust networked control systems

Mkondweni, Ncedo Sandiso January 2013 (has links)
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Technology: Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013 / Networked Control Systems is a control system where the plant and the controller exchange information via a shared communication network and the network is considered as part of the closed loop control system. Unfortunately the network introduces network induced random varying time delays and data packet loss amongst the communication network imperfections. The network delays are considered to be between the controller and the actuator and between the sensor and the controller. These network imperfections degrade the performance of the closed loop control system and result in closed loop system instability. The complexity of measuring the communication network imperfection in networked control systems makes it difficult for the control engineers to develop methods for design of controllers that can incorporate and compensate these imperfections in order to improve the performance of the networked control systems. In this thesis a co-simulation toolset called LabNS2 is developed to address the first problem of measuring the communication network imperfections by providing an ideal environment that can be used to investigate the influence of network time delays or packet loss. The software environment of the toolset is based on LabVIEWTM and Network Simulator Version 2 (NS2). A new robust predictive optimal controller design method is developed to address the problem of the destabilising effect of the network induced time delay between the controller and the actuator. The design approach is based on time shifting of the optimisation horizon and a state predictor. The design of the controller is based on a model of the plant with delay in the control vector equal to the delay between the controller and the actuator or to the sum of the delays between the controller and the actuator and between the sensor and the controller. The time shifting approach allows the design of the controller to be performed for a model without time delay. Then the control action is based on the future values of the state space vector estimates. The state predictor is developed to predict these future values of the state using the present and past values of the state estimates and control actions. This technique is made possible by the use of the plant model Transition Matrix. A Discrete Kalman Filter is modified to address the problem of the destabilising effect of the network induced time delay between the sensor and the controller. An additional state estimation vector is added to the filter estimate at every current moment of time. iv The developed methods are implemented for networked control of a dish antenna driven by two stepper motors. The outcomes of the thesis can be used for the education and fundamental research purposes, but the developed control strategies have significant sense towards the Square Kilometer Array projects and satellite systems industry. / National Research Foundation
364

Controle de sistema de mancais magnéticos ativos para um motor de indução linear tubular. / Control system applied to active magnetic bearings for a tubular linear induction motor.

Leandro Henrique Monaco 08 October 2012 (has links)
Para aplicações de extração de petróleo de poços em terra foi desenvolvido pelo Laboratório de Eletromagnetismo Aplicado (LMAG) da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo um protótipo de motor de indução linear tubular (MILT), onde o movimento axial do secundário do motor aciona diretamente a bomba de extração situada no fundo do poço. Numa segunda etapa, foi prevista a substituição dos mancais mecânicos por dois mancais magnéticos ativos (AMBs), que permitem melhor movimentação e praticamente nenhum atrito, reduzindo o desgaste causado por impurezas contidas no petróleo extraído, e consequentemente os esforços de manutenção. Todavia, o protótipo atual possui apenas um mancal magnético, e o outro é mecânico. O presente trabalho apresenta a instalação do segundo mancal magnético ao protótipo do MILT, e propõe realizar o controle do sistema de mancais magnéticos para o MILT, tendo em vista um problema multivariável, onde as posições do secundário do motor em relação aos dois mancais são correlacionadas, bem como as ações de controle sobre os mesmos. O trabalho faz uma revisão do sistema atual com um AMB, abordando sua concepção física, modelagem e o controlador, e tal controlador é replicado para o segundo AMB. Um novo modelo é apresentado, considerando o comportamento multivariável dos dois AMBs, e um sistema de controle robusto multivariável é projetado, através da técnica LQG/LTR. Resultados de simulação do novo controlador são analisados e comparados com os resultados experimentais do controlador atual aplicado aos dois AMBs, e apresentam-se as conclusões. / For onshore oil extraction applications, a tubular linear induction motor (TLIM) prototype was developed by Applied Electromagnetism Laboratory (LMAG) of Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, on which the axial movement of the motor secondary drives the suction pump, placed in the down hole of the oil well. In a second step, it was planned to replace the mechanical bearings by two Active Magnetic Bearings (AMB), in order to have better movement and practically no friction, reducing damages caused by impurities in the oil, thus reducing maintenance effort. Nevertheless, the actual prototype has only one AMB, being the other one a mechanical bearing. This paper presents the installation of the second AMB onto TLIM prototype, and a proposal to implement the control algorithm for the TLIM magnetic bearing system, considering now a multivariable problem, where the position of the motor secondary for both AMB are related, as well as control efforts. The present work review the actual system with only one AMB, approaching its physical construction, mathematical model and applied control system; and this control system is applied to the second AMB. A new model is presented, considering the AMB system multivariable behavior, and a multivariable robust control system is then designed, using LQG/LTR approach. Simulation results for the new controller are analyzed and compared to experimental results from the actual controller applied to both AMB, and some conclusions are presented.
365

Procedimento de projeto de controladores robustos para o amortecimento de oscilações eletromecânicas em sistemas de potência. / Robust controller design procedure for electromechanical oscillation damping in power systems.

Rodrigo Andrade Ramos 16 December 2002 (has links)
Este trabalho propõe uma nova metodologia de projeto de controladores para o amortecimento de oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa freqüência em sistemas de potência. Considerando a necessidade de se aumentar a robustez dos estabilizadores clássicos frente a variações nas condições de operação, este estudo analisou uma série de requisitos práticos a serem atendidos pelos novos controladores de amortecimento e desenvolveu a metodologia proposta, de tal forma que os controladores projetados pudessem satisfazer a todos os requisitos analisados. Foram tratadas questões relativas à estrutura de controle (realimentação dinâmica descentralizada de saída), à robustez de estabilidade e desempenho (através da modelagem politópica e dos critérios de posicionamento regional de pólos) e da não atuação dos controladores em regime permanente (com a inclusão de filtros washout na modelagem). A principal vantagem desta metodologia proposta é a possibilidade de se garantir formalmente um desempenho robusto dos controladores, dentro de uma região pré-especificada de pontos de operação. Os resultados, obtidos através de simulações não lineares da resposta (para uma série de perturbações) dos sistemas escolhidos para teste, em diversas condições de operação, mostram que os controladores obtidos com a aplicação desta metodologia são capazes de manter seu desempenho frente às variações consideradas. Além disso, a obtenção de resultados satisfatórios com a aplicação desta metodologia a um sistema com 45 variáveis de estado indica boas perspectivas para a utilização conjunta da mesma com técnicas de redução do modelo de estados, para o projeto de controladores de amortecimento em sistemas reais de grande porte. / This research proposes a new methodology for the design of controllers to damp low frequency electromechanical oscillations in power systems. Considering the need to improve the robustness of the classical stabilizers, with respect to variations in the operating conditions, this study has analyzed a series of practical requirements to be met by the new damping controllers and developed the proposed methodology, so the designed controllers could satisfy all the analyzed equirements. Questions regarding the controller structure (decentralized dynamic output feedback), the robustness of stability and performance (through the polytopic modelling and the regional pole placement criteria) and the non influence of the controllers over the steady state behavior of the system (with the inclusion of washout filters in the model) were treated. The main advantage of the proposed methodology is the possibility to ensure, formally, the performance robustness of the controllers, within a previously specified region of operating points. The results, obtained through the eigenanalysis of the closed loop system and the nonlinear simulations of the system responses to a series of disturbances, in various operating conditions, show that the controllers provided by this new methodology are capable of maintaining their performance, despite the considered variations. Moreover, the satisfactory results obtained with the application of this methodology to a system with 45 state variables indicates good perspectives for the joint utilization of the methodology and model order reduction techniques, for the design of damping controllers for real-sized systems.
366

Projeto de controladores de amortecimento para sistemas elétricos de potência / Design of damping controllers for electric power systems

Ricardo Vasques de Oliveira 21 February 2006 (has links)
O presente trabalho propõe, como inovação, o limite superior para a energia da saída do sistema em malha fechada como índice de desempenho a ser usado no projeto de controladores robustos para amortecer oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa freqüência em sistemas de potência. A saída do sistema em malha fechada é especificada de forma que a energia da saída corresponda ao valor acumulado do desvio da energia cinética do sistema. O índice de desempenho proposto mostrou-se adequado ao problema de oscilações eletromecânicas. Tal índice de desempenho é utilizado na formulação de uma metodologia sistemática de projeto. O problema de controle é estruturado na forma de desigualdades matriciais lineares, permitindo a obtenção de uma solução numérica para o problema. A obtenção da solução do problema de controle proposto (energia da saída como índice de desempenho) exige menos dispêndio computacional, quando comparado com o tradicional fator de amortecimento mínimo na forma de posicionamento regional de pólos. Tal característica pode ser significativa para o tempo computacional requerido pelo projeto de controladores envolvendo modelos sistemas de potência de ordem elevada. O projeto de controladores de amortecimento robustos, baseados em modelos multimáquinas que dispensem a hipótese de existência de um barramento infinito, constitui a segunda parte da pesquisa proposta. Os problemas inerentes à hipótese do barramento infinito são resolvidos pelo uso de duas abordagens que não adotam tal hipótese. A primeira abordagem adotada refere-se ao uso de um modelo multimáquinas com o ângulo de uma das máquinas do sistema como referência angular. A segunda alternativa proposta é a incorporação do sistema primário de controle de velocidade no modelo multimáquinas referente à primeira alternativa. Além de resolver o problema referente ao uso do barramento infinito, o presente trabalho também propõe análises da influência da hipótese de tal barramento no projeto de controladores de amortecimento. A influência da hipótese do barramento infinito no projeto dos controladores é delineada por meio dos fundamentos expostos e dos resultados obtidos com as diferentes alternativas utilizadas / The present work proposes, as innovation, an upper bound for the output energy of the closed loop system to be used as a performance index in the design of robust controllers to damp low-frequency electromechanical oscillations in electric power systems. The output of the closed loop system is specified so that the output energy corresponds to the accumulated value of the kinetic energy deviation of the closed loop system. The performance index used in the procedure has shown to be suitable to the oscillation problem. The proposed performance index is used in the formulation of a systematic design methodology. The control problem is structured in the form of linear matrix inequalities, allowing a numerical solution to the control problem. The adopted performance index is less costly in terms of computational effort when compared with the traditional minimum damping ratio (performance index usually accepted in power system as small signal stability margin) via regional pole placement in the LMI formulation. This characteristic may be significant to the computational time required for the controller design involving large power system models. The robust damping controller design, based on multimachine models without the infinite-bus assumption, constitutes the second part of this research proposal. The problems inherent to the infinte-bus assumption are solved by means of two approaches which do not use such assumption. The first proposed approach refers to the use of a multimachine model adopting one machine angle of the system as angular reference. The second adopted approach is the incorporation of the primary speed control in the multimachine model regarding to the first approach. Besides solving the problem regarding to the use of infinite-bus assumption, the present work also proposes analyses of such assumption influence in the design of damping controllers. The influence of such assumption, in the design of the controllers, is outlined by means of exposed fundamentals and results obtained with the proposed approaches
367

PROPOSTA DE CONTROLE NEBULOSO BASEADO EM CRITÉRIO DE ESTABILIDADE ROBUSTA NO DOMÍNIO DO TEMPO DISCRETO VIA ALGORITMO GENÉTICO MULTIOBJETIVO / PROPOSAL CLOUDY CONTROL BASED ON ROBUST STABILITY CRITERIA IN DOMAIN OF DISCREET TIME VIA MULTIOBJECTIVE GENETIC ALGORITHM

Pires, Danúbia Soares 30 September 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao Danubia.pdf: 4153198 bytes, checksum: f8dd2d9ab5e8fbfa00744bcff5dce73b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-30 / In this master thesis, a robust fuzzy digital PID control methodology based on gain and phase margins specifications, is proposed. A mathematical formulation, based on gain and phase margins specifications, the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model of the plant to be controlled, the structure of the digital PID controller and the time delay uncertain system, was developed. From input and output data of the plant, the fuzzy clustering Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) algorithm estimates the antecedent parameters (operation areas ) and the rules number of Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model. The least squares algorithm provides the consequent parameters linear submodels. A multiobjective genetic strategy is defined to tune the fuzzy digital PID controller parameters, so the gain and phase margins specified to the fuzzy control system are get. An analysis of necessary and sufficient conditions for fuzzy digital PID controller design with robust stability, with the proposal of the two theorems are presented. The digital fuzzy PID controller was implemented on a platform designed for monitoring and control in real time, based on CompactRIO and LabVIEW 9073, National Instruments, of the Laboratory of Computational Intelligence Applied to Technology (ICAT/DEE/IFMA), applying the temperature control of a thermal plant. Experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed methodology, through tracking of the reference and the gain and phase margins keeping closed of the specified ones. / Nesta dissertação é proposta uma metodologia para projeto de controle PID digital nebuloso robusto baseado nas especificações das margens de ganho e fase. É desenvolvida uma formulação matemática, baseada nas especificações das margens de ganho e fase, no modelo nebuloso Takagi-Sugeno da planta a ser controlada, na estrutura do controlador PID digital e o atraso de tempo do sistema incerto. A partir dos dados de entrada e saída da planta, o algoritmo de agrupamento nebuloso Fuzzy C-Means (FCM), estima os parâmetros do antecedente (regiões de operação) e o número de regras do modelo nebuloso Takagi-Sugeno. O algoritmo de mínimos quadrados fornece os parâmetros dos submodelos lineares do consequente. Uma estratégia genética multiobjetiva é utilizada para encontrar os parâmetros do controlador PID digital nebuloso, de modo que as margens de ganho e fase especificadas para o sistema de controle nebuloso sejam alcançadas. Uma análise das condições necessárias e suficientes para o projeto do controlador PID digital nebuloso com estabilidade robusta, a partir da proposta de dois teoremas, é apresentada. O controlador PID digital nebuloso projetado foi implementado numa plataforma para supervisão e controle em tempo real, baseada no CompactRIO 9073 e no software LabVIEW, da National Instruments, do Laboratório de Inteligência Computacional Aplicada à Tecnologia (ICAT/DEE/IFMA), com aplicação ao controle de temperatura de uma planta térmica. Resultados experimentais mostram a eficiência da metodologia proposta, uma vez que a trajetória de referência é seguida e as margens de ganho e fase permanecem próximas às especificadas.
368

Estabilidade e controle de sistemas lineares e variantes no tempo com parâmetros incertos = Stabilité et commande des systémes linéaires variants dans le temps aux paramétres incertains / Stabilité et commande des systémes linéaires variants dans le temps aux paramétres incertains / Stability and control of linear time-varying systems with uncertain parameters

Agulhari, Cristiano Marcos, 1983- 22 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Pedro Luis Dias Peres / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T18:08:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agulhari_CristianoMarcos_D.pdf: 2096468 bytes, checksum: 0e762392c4ee0ab5e249ccd096ab4acf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As principais contribuições desta tese consistem no desenvolvimento de métodos para a síntese de controladores e para a análise de estabilidade de sistemas lineares, variantes ou invariantes no tempo. Com relação aos sistemas invariantes no tempo, o objetivo é a síntese de controladores robustos de ordem reduzida para sistemas a tempo contínuo com parâmetros incertos. O método apresentado para a síntese baseia-se em uma técnica de dois estágios, em que um ganho de realimentação de estados é construído no primeiro estágio e posteriormente utilizado no segundo estágio, que fornece o controlador robusto desejado. Cada etapa consiste na resolução de condições sob a forma de desigualdades matriciais lineares. No caso de sistemas variantes no tempo, em geral, dependendo das informações disponíveis, dois modelos matemáticos podem ser utilizados. Por um lado, para sistemas cujos elementos variantes no tempo são limitados em norma, mas não são completamente conhecidos, é possível utilizar modelos dependentes de parâmetros variantes no tempo, que levam a uma representação politópica. Nesse caso, a técnica de estabilização proposta é baseada no método de dois estágios, para gerar controladores dependentes dos parâmetros. Supõe-se que os parâmetros sejam mensuráveis em tempo real, e os controladores são sintetizados de forma a serem robustos a ruídos nas medições. Por outro lado, se a dinâmica variante no tempo é conhecida, o sistema pode ser tratado diretamente sem que seja utilizado nenhum tipo de parametrização. Duas técnicas de síntese são propostas para esse caso: a construção de ganhos estabilizantes utilizando diretamente a matriz de transição de estados, e uma técnica de síntese projetada a partir de um novo critério para a verificação da estabilidade do sistema. A validade dos métodos propostos é ilustrada por meio de exemplos numéricos, que mostram a qualidade dos resultados que podem ser obtidos / Abstract: The main contributions of this thesis concern the development of methods for the stability analysis and the synthesis of controllers for linear systems, either time varying or time-invariant. Concerning time-invariant systems, the objective is the synthesis of reduced-order robust controllers for continuous-time systems with uncertain parameters. The method presented for the synthesis is based on a two-stage technique, in which a stabilizing state-feedback gain is constructed in the first stage and then applied on the second stage to search for the desired controller. Each stage consists in the resolution of conditions based on linear matrix inequalities. In the case of time-varying systems, depending on the amount of available information, two mathematical models may be used. On one hand, if the time-varying elements of the system are not entirely known, one can model the system as function of time-varying parameters, resulting on a polytopic representation. In this case, the stabilization method proposed is based on the two-stage technique, which yields parameter-dependent controllers. The parameters are supposed to be real-time measurable, and the controllers are robust with respect to noises and uncertainties on the measures. On the other hand, if the time-varying dynamics are known, the system may be directly handled without using any parameterization. Two synthesis techniques are proposed in this case: the construction of stabilizing gains by using the state transition matrix, and a synthesis technique derived from a new stability criterion for time-varying systems. The validity of the proposed methods is illustrated through numerical examples that show the efficiency of the results that can be obtained / Doutorado / Automação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica
369

Autonomous navigation and teleoperation of unmanned aerial vehicles using monocular vision / Navigation autonome et télé-opération de véhicules aériens en utilisant la vision monoculaire

Mercado-Ravell, Diego Alberto 04 December 2015 (has links)
Ce travail porte, de façon théorétique et pratique, sur les sujets plus pertinents autour des drones en navigation autonome et semi-autonome. Conformément à la nature multidisciplinaire des problèmes étudies, une grande diversité des techniques et théories ont été couverts dans les domaines de la robotique, l’automatique, l’informatique, la vision par ordinateur et les systèmes embarques, parmi outres.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, deux plates-formes expérimentales ont été développées afin de valider la théorie proposée pour la navigation autonome d’un drone. Le premier prototype, développé au laboratoire, est un quadrirotor spécialement conçu pour les applications extérieures. La deuxième plate-forme est composée d’un quadrirotor à bas coût du type AR.Drone fabrique par Parrot. Le véhicule est connecté sans fil à une station au sol équipé d’un système d’exploitation pour robots (ROS) et dédié à tester, d’une façon facile, rapide et sécurisé, les algorithmes de vision et les stratégies de commande proposés. Les premiers travaux développés ont été basés sur la fusion de donnés pour estimer la position du drone en utilisant des capteurs inertiels et le GPS. Deux stratégies ont été étudiées et appliquées, le Filtre de Kalman Etendu (EKF) et le filtre à Particules (PF). Les deux approches prennent en compte les mesures bruitées de la position de l’UAV, de sa vitesse et de son orientation. On a réalisé une validation numérique pour tester la performance des algorithmes. Une tâche dans le cahier de cette thèse a été de concevoir d’algorithmes de commande pour le suivi de trajectoires ou bien pour la télé-opération. Pour ce faire, on a proposé une loi de commande basée sur l’approche de Mode Glissants à deuxième ordre. Cette technique de commande permet de suivre au quadrirotor de trajectoires désirées et de réaliser l’évitement des collisions frontales si nécessaire. Etant donné que la plate-forme A.R.Drone est équipée d’un auto-pilote d’attitude, nous avons utilisé les angles désirés de roulis et de tangage comme entrées de commande. L’algorithme de commande proposé donne de la robustesse au système en boucle fermée. De plus, une nouvelle technique de vision monoculaire par ordinateur a été utilisée pour la localisation d’un drone. Les informations visuelles sont fusionnées avec les mesures inertielles du drone pour avoir une bonne estimation de sa position. Cette technique utilise l’algorithme PTAM (localisation parallèle et mapping), qui s’agit d’obtenir un nuage de points caractéristiques dans l’image par rapport à une scène qui servira comme repère. Cet algorithme n’utilise pas de cibles, de marqueurs ou de scènes bien définies. La contribution dans cette méthodologie a été de pouvoir utiliser le nuage de points disperse pour détecter possibles obstacles en face du véhicule. Avec cette information nous avons proposé un algorithme de commande pour réaliser l’évitement d’obstacles. Cette loi de commande utilise les champs de potentiel pour calculer une force de répulsion qui sera appliquée au drone. Des expériences en temps réel ont montré la bonne performance du système proposé. Les résultats antérieurs ont motivé la conception et développement d’un drone capable de réaliser en sécurité l’interaction avec les hommes et les suivre de façon autonome. Un classificateur en cascade du type Haar a été utilisé pour détecter le visage d’une personne. Une fois le visage est détecté, on utilise un filtre de Kalman (KF) pour améliorer la détection et un algorithme pour estimer la position relative du visage. Pour réguler la position du drone et la maintenir à une distance désirée du visage, on a utilisé une loi de commande linéaire. / The present document addresses, theoretically and experimentally, the most relevant topics for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in autonomous and semi-autonomous navigation. According with the multidisciplinary nature of the studied problems, a wide range of techniques and theories are covered in the fields of robotics, automatic control, computer science, computer vision and embedded systems, among others. As part of this thesis, two different experimental platforms were developed in order to explore and evaluate various theories and techniques of interest for autonomous navigation. The first prototype is a quadrotor specially designed for outdoor applications and was fully developed in our lab. The second testbed is composed by a non expensive commercial quadrotor kind AR. Drone, wireless connected to a ground station equipped with the Robot Operating System (ROS), and specially intended to test computer vision algorithms and automatic control strategies in an easy, fast and safe way. In addition, this work provides a study of data fusion techniques looking to enhance the UAVs pose estimation provided by commonly used sensors. Two strategies are evaluated in particular, an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and a Particle Filter (PF). Both estimators are adapted for the system under consideration, taking into account noisy measurements of the UAV position, velocity and orientation. Simulations show the performance of the developed algorithms while adding noise from real GPS (Global Positioning System) measurements. Safe and accurate navigation for either autonomous trajectory tracking or haptic teleoperation of quadrotors is presented as well. A second order Sliding Mode (2-SM) control algorithm is used to track trajectories while avoiding frontal collisions in autonomous flight. The time-scale separation of the translational and rotational dynamics allows us to design position controllers by giving desired references in the roll and pitch angles, which is suitable for quadrotors equipped with an internal attitude controller. The 2-SM control allows adding robustness to the closed-loop system. A Lyapunov based analysis probes the system stability. Vision algorithms are employed to estimate the pose of the vehicle using only a monocular SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) fused with inertial measurements. Distance to potential obstacles is detected and computed using the sparse depth map from the vision algorithm. For teleoperation tests, a haptic device is employed to feedback information to the pilot about possible collisions, by exerting opposite forces. The proposed strategies are successfully tested in real-time experiments, using a low-cost commercial quadrotor. Also, conception and development of a Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) able to safely interact with human users by following them autonomously, is achieved in the present work. Once a face is detected by means of a Haar cascade classifier, it is tracked applying a Kalman Filter (KF), and an estimation of the relative position with respect to the face is obtained at a high rate. A linear Proportional Derivative (PD) controller regulates the UAV’s position in order to keep a constant distance to the face, employing as well the extra available information from the embedded UAV’s sensors. Several experiments were carried out through different conditions, showing good performance even under disadvantageous scenarios like outdoor flight, being robust against illumination changes, wind perturbations, image noise and the presence of several faces on the same image. Finally, this thesis deals with the problem of implementing a safe and fast transportation system using an UAV kind quadrotor with a cable suspended load. The objective consists in transporting the load from one place to another, in a fast way and with minimum swing in the cable.
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Commande crone appliquée à l'optimisation de la production d'une éolienne / CRONE command for the optimization of wind turbine production

Feytout, Benjamin 11 December 2013 (has links)
Les études, menées en collaboration entre la société VALEOL et le laboratoire IMS, proposent des solutions pour optimiser la production et le fonctionnement d'une éolienne. Il s’agit de travailler sur les lois de commande du système ou des sous-systèmes en utilisant la commande CRONE, répondant à un besoin de robustesse. Chaque étude met en avant des aspects de modélisation, d’identification et de synthèse de lois de commande avant mises en application au travers de simulations ou d’essais sur modèles réduits et taille réelle.Le chapitre 1 donne une vision d’ensemble des problématiques traitées dans ce manuscrit, à l’aide d’états de l’art et de remise dans le contexte économique et industriel de 2013.Le chapitre 2 introduit la commande CRONE pour la synthèse de régulateurs robustes. Cette méthodologie est utilisée pour réaliser l’asservissement de la vitesse de rotation d’une éolienne à vitesse variable, présentant une architecture innovante avec un variateur de vitesse mécanique et génératrice synchrone.Le chapitre 3 établit la comparaison de trois nouveaux critères d’optimisation pour la méthodologie CRONE. Le but est de réduire sa complexité et de faciliter sa manipulation par tout utilisateur. Les résultats sur les différents critères sont obtenus par simulations sur un exemple académique, puis sur un modèle d’éolienne de type MADA.Le chapitre 4 porte sur la réduction des charges structurelles transmises par le vent à l’éolienne. Il est question d’une amélioration du contrôle de l’angle de pitch par action indépendante sur chaque pale en fonction de la position du rotor ou encore des perturbations liées au ventLe chapitre 5 est consacré à la conception d’un système d’antigivrage et dégivrage d’une pale dans le cadre d’un projet Aquitain. Après modélisation et identification du procédé, la commande CRONE est utilisée pour réguler la température d’une peinture polymère chauffante sous alimentation électrique disposée sur les pales. L’étude est complétée par la mise en place d’un observateur pour la détection de présence de givre. / The research studies, in collaboration with VALEOL and IMS laboratory, propose several solutions to optimize the production and the efficiency of a wind turbine. The general theme of the work is based on control laws of the system or subsystems using the CRONE robust design. Each part highlights aspects of modeling, system identification and design before simulations or tests of scale and full size models. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the issues discussed in this manuscript, using states of the art and precisions on the industrial and economic context of 2013.Chapter 2 introduces the CRONE command for robust design. It is used to achieve the control of the rotation speed of a variable speed wind turbine, with an innovative architecture - mechanical variable speed solution and synchronous generator.Chapter 3 makes a comparison of three new optimization criteria for CRONE design. The aim is to reduce the methodology complexity and to facilitate handling by any user. The results are obtained through simulations on an academic example, then with a DFIG wind turbine model. Chapter 4 focuses on the reduction of structural loads transmitted by the wind on the turbine. It is about better control of the pitch angle by individual pitch control, depending on the rotor position or wind disturbances.Chapter 5 deals with the design of an anti-icing/de-icing system for blades. After the modeling and identification steps, the CRONE design is used to control the temperature of a heating coating disposed on the blades. An observer is finally designed to detect the presence of ice.

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