As a result of manufacturing processes, real surfaces have roughness and surface curvature. The real contact occurs only over microscopic contacts, which are typically only a few percent of the apparent contact area. Because of the surface curvature of contacting bodies, the macrocontact area is formed, the area where microcontacts are distributed randomly. The heat flow must pass through the macrocontact and then microcontacts to transfer from one body to another. This phenomenon leads to a relatively high temperature drop across the interface. Thermal contact resistance (TCR) is a complex interdisciplinary problem, which includes geometrical, mechanical, and thermal analyses. Each part includes a micro and a macro scale sub-problem. Analytical, experimental, and numerical models have been developed to predict TCR since the 1930's. Through comparison with more than 400 experimental data points, it is shown that the existing models are applicable only to the limiting cases and none of them covers the general non-conforming rough contact. The objective of this study is to develop a compact analytical model for predicting TCR for the entire range of non-conforming contacts, i. e. , from conforming rough to smooth sphere-flat in a vacuum. The contact mechanics of the joint must be known prior to solving the thermal problem. A new mechanical model is developed for spherical rough contacts. The deformation modes of the surface asperities and the bulk material of contacting bodies are assumed to be plastic and elastic, respectively. A closed set of governing relationships is derived. An algorithm and a computer code are developed to solve the relationships numerically. Applying Buckingham Pi theorem, the independent non-dimensional parameters that describe the contact problem are specified. A general pressure distribution is proposed that covers the entire spherical rough contacts, including the Hertzian smooth contact. Simple correlations are proposed for the general pressure distribution and the radius of the macrocontact area, as functions of the non-dimensional parameters. These correlations are compared with experimental data collected by others and good agreement is observed. Also a criterion is proposed to identify the flat surface, where the influence of surface curvature on the contact pressure is negligible. Thermal contact resistance is considered as the superposition of macro and micro thermal components. The flux tube geometry is chosen as the basic element in the thermal analysis of microcontacts. Simple expressions for determining TCR of non-conforming rough joints are derived which cover the entire range of TCR by using the general pressure distribution and the flux tube solution. A complete parametric study is performed; it is seen that there is a value of surface roughness that minimizes TCR. The thermal model is verified with more than 600 data points, collected by many researchers during the last 40 years, and good agreement is observed. A new approach is taken to study the thermal joint resistance. A novel model is developed for predicting the TCR of conforming rough contacts employing scale analysis methods. It is shown that the microcontacts can be modeled as heat sources on a half-space for engineering applications. The scale analysis model is extended to predict TCR over the entire range of non-conforming rough contacts by using the general pressure distribution developed in the mechanical model. It is shown that the surface curvature and contact pressure distribution have no effect on the effective micro thermal resistance. A new non-dimensional parameter is introduced as a criterion to identify the three regions of TCR, i. e. , the conforming rough, the smooth spherical, and the transition regions. An experimental program is designed and data points are collected for spherical rough contacts in a vacuum. The radius of curvature of the tested specimens are relatively large (in the order of m) and can not be seen by the naked eye. However, even at relatively large applied loads the measured joint resistance (the macro thermal component) is still large which shows the importance of surface out-of-flatness/curvature. Collected data are compared with the scale analysis model and excellent agreement is observed. The maximum relative difference between the model and the collected data is 6. 8 percent and the relative RMS difference is approximately 4 percent. Additionally, the proposed scale analysis model is compared/verified with more than 880 TCR data points collected by many researchers. These data cover a wide range of materials, surface characteristics, thermal and mechanical properties, mean joint temperature, directional heat transfer effect, and contact between dissimilar metals. The RMS difference between the model and all data is less than 13. 8 percent.

As optical designs become more sophisticated and incorporate aspheric and free form surfaces, the need to specify limits on mid-spatial frequency manufacturing errors becomes more critical, particularly as we better understand the effects of these errors on image quality. While there already exist methods based on Fourier analysis to specify these errors in most commercial interferometry software, the method of calculation and the power spectral density (PSD) results remain obscure to many in the optical design and manufacturing field. We suggest that the structure functions (SF) contains the same information as in the Fourier based PSD but in a way that is much more transparent to analysis, interpretation and application as a specification. The units of measure are more familiar and the concept behind the analysis is simpler to understand. Further, the information contained in the structure function (or PSD) allows a complete specification of an optical surface from the finest measurable detail of roughness to the overall figure. We discuss the origin of the structure function in the field of astronomy to describe the effects of air turbulence on image quality, the simple mathematical definition of the structure function and its easy means of calculation and how its results should be scaled depending on the location of the optical surface in a system from pupil to image plane. Finally, we give an example of how to write a specification of an optical surface using the structure function.

Hydraulic losses in sewer pipes are caused by wall roughness, blockages and in-pipe sedimentation. Hydraulic resistance is a key parameter that is used to account for the hydraulic energy losses and predict the sewer system propensity to flood. Unfortunately, there are no objective methods to measure the hydraulic resistance in live sewers. A common method to estimate the hydraulic resistance of a sewer is to analyse collected CCTV images and then to compare them against a number of suggested hydraulic roughness values published in the Sewer Rehabilitation Manual. This thesis reports on the development of a novel, non-invasive acoustic method and instrumentation to measure the hydraulic roughness in partially filled pipes under various structural and operational conditions objectively. This research presents systematic laboratory and field studies of the hydraulic and surface water wave characteristics, of shallow water flows in a sewer pipes with the presence of local and distributed roughness, in order to relate them to some fundamental properties of the acoustic field measured in the vicinity of the flow surface. The results of this thesis indicate that for the local roughness the energy content of the reflected acoustic signal is an indicator of the pipe head loss and hydraulic roughness. In the case of the distributed roughness, the variation in the temporal and frequency characteristics of the propagated sound wave can be related empirically to the mean flow depth, mean velocity, wave standard deviation and hydraulic roughness.

Most theoretical treatments of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) measurements of porous media assume ideal pore geometries for the pores (i.e. slabs, spheres or cylinders) with welldefined surface-to-volume ratios (S/V). This same assumption is commonly adopted for naturally occurring materials, where the pore geometry can differ substantially from these ideal shapes. In this paper the effect of the roughness of the pore surface on the T2 relaxation spectrum is studied. By homogenization of the problem using an electrostatic approach it is found that the effective surface relaxivity can increase dramatically in the presence of rough surfaces. This leads to a situation where the system responds as a pore with a smooth surface, but with significantly increased surface relaxivity. As a result the standard approach of assuming an idealized geometry with known surface to-volume and inverting the T2 relaxation spectrum to a pore size distribution is no longer valid. The effective relaxivity is found to be fairly insensitive to the shape of the roughness but strongly dependent on the width and depth of the surface geometry.

Minimizing adhesion of ice has been the subject of extensive studies for applications such aircraft wings, wind turbine blades spacecraft, power transmission wires, while a growing interest concerns coatings for aerospace applications. The work described here describes progress for coatings and ice release test method development over the last few years. Major achievements include: (1) New Rigid Adherent-Resistant Elastomers (RARE), (2) A new Epoxied Cylinder (EC) adhesion test, (3) Validation of an ice release test, and (4) Study of ice adhesion strength on coating thickness for a PDMS elastomer. Rigid Adhesion-Resistance Elastomers (RARE) are comprised of 3F 1 terminated with triethoxysilane moieties and linear 3F polyurethane (U-3F). Hybrid compositions U-3F-x are designated by polyurethane weight percent “x”. Interestingly, RARE coatings spontaneously “self-stratify” during coating deposition and cure. Cured RARE coatings are comprised of (1) a nanoscale surface layer with low work of adhesion, (2) a low modulus mesoscale and (3) a tough U-3F bulk, where “Mesoscale” is defined as a near surface region with a depth ~ 1000 nm. An EC adhesion test was developed to evaluate the fouling release characteristics of RARE. EC adhesion testing was devised by using the commercially available instrument, TA RSA-3. The TA RSA-3 is well suited for these tests as the 3.5 kg load cell facilitates accurate measurements. This test gives peak force (Ps) for EC removal. A striking compositional dependence was found for EC adhesion. A U-3F-50 hybrid coating had the lowest adhesion (Ps = 0.078 MPa) with good toughness (6.2 MPa). Bulk and surface characterization together with adhesion measurements established U-3F-x hybrid coatings, and U-3F-50 in particular, as new fluorous rigid adherent-resistant elastomers (RARE) that are tough, oil resistant, and optically transparent. Inspired by the Epoxied Cylinder (EC) adhesion test, a laboratory method for ice adhesion measurement with a commercially available instrument was established in the Wynne Laboratory. This is the first laboratory ice adhesion test that does not require a custom built apparatus. The temperature controlled chamber on TA RSA-3 is an enabling feature that is essential for the test. The method involves removal of an ice cylinder from a polymer coating with a probe and the determination of peak removal force (Ps). To validate the test method, the strength of ice adhesion was determined for a prototypical glassy polymer, poly(methyl methacrylate). The distance of the probe from the PMMA surface has been identified as a critical variable for Ps. The new test provides a readily available platform for investigating fundamental surface characteristics affecting ice adhesion. In addition to the ice release test, PMMA coatings were characterized using DSC, DCA and TM-AFM. This new laboratory ice release test was then employed to obtain the thickness dependence of ice adhesion for Sylgard 184, a filled polydimethylsiloxane elastomer. A correlation between ice adhesion and coating thickness (t) was found, that follows a relationship developed by Kendall over 40 years ago for removal of a rigid object from an elastomer. In particular, a nearly linear relationship between peak removal stress (Ps) and 1/t1/2 was found, with Ps decreasing from 550 kPa to 100 kPa with coating thickness increasing from 12 μm to 800 μm. While work of adhesion, which is related to surface free energy, is recognized as an important factor that can affect ice release, the results reported herein show that coating thickness can override this single parameter for elastomeric substrates. Base on the result, a general model is proposed for the removal of ice from low modulus elastomers (~10 MPa).

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has been identified as a good candidate to provide high-resolution soil moisture information over extended areas. SAR data could be used as observations within a global Data Assimilation (DA) approach to benefit applications such as hydrology and agriculture. Prior to developing an operational DA system, one must tackle the following challenges of soil moisture estimation with SAR: (1) the dependency of the measured radar signal on both soil moisture and soil surface roughness which leads to an ill-conditioned inverse problem, and (2) the difficulty in characterizing spatially/temporally surface roughness of natural soils and its scattering contribution. The objectives of this project are (1) to develop a roughness measurement method to improve the spatial/temporal characterization of soil surface roughness, and (2) to investigate to what extent the inverse problem can be solved by combining multipolarization, multi-incidence, and/or multi-frequency radar measurements. The first objective is achieved with a measurement method based on Structure from Motion (SfM). It is tailored to monitor natural surface roughness changes which have often been assumed negligible although without evidence. The measurement method is flexible, a.ordable, straightforward and generates Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) for a SAR-pixel-size plot with mm accuracy. A new processing method based on band-filtering of the DEM and its 2D Power Spectral Density (PSD) is proposed to compute the classical roughness parameters. Time series of DEMs show that non-negligible changes in surface roughness can happen within two months at scales relevant for microwave scattering. The second objective is achieved using maximum likelihood fitting of the Oh backscattering model to (1) full-polarimetric Radarsat-2 data and (2) simulated multi-polarization / multi-incidence / multi-frequency radar data. Model fitting with the Radarsat-2 images leads to poor soil moisture retrieval which is related to inaccuracy of the Oh model. Model fitting with the simulated data quantifies the amount of multilooking for di.erent combinations of measurements needed to mitigate the critical e.ect of speckle on soil moisture uncertainty. Results also suggest that dual-polarization measurements at L- and C-bands are a promising combination to achieve the observation requirements of soil moisture. In conclusion, the SfM method along with the recommended processing techniques are good candidates to improve the characterization of surface roughness. A combination of multi-polarization and multi-frequency radar measurements appears to be a robust basis for a future Data Assimilation system for global soil moisture monitoring.

The theoretical part deals with basic characteristics of low-temperature, low-pressure plasma. It also describes the principles of preparation of polymer and nanocomposite films using this type of plasma. It further explains the basic principles of methods used to characterize our samples. The experimental section shows a technology to produce hard polymeric coatings with metal (Cu) nanoparticles (NPs) fabricated by gas aggregation source (GAS). This approach has an important advantage that Cu concentration and matrix properties can be controlled independently. Characterization of the films in terms of chemical composition, morphology, optical and mechanical properties is described here alongside with description of Cu NPs production using GAS with variable aggregation length. The a- C:H matrix was deposited in a mixture of Ar and n-hexane on the substrates placed on a RF electrode. The beam of the NPs was normal to the substrate plane. In this arrangement it was possible to control hardness of the films and by operational parameters of the GAS also the amount of the NPs in the film. In the last section fabrication of nanocomposite films of titanium and nylon NPs is shown. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Au cours des vingt dernières années, les facettes céramiques sont devenues une solution esthétique très répandue en raison de leur conception de préparation peu invasive, de leurs propriétés biocompatibles, de leur similitude avec la couleur naturelle des dents, ainsi que de leur translucidité et de leur résistance mécanique aux forces occlusales et à l’usure [1]. La définition des facettes dentaires est celle de « coquilles » très minces, faites sur mesure de matériaux de la couleur de la dent, conçues pour recouvrir la face avant ou la face supérieure des dents afin d' en améliorer l'esthétique et/ou corriger des problèmes occlusaux. Elles sont collées aux dents et pourront en modifier la couleur la forme, et le volume [2].Elles trouvent ainsi de multiples indications à différents endroits sur les arcades dentaires sur les faces vestibulaires des dents antérieures ou plus récemment pour restaurer les surfaces occlusales corriger une occlusion déficiente [3, 4].Ces restaurations modernes se sont développées avec l'arrivée de nouveaux matériaux de reconstructions et de collages, ainsi que de nouveaux modes de conception et fabrication répondant à des exigences de simplicité, de rapidité et de précision.Pour préparer la dent à recevoir une facette, l'oscillation d’inserts ultrasonores a été proposée pour améliorer la finition des lignes marginales et optimiser l’état de surface [5].Pour leur fabrication, outre les méthodes prothétiques classiques, la CFAO (conception assistée par ordinateur - fabrication assistée par ordinateur) au développement exponentiel [6, 7 permet de réaliser une prothèse restauratrice en une seule visite en clinique avec la précision que permettent l’optique (empreintes) et la robotique (fabrication de la facette) ;[8-14]. D’autre part l’apparition de nouvelles céramiques a permis d'améliorer leur esthétique et d'augmenter leur durabilité, qu'elle soit antérieure ou occlusale.Notre première étude portait sur de nouveaux outils permettant d'optimiser la procédure de préparation des facettes. L'utilisation ou non d‘inserts oscillants sur la qualité de l'état de surface de la dent traitées pour une telle préparation. Cette question importante et récurrente, [15] pose le problème de la qualité de l'état de surface destiné à recevoir par collage une pellicule de céramique de faible épaisseur. La pérennité de ce type de prothèse dépend essentiellement du collage avec les tissus dentinaires préparés [16, 17]. La littérature, atteste d’une meilleure qualité de collage entre des surfaces dentaires rugueuses et les matériaux de restauration [18-22]. Toutefois, une question se pose concernant la qualité de cette rugosité lorsque / The first chapter of the thesis relieved the dentists from thinking a lot about the produced roughness regardless to the preparation tool. The roughness is a critical factor to the stability, to the retention, and eventually to the success of the ceramic veneers especially for the esthetic anterior veneers. This will speed up the procedure of achieving a fast treatment for the patients with the CAD-CAM systems. For the upcoming steps, an investigation is recommended to estimate the amount of the inquired roughness to achieve the minimum necessary adhesion value for the retention of the ceramic veneers, and vice versa, another investigation to evaluate the capability of the preparation tools in transferring the same roughness from the preparation tool grains to the target surface (dentin or enamel).152The second study had filled the gap of how to evaluate the IOS systems regardless to the recent common criteria, and the thesis created a novel measure (noise) to be used. The study asks the dentists to pay attention to other criteria to consider when buying an IOS system regardless to the criteria that already exists and had been directed by the producing companies. The thesis states that the noise increases when the direction of the IOS is changed. More attention should be paid at the transitional lines between the scanned surfaces while designing the digital model. An enhancement is demanded to compensate for (or if possible, to eliminate) this noise.

Este estudo avaliou, in vitro, a influência da aplicação de quatro selantes de superfície na rugosidade de duas resinas compostas. Cinqüenta espécimes foram confeccionados e divididos em 10 grupos com 5 espécimes cada, em função da combinação entre resina composta e selante de superfície, sendo: G1. Controle Concept; G2. Concept + Fortify; G3. Concept + Biscover; G4. Concept + Lasting Touch; G5. Concept + Fill Glaze; G6. Controle Esthet X; G7. Esthet X + Fortify; G8. Esthet X + Biscover; G9. Esthet X + Lasting Touch; G10. Esthet X + Fill Glaze. Os espécimes foram confeccionados com uma matriz específica, em quatro incrementos, com dimensões internas de 15mmX4mmX5mm, sendo sua polimerização realizada com o aparelho de lâmpada halógena Curing Light 2500 (500mW/cm2) por 20s cada incremento. Em seguida, foram armazenados em água destilada à 37ºC e umidade absoluta de 100% por 24 horas. Após este período, os espécimes foram adaptados em uma Politriz Metalográfica e planificados com lixas de granulometria 320, 600 e a rugosidade inicial foi aferida. Para a mensuração da rugosidade, utilizou-se o rugosímetro Hommel Tester T1000 basic. Numa segunda fase, aplicaram-se os selantes de superfície, conforme recomendações do fabricante, e uma nova aferição da rugosidade superficial foi realizada. Para o teste de abrasão, os espécimes foram submetidos a 100.000 ciclos de escovação, seguido de nova mensuração da rugosidade. Em adição à rugosidade e com o objetivo de avaliar qualitativamente a superfície de alguns espécimes, a leitura em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura foi empregada. Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes ANOVA a 3 critérios e Tukey para comparações individuais entre os diferentes grupos (p<0,05). A aplicação do selante de superfície diminuiu a rugosidade superficial das resinas compostas testadas (G2=0,0727, G3=0,0147, G4=0,0307, G5=0,0253, G6=0,0960, G7=0,0173, G8=0,0333, G9=0,0480). A abrasão simulada aumentou a rugosidade superficial para todos os grupos, com exceção do Fortify (G2=0,0740, G7=0,0673) e Biscover (G7=0,0440), sendo os maiores valores apresentados pelo Lasting Touch (G4= 0,1253, G9=0,0980), seguido do Fill Glaze (G5=0,0933, G10= 0,0847). / This in vitro study evaluated the influence of the application of four surface sealers on the surface roughness of composite resins. Fifty specimens were divided into ten groups according to different patterns of composite resin and surface sealers, as follows: G1. Control with Concept resin; G2. Concept + Fortify; G3. Concept + Biscover; G4. Concept + Lasting Touch; G5. Concept + Fill Glaze; G6. Control with Esthet X; G7. Esthet X + Fortify; G8. Esthet X + Biscover; G9. Esthet X + Lasting Touch; G10. Esthet X + Fill Glaze. Specimens were made in four increments using a stainless steel matrix of 15x5x4mm and resin increments were polymerized with halogen lamp Curing Light 2500 (500mW/cm2) for 20 seconds each. After complete polymerization, specimens were stored in 100% humidity in distilled water at 37ºC for 24 hours. Following storage, specimens were polished using ascending grades (320, 600) of abrasive SiC paper under running water and the initial roughness was measured with a perfilometer Hommel Tester T100 basic (Hommelwerke GmbH ref. # 240851 - Schwenningem - Germany). Surface sealers were applied following the manufacturer\'s instructions and a new measurement of roughness was made. For the abrasive resistance test, specimens were submitted to 100.000 cycles of abrasive dentifrice brushing followed by surface roughness.. Qualitative analisys was made by using MEV. Results were submitted to Three-way ANOVA (p<0,05) and Tuckey\'s test to individual comparisons between different groups. Surface sealant application provided smoother surfaces for of composite resins tested (G2=0.0727, G3=0.0147, G4=0.0307, G5=0.0253, G6=0.0960, G7=0.0173, G8=0.0333, G9=0.0480). The abrasion test increased the surface roughness for all tested groups, except Fortify (G2=0,0740, G7=0,0673) and Biscover (G7=0,0440). Lasting Touch presented rougher surfaces (G4= 0,1253, G9=0,0980), followed by Fill Glaze (G5=0,0933, G10= 0,0847).

As coroas provisórias apresentam algumas características que podem comprometer a estética e facilitar aderência de microorganismos e formação de placa. Estudos prévios demonstraram que a forma de processamento influi na rugosidade e porosidade de uma marca comercial de resina acrílica comumente utilizada para a confecção de provisórias. Como diferentes marcas comerciais apresentam diferenças de qualidade, o presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar a rugosidade superficial de quatro marcas comerciais de resina acrílica utilizadas na confecção de coroas provisórias (Dencor, Vipi, Duralay e Alike) de acordo com quatro técnicas de manipulação, diretas e indiretas. Os processamentos avaliados foram: GRUPO I autopolimerização sob pressão em matriz de silicona; GRUPO II - autopolimerização térmica em mufla; GRUPO III autopolimerização utilizando a técnica do pincel; GRUPO IV autopolimerização pela mistura em pote dappen. Para cada tipo de processamento foram confeccionados 12 corpos-deprova de cada material, totalizando 48 corpos-de-prova para cada grupo e 192 espécimes ao total. Logo após a confecção dos espécimes foi realizado o teste de rugosidade de superfície (Ra) através de um rugosímetro/perfilômetro. Posteriormente, a superfície dos mesmos foi uniformizada e polida com a utilização de politriz, realizando-se novamente os mesmos testes de rugosidade. Antes do acabamento e polimento de superfície, os resultados encontrados apontaram a maior rugosidade para resina Vipi (4,074 ± 0,541) e técnica da mistura em dappen gupo IV (3,538 ± 0,509), enquanto que a menor rugosidade foi encontrada para resina Alike (2,671 ± 0,512) e técnica da prensagem em mufla grupo II (2,733 ± 0,470). Após acabamento e polimento, a maior rugosidade foi encontrada para resina Vipi (0,207 ± 0,032) e técnica da pressão grupo I (0,172 ± 0,037), enquanto que a menor rugosidade para resina Alike (0,113 ± 0,036) e técnica da prensagem em mufla grupo II (0,138 ± 0,027). Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que a melhor combinação para confecção de coroas provisórias em resina acrílica foi a técnica da prensagem em mufla associada à resina Alike. / Provisional crowns have some features that may compromise aesthetics and favors adherence of microorganisms and dental plaque formation. Previous studies have shown that processing may influence roughness and porosity of acrylic resins commonly used make provisional crowns. Because the several commercial resins available present differences in their quality the aim of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness of four commercial brands of acrylic resins (Dencor, Vipi, Duralay and Alike) according to four manipulation techniques (two direct and two indirect): GROUP I - autopolimerization under pressure in a silicone matrix; GROUP II autppolimerization in flask; GROUP III - autopolimerization using the bead brush technique; GROUP IV - autopolimerization after mixing in dappen dish. For each type of processing 12 specimens were made of each material, being 48 specimens for each group and 192 specimens in total. After specimens preparation, surface roughness tests (Ra) was performed using a rugosimeter / profilometer. Posteriorly, all surfaces were polished for standardization and same roughness tests were performed again. Before finishing and polishing, the results pointed out that Vipi resin presented the highest roughness (4.074 ± 0.541). Mixing the resin in dappen dish group IV (3.538 ± 0.509) also presented the highest roughness values regarding the technique. The lowest roughness values were found with Alike resin (2.671 ± 0.512) and flask technique group II (2.733 ± 0.470). After finishing and polishing techniques, the highest roughness was found with Vipi resin (0.207 ± 0.032) and the autopolimetization under pressure in silicone matrix technique - group I (0.172 ± 0.037). The lowest roughness values were found with Alike resin (0.113 ± 0.036) and flask technique group II (0.138 ± 0.027). With these results, it was possible to conclude that the best combination for making provisional crowns was the flask technique associated with Alike resin.