Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-07T15:55:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 14.pdf: 1525828 bytes, checksum: abb8017e804a6d54155945beb86e461f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Analisa as discussões publicadas no periódico intitulado Boletim de Eugenia (1929-1933) acerca dos propósitos eugênicos no Brasil. O primeiro número desta publicação circulou em janeiro de 1929 e seu editor, Renato Kehl, definiu que seu objetivo com a publicação do referido periódico era auxiliar a campanha em prol da Eugenia para os elementos que compunham a intelectualidade brasileira e demais cidadãos preocupados com o destino nacional.

Access to water and sanitation is indeed a human right; however quality water and sanitation service provision should not be assumed a ‘free service’ as a result. Hence it is crucial to understand the costs involved of monopoly water service provision to enable informed decision-making on tariff determination. Namibia, is not only characterised with extreme conditions of water scarcity and skewed income distribution, with a history of free water services, but it also is prone to information asymmetry and lack of transparency (especially financial) challenges in the price-setting process. Hence, the research aim was to adapt a framework for determining price-setting processes and to investigate the potential role of an economic regulator to inform the process and policy accordingly in Namibia. In this regard, the research explores the price-setting processes of independent economic regulators in England and Wales and Zambia (as a guide to understand the dynamics and intricacies of setting and enforcing prices for utilities based on the need for sustainable cost recovery and efficient service provision) to further investigate possible improvements to the Namibian price-setting process. The research objectives were explored through descriptive and exploratory case study approaches, mainly comprising of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The research found that the most appropriate regulatory framework for Namibia is an intermediate framework- a hybrid regulatory body (consisting of a combination between government and independent expert panels). The research also identifies crucial operating principles, regulatory tools (with emphasis on accounting separation within financial models) and consumer involvement as major components for the Namibian price-setting process. In essence, accountability through transparency (effective information sharing and stakeholder involvement) is identified by the study to address the principal-agent challenges faced within Namibia, especially given the extreme conditions.

Providing adequate sanitation facilities for the poor remains one of the major challenges in all developing countries. In South Africa, an estimated 11,7% of the schools are without sanitation. The South African government has a constitutional responsibility to ensure that all South Africans have access to adequate sanitation. When sanitation systems fail, or are inadequate, the impact of the health of the community, on the health of others and the negative impact on the environment can be extremely serious. In rural South African schools, many Enviro-Ioo toilets are available today. They are designed to suit a variety of water scarce areas and where there is a high risk of contamination of ground water resources. It is important to realize that any Enviro-Ioo system programme requires an education programme to ensure that the principles of use and maintenance are clearly understood by the user group. Their maintenance requires more responsibility and commitment by users. This study is an interpretive case study that indicates how sanitation in a rural Ramashobohle High School in Polokwane municipality was managed through an EcoSchools Sanitation Community of Practice, and how this developed action competence for sanitation management in the school. The study established that the earlier practice and knowledge of the Ramashobohle Eco-Schools community of practice exercised in maintaining Enviro-Ioo systems was inadequate; unhealthy and unsafe according to the data generated through focus group interviews, observations, interviews, action plan, workshops and reflection interviews. The data generated also indicates that the Eco-Schools community of practice was not committed to maintaining sanitation in their school because they were not sharing sanitation knowledge; they were not communicating and not updating one another concerning Enviro-Ioo systems maintenance as they had no adequate knowledge as to how to maintain the facilities; and the school management was also not supportive and was not taking responsibility. The study shows how this situation was turned around as an Eco-Schools Sanitation Community of Practice focussed on developing action competence in the school community. It provides a case based example of how knowledge and action competence, supported by an Eco-Schools Community of Practice, can find and implement solutions to inadequate sanitation management practices in rural schools, and shows how members of the school community can be engaged in learning how to manage and maintain school sanitation systems through a participatory process that develops action competence. The study points to important dimensions of developing action competence, such as providing knowledge and demonstrations, inviting experts to the school, involving learners in observations and monitoring and in ensuring that adequate facilities are available. In particular, a workshop conducted by Enviro-Ioo consultants, organised and supported by the Eco-Schools Sanitation COP, together with a follow up action plan, provided the main impetus for changes in practice in the school and served to support action competence development. Finally the study provides research findings and recommendations for further research.

abstract: Beneficiary participation has become popular in international development generally, and it is an essential feature of sustainable development. But there are diverse definitions of and motivations for using beneficiary participation, and empirical literature on its effects is underdeveloped. This dissertation aims to clarify what beneficiary participation is and whether there is empirical support for claims about its benefits. I review historical trends in international development that led to the popularity of both sustainable development and beneficiary participation. This review identifies central themes in defining beneficiary participation and motivations for using it. I also developed a new typology of beneficiary participation based on a literature review of how scholars define beneficiary participation. I found that the main dimensions of beneficiary participation are (1) participants, (2) channels, (3) types of inputs, (4) timing, and (5) goals. By making these dimensions explicit, this work helps researchers and development practitioners more clearly describe the types of beneficiary participation they study, employ, and advocate for. To contribute to empirical literature about beneficiary participation, I conducted a case-study of two urban development projects in Bhopal, India. I collected data with a structured survey of project beneficiaries in four slums (two slums from each project) and semi-structured interviews with each project's organizers. And project documents provided secondary data on both projects. The results indicate that local elites did not capture a disproportionate share of either project's benefits, at least with respect to individual household toilets. Because project organizers rather than beneficiaries selected households that would receive toilets, both cases serve as counterexamples to the claim that beneficiaries must intensely participate for projects' benefits to be distributed equitably. Finally, I review academic literature for empirical evidence that supports claims about the advantages of beneficiary participation. There is relatively strong empirical support for the claim that beneficiary participation improves project outcomes, but empirical support for most other claims (i.e., that it helps make projects more efficient, distribute benefits equitably, and sustain project benefits) is weak. And empirical research suggests that one claimed benefit, empowerment, rarely materializes. In general, more empirical research about beneficiary participation is needed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2014

CAPES / O presente trabalho consiste na implantação de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto por zona de raízes na Escola Municipal Epitácio Pessoa localizada na Comunidade rural da Seção Jacaré em Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. No município, apenas a população urbana possui rede de coleta e tratamento de esgoto, e neste aspecto, sabendo que a infraestrutura de saneamento básico é inexistente nesta comunidade, buscou-se desenvolver um trabalho de educação ambiental junto aos alunos e professores da escola, sobre assuntos relacionados à poluição dos recursos hídricos, saneamento ambiental e doenças transmitidas pela água. A sensibilização realizada e a troca de informações entre os envolvidos promoveram grande aceitação por parte da comunidade local, tornando possível a transferência desta tecnologia alternativa para o tratamento de esgoto. A parceria realizada com a Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente, foi fundamental para o repasse de recursos financeiros pelo FUNDEMA (Fundo Municipal de meio Ambiente) para o desenvolvimento do projeto. A ETE por zona de raízes foi projetada para atender 160 pessoas e teve um custo de R$ 3.833,53, o que representa uma média de R$ 24,00 por pessoa. Por se tratar de um método simples que não necessita de mão de obra especializada, ser de baixo custo, e por ser descentralizada a construção da ETE por zona de Raízes, serviu como um instrumento de mobilização social, que promoveu a participação e a inserção da comunidade na busca de soluções aos problemas locais. Além disso, a ETE pôde servir como apoio na educação ambiental, sendo esta utilizada para esclarecer a importância da preservação da qualidade das águas, permitindo assim, a inserção do conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável na pequena comunidade da Seção Jacaré. As dificuldades encontradas na execução do projeto serviram como aprendizado e como comprovação de que a implantação de uma ETE por zona de raízes é possível, apesar das piores condições de solo, terreno, e tempo. O uso dessa tecnologia alternativa mostrou-se ser uma solução eficaz no tratamento de esgotos de comunidades rurais que sofrem com as consequências da falta deste serviço. / This work presents the implementation of a Sewage Treatment Station by roots zone in the school Epitacio Pessoa, located in Rural Community at Jacaré Seccion for the municipality Francisco Beltrao in the state of Parana. In this municipaly, only the urban population has sewage collection and treatment of sewage and knowing that the infrastructure is nonexistent sanitation in this community, developed a work of the environmental education with students and teachers at the school with subjects related to water pollution, environmental sanitation and diseases transmitted by water. The sensivity and exchange of information between those involved promoted a large acceptance by the local community, being possible to transfer this alternative technology to the sewage treatment. The partnership made with Environment Municipal Secretariat was substantial in the transfer of funds by FUNDEMA (Municipal Fund for the Environment) for project development. The STS (Sewage Treatment Station) by root zone was projected to serve 160 people and had a cost of R$ 3.833,53, which represents an average of R$ 24,00 by person. By treating of the simple method that does require skilled labor, be low cost and construction of the STS by roots zone to be decentralized, served as an instrument of social mobilization that promoted the participation and inclusion of the community in finding solutions to local problems. The SWT could serve as support environmental education which is used to clarify the importance of preserving water quality, allowing the inclusion of the concept of sustainable development in the small community of Jacaré Seccion. The difficulties that was arrived in implementing the project served as a learning and as evidence that the deployment of the STS by roots zone is possible, although worst soil conditions, terrain, and weather. The use of this alternative technology proved to be an effective solution in sewage treatment in rural communities who suffer the consequences of the lack of this service.

CAPES / O presente trabalho consiste na implantação de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto por zona de raízes na Escola Municipal Epitácio Pessoa localizada na Comunidade rural da Seção Jacaré em Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. No município, apenas a população urbana possui rede de coleta e tratamento de esgoto, e neste aspecto, sabendo que a infraestrutura de saneamento básico é inexistente nesta comunidade, buscou-se desenvolver um trabalho de educação ambiental junto aos alunos e professores da escola, sobre assuntos relacionados à poluição dos recursos hídricos, saneamento ambiental e doenças transmitidas pela água. A sensibilização realizada e a troca de informações entre os envolvidos promoveram grande aceitação por parte da comunidade local, tornando possível a transferência desta tecnologia alternativa para o tratamento de esgoto. A parceria realizada com a Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente, foi fundamental para o repasse de recursos financeiros pelo FUNDEMA (Fundo Municipal de meio Ambiente) para o desenvolvimento do projeto. A ETE por zona de raízes foi projetada para atender 160 pessoas e teve um custo de R$ 3.833,53, o que representa uma média de R$ 24,00 por pessoa. Por se tratar de um método simples que não necessita de mão de obra especializada, ser de baixo custo, e por ser descentralizada a construção da ETE por zona de Raízes, serviu como um instrumento de mobilização social, que promoveu a participação e a inserção da comunidade na busca de soluções aos problemas locais. Além disso, a ETE pôde servir como apoio na educação ambiental, sendo esta utilizada para esclarecer a importância da preservação da qualidade das águas, permitindo assim, a inserção do conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável na pequena comunidade da Seção Jacaré. As dificuldades encontradas na execução do projeto serviram como aprendizado e como comprovação de que a implantação de uma ETE por zona de raízes é possível, apesar das piores condições de solo, terreno, e tempo. O uso dessa tecnologia alternativa mostrou-se ser uma solução eficaz no tratamento de esgotos de comunidades rurais que sofrem com as consequências da falta deste serviço. / This work presents the implementation of a Sewage Treatment Station by roots zone in the school Epitacio Pessoa, located in Rural Community at Jacaré Seccion for the municipality Francisco Beltrao in the state of Parana. In this municipaly, only the urban population has sewage collection and treatment of sewage and knowing that the infrastructure is nonexistent sanitation in this community, developed a work of the environmental education with students and teachers at the school with subjects related to water pollution, environmental sanitation and diseases transmitted by water. The sensivity and exchange of information between those involved promoted a large acceptance by the local community, being possible to transfer this alternative technology to the sewage treatment. The partnership made with Environment Municipal Secretariat was substantial in the transfer of funds by FUNDEMA (Municipal Fund for the Environment) for project development. The STS (Sewage Treatment Station) by root zone was projected to serve 160 people and had a cost of R$ 3.833,53, which represents an average of R$ 24,00 by person. By treating of the simple method that does require skilled labor, be low cost and construction of the STS by roots zone to be decentralized, served as an instrument of social mobilization that promoted the participation and inclusion of the community in finding solutions to local problems. The SWT could serve as support environmental education which is used to clarify the importance of preserving water quality, allowing the inclusion of the concept of sustainable development in the small community of Jacaré Seccion. The difficulties that was arrived in implementing the project served as a learning and as evidence that the deployment of the STS by roots zone is possible, although worst soil conditions, terrain, and weather. The use of this alternative technology proved to be an effective solution in sewage treatment in rural communities who suffer the consequences of the lack of this service.

nÃo hà / This study evaluates the indicators of soil and water and its implications for the public supply of Juazeiro system pollution from interactions between aquifers and soils that makes up part of the drainage area of the stream of the Apes. For this, a characterization of the soils of the area as the physical, chemical and biological aspects was conducted through qualitative indicators of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, basal respiration and C / N ratio. Surface waters were also characterized in terms of COD and BOD parameters and groundwater for the parameters of Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate and chloride. The data obtained in the characterization of the soils of the study area were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis Hierarchical Agglomerative; and those obtained in the characterization of surface water were contrasted with the framework set out by the CONAMA Resolution No. 357 for classes of freshwaters. Data from qualitative monitoring of groundwater, provided by CAGECE, were analyzed regarding the classification according to the predominant uses, by Resolution No. 396 of CONAMA and how to meet potability standards, by Ordinance No. 9214 MS. It was found that the soils of the drainage area of ​​the stream of the Apes are degraded by human interference in the area, standing surface water polluted by sewage to the fullest extent analyzed, not fitting into any of the classes of freshwater, based the parameters analyzed. Of groundwater supply wells included in the study area meet the required legal standards, but already show signs of pollution by domestic sewage. / Este trabalho procura avaliar os indicadores de poluiÃÃo de solos e Ãguas e suas implicaÃÃes no sistema de abastecimento pÃblico de Juazeiro do Norte, a partir das interaÃÃes entre os aquÃferos e os solos que compÃe parte da zona de drenagem do riacho dos Macacos. Para isso, foi realizada uma caracterizaÃÃo dos solos da Ãrea quanto os aspectos fÃsicos, quÃmicos e biolÃgicos, atravÃs dos indicadores qualitativos de carbono orgÃnico total, nitrogÃnio total, respiraÃÃo basal e relaÃÃo C/N. Foram caracterizadas tambÃm as Ãguas superficiais quanto aos parÃmetros de DQO e DBO e as Ãguas subterrÃneas quanto aos parÃmetros de AmÃnia, Nitrito, Nitrato e Cloreto. Os dados obtidos na caracterizaÃÃo dos solos da Ãrea de estudo foram analisados atravÃs dos mÃtodos de estatÃstica multivariada AnÃlise de Componentes Principais e AnÃlise de Cluster Aglomerativa HierÃrquica; e os obtidos na caracterizaÃÃo das Ãguas superficiais foram contrastados com o enquadramento previsto pela ResoluÃÃo n 357 do CONAMA para classes de Ãguas doces. Os dados de monitoramento qualitativo das Ãguas subterrÃneas, fornecidos pela CAGECE, foram analisados, quanto ao enquadramento segundo os usos preponderantes, pela ResoluÃÃo n 396 do CONAMA e quanto ao atendimento aos padrÃes de potabilidade, pela Portaria MS n 9.214. Constatou-se que os solos da Ãrea de drenagem do riacho dos Macacos encontram-se degradados pelas interferÃncias antrÃpicas na Ãrea, estando as Ãguas superficiais poluÃdas por esgotos em toda a extensÃo analisada, nÃo se enquadrando em nenhuma das classes de Ãgua doce, com base nos parÃmetros analisados. As Ãguas subterrÃneas dos poÃos de abastecimento inseridos na Ãrea de estudo atendem aos padrÃes legais exigidos, mas jà apresentam indÃcios de poluiÃÃo por esgotos domÃsticos.

O objetivo da dissertação é analisar a atual estrutura de provisão dos serviços de saneamento básico no Brasil e o quadro institucional, buscando identificar os principais fatores que limitam a expansão dos serviços, a retomada dos investimentos e o aumento da eficiência, na tentativa de encontrar soluções possíveis para a superação dos problemas do setor de saneamento, por exemplo, a maior participação privada e/ou formas de ampliação da eficiência na provisão pública. Procura-se também apresentar possíveis ações e medidas saneadoras do setor, bem como, necessidades que o mesmo demanda para universalizar abastecimento de água e ampliar a coleta e tratamento de esgoto no país, seja com uma maior participação privada (com investimento) ou por meio de políticas e ações dos gestores do setor, bem como do governo. A análise realizada contemplou temas como os baixos índices de cobertura de abastecimento de água, coleta e tratamento de esgotos, os motivos e as expectativas para o setor, a entrada do setor privado com investimentos em de infra-estrutura, e em especial no saneamento básico, bem como os instrumentos legais para tanto. Com base nos dados do SNIS foi possível analisar a performance dos prestadores de serviços de saneamento básico do Sudeste do Brasil (públicos e privados), verificando qual é a tendência de cada grupo de prestadores. Foram ainda selecionadas algumas experiências de gestão privada, pública e um caso de empresa pública de capital aberto, sendo as cidades estudadas: Limeira, Jaboticabal, Serrana, Ribeirão Preto e Campinas, todas do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados apresentados demonstram que os prestadores dos serviços de saneamento básico privados obtiveram uma performance melhor do que os públicos, tanto em questões administrativas, financeiras, operacionais e técnicas. Mas isso, não significa que os prestadores públicos não possuam condições de prestar bons serviços e que a privatização seja a condição única de solucionar o problema, tendo em vista os casos de Campinas, Jaboticabal e Serrana. Porém é necessário que o poder público adote várias medidas com o objetivo de propiciar maiores investimentos no setor. Além disso, foi possível verificar que o melhor desempenho dos prestadores privados está ligado a um aumento tarifário, o que causa um problema de acesso à população de baixa renda. / The objective of the dissertation is to analyze the current structure of provision of the services of basic sanitation in Brazil and the lawful picture, searching to identify the main factors that limit the expansion of the services, retaken of the investments and the increase of the efficiency, in the attempt to find possible solutions for the overcoming of the problems of the sanitation sector, for example, the biggest private participation and/or forms of magnifying of the efficiency in the public provision. It is also looked to present possible actions and improving measures of the sector, as well as, necessities that the same demand to public water supply and to extend the collection and treatment of sewer in the country, either with a bigger private participation (with investment) or by means of politics and action of the managers of the sector, as well as of the government. The carried through analysis contemplated subjects as the low indices of covering of water supply, collects and treatment of sewers, the reasons and the expectations for the sector, the entrance of the private sector with investments in of infrastructure, and special in the basic sanitation, as well as the legal instruments for in such a way. On the basis of the data of the SNIS were possible to analyze the performance of the rendering of services of southeastern basic sanitation of Brazil (public and private), verifying which are the trend of each group of rendering. Still some experiences of private administration, public had been selected and a case of public company of opened capital, being the studied cities: Limeira, Jaboticabal, Serrana, Ribeirão Preto and Campinas, all of the State of São Paulo. The presented results demonstrate that the rendering of the private services of basic sanitation had gotten a better performance of what the public, as much in administrative, financial, operational questions and techniques. But this, does not mean that the public rendering do not possess conditions to give good services and that the privatization is the only condition to solve the problem, in view of the cases of Campinas, Jaboticabal and Serrana. However it is necessary that the public power adopts some measures with the objective to propitiate greaters investments in the sector. Moreover, it was possible to verify that optimum performance of the private rendering is on to a tariff increase, what cause a problem of access to the low income population.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-27T18:52:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) reila.pdf: 1511057 bytes, checksum: 0d2c272827e237aaa1cce4897d1cef01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T18:52:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) reila.pdf: 1511057 bytes, checksum: 0d2c272827e237aaa1cce4897d1cef01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-26 / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a correlação entre o acesso ao saneamento básico, características socioeconômicas e a Esquistossomose nos municípios do estado de Pernambuco, no período de 2008 a 2014. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo descritivo e analítico com dados coletados nos seguintes sistemas de informação: Departamento de Informática do SUS/MS (DATASUS), Sistema de Controle da Esquistossomose (SISPCE), Sistema de Mortalidade (SIM), Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e do Sistema Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB), tendo como unidade de análise os municípios do estado de Pernambuco. Para avaliar a correlação entre a prevalência de esquistossomose com o número de casos, quantidade de exames realizados, óbito, cobertura de atenção básica, renda, taxa de analfabetismo, fornecimento de água pública, coleta de lixo, sistema de esgoto, % de domicilio atendido por saneamento básico nos municípios de estudo, foram aplicados o teste de correlação de Spearman. Todas as conclusões foram tiradas considerando o nível de significância de 5% e 1%. Verificou-se correlação significativa e negativa entre a prevalência da esquistossomose e o esgotamento sanitário, analfabetismo e renda. Em relação ao abastecimento da água, observou-se uma correlação pouco significativa e positiva. Diante disso, conclui-se que fatores socioeconômicos como analfabetismo, renda e saneamento básico estão correlacionados com a prevalência da esquistossomose nos municípios de Pernambuco. / This study aimed to analyze the correlation between access to basic sanitation, socioeconomic characteristics and Schistosomiasis in the municipalities of the state of Pernambuco, from 2008 to 2014. Therefore, there was a descriptive and analytical study with data collected in the following information systems: SUS Department of Informatics / MS (DATASUS), Control System Schistosomiasis (SISPCE) Mortality System (SIM), the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and System information Primary Care (SIAB) , with the unit of analysis municipalities in the state of Pernambuco. To evaluate the correlation between the prevalence of schistosomiasis with the number of cases, number of tests performed, death, primary care coverage, income, illiteracy, public water supply, garbage collection, sewage system,% of household attended by sanitation in the study municipalities were applied the Spearman correlation test. All conclusions were drawn considering the significance level of 5% and 1%. There was a significant negative correlation between the prevalence of schistosomiasis and sanitation, literacy and income. Regarding the supply of water, it was observed a minor positive correlation. Therefore, it i concluded that socioeconomic factors such as illiteracy, income and sanitation are correlated with the prevalence of schistosomiasis in the municipalities of Pernambuco.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A Ãgua à um recurso natural que tem sido usado em diferentes setores de atividade humana. Entretanto, muitas vezes, esta diversidade de uso tem gerado conflitos de usuÃrios, ou mesmo impactos ambientais. Para tentar normatizar estes usos e reduzir estes conflitos, principalmente, em Ãreas escassas como à o caso das regiÃes semiÃridas, foi aprovado o Plano Nacional de Recursos HÃdricos, que trata, basicamente, de Instrumento de GestÃo desses recursos naturais. Neste contexto, a concessÃo de outorga para uso dos corpos hÃdricos à um desses instrumentos tratado neste plano e que propÃe bases jurÃdicas para o disciplinamento desses usos. Este trabalho trata do estudo do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia, com base no Modelo de Streeter-Phelps, para analisar as relaÃÃes pertinentes entre a vazÃo de um rio natural e sua capacidade de receber cargas poluentes, em funÃÃo de um enquadramento de qualidade de suas Ãguas, previsto para cada tipo de uso. Considerando as caracterÃsticas do modelo usado, foram tomado com referÃncia para anÃlise, as concentraÃÃes de Demanda BioquÃmica de OxigÃnio (DBO), presente nos efluentes, bem como as concentraÃÃes de OxigÃnio Dissolvido (OD), presente nas Ãguas do rio em estudo. Os resultados mostram que para alcanÃar as condiÃÃes ideais para rios de classe especial, em regiÃes semiÃridas, como à o caso do Nordeste Brasileiro, hà necessidade de um tratamento prÃvio ao lanÃamento, de modo que impactos severos venham ser evitados.