In the presented work we study Al and Sn on a Si(100)2$\times$1 surface by means of STM. Peculiarities of displaying and morphology of metallic structures are investigated. Utilizing the STM to investigate Al and Sn, we obtain the growth characteristics for various coverage and temperatures at deposition. It is shown, that island size distribution is scalable for both metals and has a qualitatively different character. In order to interpret the growth characteristics and obtain unknown microscopic parameters, a new software tool for kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations of aluminum was conceived.

This thesis centers around dimensionality reduction and its usage on landmark-type data which are often used in anthropology and morphometrics. In particular we focus on non-linear dimensionality reduction methods - locally linear embedding and multidimensional scaling. We introduce a new approach to dimensionality reduction called multipass dimensionality reduction and show that improves the quality of classification as well as requiring less dimensions for successful classification than the traditional singlepass methods.

Since the advent of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) in the late 1940's, perturbation theory has become one of the most successful means of extracting phenomenologically useful information from QFT. In the ever-increasing enthusiasm for new phenomenological predictions, the mechanics of perturbation theory itself have taken a back seat. It is in this light that this thesis aims to investigate some of the more fundamental properties of perturbation theory. In the first part of this thesis, we develop the idea, suggested by C.J.Maxwell, that at any given order of Feynman diagram calculation for a QCD observable all renormalization group (RG)-predictable terms should be resummed to all-orders. This "complete" RG-improvement (CORGI) serves to separate the perturbation series into infinite subsets of terms which when summed are renormalization scheme (RS)-invariant. Crucially all ultraviolet logarithms involving the dimensionful parameter, Q, on which the observable depends are resummed, thereby building the correct Q-dependence. We extend this idea, and show for moments of leptoproduction structure functions that all dependence on the renormahzation and factorization scales disappears provided that all the ultraviolet logarithms involving the physical energy scale Q are completely resummed. The approach is closely related to Grunberg's method of Effective Charges. In the second part, we perform an all-orders resummation of the QCD Adler D-function for the vector correlator, in which the portion of perturbative coefficients containing the leading power of b, the first beta-function coefficient, is resummed to all-orders. To avoid a renormalization scale dependence when we match the resummation to the exactly known next-to-leading order (NLO), and next-NLO (NNLO) results, we employ the Complete Renormalization Group Improvement (CORGI) approach , removing all dependence on the renormalization scale. We can also obtain fixed-order CORGI results. Including suitable weight-functions we can numerically integrate these results for the D-function in the complex energy plane to obtain so-called "contour-improved" results for the ratio R and its tau decay analogue Rr. We use the difference between the all-orders and fixed-order (NNLO) results to estimate the uncertainty in αs(M2/z) extracted from Rr measurements, and find αs(M2/z) = 0.120±0.002. We also estimate the corresponding uncertainty in a{Ml) arising from hadronic corrections by considering the uncertainty in R(s), in the low-energy region, and compare with other estimates. Analogous resummations are also given for the scalar correlator. As an adjunct to these studies we show how fixed-order contour-improved results can be obtained analytically in closed form at the two-loop level in terms of the Lambert W-function and hypergeometric functions.

D.Litt. et Phil. / In recent times the South African society has been subject to rapid and important changes. These changes resulted in new responsibilities placed on social workers and psychologists. This situation has lead to the development of new perspectives and the expansion of knowledge and understanding. Social workers and psychologists are increasingly under pressure to provide cost effective services to an increasing number of clients without reducing accountability. Counsellors have to be able to support their decisions with scientific evidence ...

Our direct environment affects our lives directly. Christopher Alexander saw that we are able to feel or see if an object or structure is natural through the characteristics of them. He also saw that we generally feel better near these living, natural structures as it more closely resembles ourselves. Our bodies and our surroundings are made up of far more smaller than large things. When structures follow this pattern they are considered to be more natural, and when they move away from this pattern they are considered to be less natural and thus often boring or ugly. This scaling law is used to analyse the complex networks within cities. By analysing underlying structures instead of direct geometry it becomes possible to identify how living they are.This study applies these theories to analyse urban morphology within different cities. By identifying living structure within cities comparisons can be made between different types of cities. Specifically artificial and historical cities are analysed as they are counterparts in livingness. Following the identification of the living structure within these different types of cities an assessment can be made on what kind of an effect this has on our wellbeing based on Alexander’s theory. To see how living structure evolves over time a second analysis is performed which compares a city with its own evolution through time.Firstly natural cities and natural streets are identified in a bottom up approach based on the underlying structures of OpenStreetMap road data. Thereafter historical cities are compared with artificial cities because historical cities generally have living structure while artificial cities lack this. Then the developments of a historic city are identified and compared temporally. This research finds that current usage of concrete, steel and glass combined with very fast development speeds is detrimental to living structure within cities currently. Newer city developments should be performed in symbiosis with older city structures and the structure of the development should inhibit scaling as well as the buildings themselves. It is not sufficient to look only at geometry when managing cities, the importance of the fractal geometry, which is initially invisible must not be underestimated.

O aumento no número de atendimentos nos serviços hospitalares de urgência e emergência (SHE) resulta em superlotação desses serviços, afetando o resultado do tratamento dos pacientes e contribuindo para aumento da mortalidade. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a relação entre a gravidade clínica dos pacientes internados em um SHE e as horas de cuidados dos profissionais de enfermagem. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem quantitativa, do tipo retrospectiva e correlacional, realizado no pronto socorro adulto (PSA) do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro em Minas Gerais (HC-UFTM) no qual foram analisados os prontuários dos pacientes internados no PSA entre os meses de janeiro a dezembro de 2017. Para avaliação da gravidade clínica foi utilizado o Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) e para avaliação das horas de cuidados de enfermagem foi utilizado o Nursing Activities Score (NAS), além disso, foi utilizado um formulário para coleta das variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas. Foram incluídos 338 prontuários de pacientes. Os resultados mostraram mais óbitos entre os pacientes com idade mais elevada (65,3%) e nos pacientes do sexo feminino (63,3%). A maioria dos pacientes era proveniente das cidades de referência da Macrorregião Triângulo Sul (42,3%) e grande parte dos pacientes entraram no SHE por vaga zero (75,1%). Ainda, verificou-se que os diagnósticos mais frequentes no momento da admissão foram o IAM (22,2%), AVC (20,1%) e TCE (7,1%). A classificação de risco predominante entre os pacientes que internaram no SHE foi a cor laranja (68,6%), no entanto, observou-se a associação entre a classificação vermelha e a ocorrência de óbito. Em relação à gravidade clínica, a média do APACHE II para amostra foi 13,4 (DP=10,2), sendo maior nos pacientes que foram a óbito 22,0 (DP=10,0) do que nos pacientes que tiveram alta 11,3 (DP=9,1). A pontuação obtida no NAS para a amostra foi 46,9 (DP=30,3), sugerindo 11,2 horas de cuidados de enfermagem para cada paciente. A pontuação do NAS foi maior nos pacientes que foram a óbito 56,9 (DP=12,1) do que nos pacientes que tiveram alta 44,5 (DP=32,8). Foi observada correlação fraca entre o APACHE II e o NAS. Este estudo mostrou que os pacientes internados no PSA do HC-UFTM apresentam quadro clínico grave e necessitam de muitas horas de cuidados de enfermagem / The increased number of patients in urgency and emergency hospital services (EHS) leads to an overload of these services, affecting the result of patient treatment and contributing to an increased mortality. This study aimed at evaluating the relation between the severity of the clinical situation of the patients hospitalized in an EHS and the time spent by nursing professionals treating these patients. This is a quantitative study, a correlational retrospective conducted in the adult medical center (PSA) of the General Hospital at the Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, in Minas Gerais (GH-UFTMK). The study analyzed the records of patients hospitalized in the PSA from January to December 2017. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) was used to evaluate the clinical severity of the conditions of the patients, and the Nursing Activities Score (NAS) was used to evaluate the time under nursing care. In addition, a form was used to collect sociodemographic and clinical variables. The investigation included 338 patient records. The results showed a higher number of deaths among older (65.3%) and female (63.3%) patients. Most of them were from the cities that are references of the Macro-region Triângulo Sul (42.3%), and a high number of patients entered in the EHS through the zero vacancy method, that is, were admitted due to an emergency, despite the lack of vacancies in the hospital (75.1%). Additionally, the most commonly performed diagnoses in the moment of patient arrival were AMI (22.2%), Stroke (20.1%), and TBI (7.1%). The most common risk classification among patients entering in the EHS was orange (68.6%), while the red classification was associated to death. Regarding the clinical severity of the cases, the APACHE II mean for the sample was 13.4 (SD=10.2). The result was higher among patients who died, 22.0 (SD=10.0), than among those who were discharged 11.3 (SD=9.1). The score of the NAS in the sample was 46.9 (DP=30.3), suggesting that 11.2 hours of nursing care were needed for each patient. The NAS score was higher among patients who did not survive, 56.9 (SD=12.1) than among those who were discharged, 44.5 (SD=32.8). A weak correlation was found between APACHE II and NAS. This study showed that patients hospitalized in the GH-UFTM PSA have severe clinical conditions and require many hours of nursing care

Leis de escala aplicadas a cidades ja foram identificadas para diversos contextos ao redor do mundo e sua validade defendida por diversos autores. A invariância em escala e as relações de crescimento superlinear, linear e sublinear foram observadas considerando-se a relac~ao entre diversos indicadores (sociais, econômicos, infraestrutura) e o tamanho das cidades. Nesta pesquisa foi avaliada a aplicação das leis de escala para as cidades brasileiras em relação a 14 indicadores dos Censos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) que se alinham com indicadores da Norma ISO 37120:2017. As leis de escala foram avaliadas para esses indicadores em relac~ao ao tamanho populacional das cidades brasileiras por meio do levantamento e processamento dos dados disponíveis. Não foi possível confirmar a generalidade da aplicação dessas leis, sendo apontadas as suas limitações. / Scaling laws applied to cities have already been identied for diverse contexts around the world and their validity defended by several authors. The scale invariance and the superlinear, linear and sublinear growth behaviors were observed considering the relationship between several indicators (social, economic, infrastructure) and the size of the cities. This research evaluated the applicability of the scaling laws for Brazilian cities relative to 14 indicators from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) Censuses that are aligned with indicators proposed by ISO 37120: 2017 norm. The scaling laws were evaluated for these indicators in relation to the population size of Brazilian cities through the collection and processing of available data. It was not possible to conrm the generality of the application of these laws, and their limitations were pointed out.

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a scale that measures gender role construction and the various components associated with this process in men of color (i.e., African American, Latinx, and Asian American men). Existing psychological models for understanding this paradigm have primarily focused on the experiences and worldviews of White, Euro-American men without taking into consideration the various societal influences and socializing agents that uniquely impact this process in men of color. In an attempt to more accurately capture this process in people of color, through qualitative data, Miville, Bratini, Corpus, Lau, and Redway (2013) developed the Multicultural Gender Roles Model, which described eight unique components people of color may experience in their gender roles negotiation. For this study, the Multicultural Gender Roles Model (MGRM) was adapted for the development of the Multicultural Gender Roles Scale – Male Version (MGRS – Male Version). Qualitative research from the MGRM and feedback from experts in gender/gender roles research contributed to the development of 69 items that were analyzed through an exploratory factor analysis resulting in a 41-item measure. Exploratory factor analysis of data from 200 men of color resulted in 5 factors reflecting experiences men of color undergo in the gender role development process: (a) Transforming Self-Perceptions, (b) Negative Psychological Symptomatology, (c) Understanding Impact on Others in Family, Community, and Society, (d) Intersecting Identities, and (e) Navigating Emotions related to Privilege and Oppression.

Probióticos do gênero Lactobacillus estão sendo amplamente investigados no tratamento da periodontite. Contudo, os efeitos de microrganismos do gênero Bifidobacterium ainda são pouco conhecidos. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos do probiótico Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) HN019 como adjuvante à raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR) no tratamento da periodontite experimental (PE) em ratos. No dia 0 do experimento, 32 ratos foram alocados em 4 grupos: C (controle), PROB (probiótico), PE-RAR e PE-RARPROB. Nos grupos PE-RAR e PE-RAR-PROB, a PE foi induzida pela colocação de ligaduras de seda ao redor dos primeiros molares inferiores dos animais. No 14&deg; dia, as ligaduras foram removidas e realizou-se a RAR. Nos animais dos grupos PROB e PE-RARPROB, o probiótico B. lactis HN019 foi administrado diariamente (10 mL/dia de 109 unidades formadoras de colônia) por 15 dias tendo seu início no 14&deg; dia do experimento. Os animais de todos os grupos foram submetidos à eutanásia 29 dias após o início do experimento. As hemimandíbulas e amostras de intestino delgado foram coletadas. Foram realizadas análises histomorfométricas, microtomográficas e imunohistoquímicas. Foram investigados, também, os efeitos microbiológicos de B. lactis HN019 no biofilme associado às ligaduras durante o desenvolvimento da PE. Todos os dados foram analisados estatisticamente. O Grupo PE-RAR-PROB apresentou menores reabsorção óssea alveolar e perda de inserção conjuntiva quando comparado ao Grupo PE-RAR, bem como menor número de osteoclastos, maior expressão de citocinas anti-inflamatórias e menor expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (p <0,05). No grupo PE-RAR-PROB, os valores médios da profundidade da cripta do jejuno e duodeno foram significativamente maiores que aqueles do grupo PE-RAR. A proporção de bactérias aeróbias/anaeróbias foi maior nas amostras de biofilme de animais tratados com B. lactis HN019 em relação àquelas de animais não tratados (p <0,05). Dentro dos limites deste estudo, pode-se concluir que a utilização de B. lactis HN019 como adjuvante à RAR promove benefícios histológicos, microtomográficos e imunológicos adicionais no tratamento da PE em ratos, bem como melhora a morfologia intestinal. / Lactobacillus probiotics have been investigated in periodontitis. However, the effects of the genus Bifidobacterium on periodontitis are hardly known. This study evaluated the effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) HN019 as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in rats with experimental periodontitis (EP). At baseline, 32 rats were assigned to 4 groups: C (control), PROB, EP-SRP and EPSRP- PROB. In groups EP-SRP and EP-SRP-PROB, the mandibular first molars of the animals received a ligature. At day 14, the ligatures were removed and SRP was performed. Animals of groups PROB and EP-SRP-PROB were orally administered with 10 mL/day of 109 colony forming units of B. lactis HN019 for 15 days, starting at day 14. Animals were euthanized at day 29. The jaws and samples of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were resected. Histomorphometric, microtomographic and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. Microbiological effects of B. lactis on biofilm were also evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed. Group EP-SRP-PROB presented reduced alveolar bone resorption and attachment loss when compared with Group EP-SRP (p<0.05). Group EP-SRP-PROB showed significantly fewer osteoclasts, increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines compared with Group EP-SRP (p<0.05). In group EP-SRPPROB, the mean values of crypt depth of the jejunum and dudoenum were significantly higher than the ones from group EP-SRP. B. lactis promoted a higher ratio between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in biofilm samples (p<0.05). Within the limits of this study it can be concluded that the use of B. lactis HN019 as an adjunct to SRP promotes additional histologic, microtomographic and immunologic benefits in the treatment of EP in rats and improves the intestinal morphology.

Nós apresentamos o processo K numa árvore, que é um processo de Markov com estados instantâneos e generaliza o processo K no grafo completo, como o limite do modelo de armadilha numa árvore, e aplicamos esse resultado para derivar um limite de escala para o modelo de armadilha do GREM. / We present the K process on a tree, which is a Markov process with instantaneous states and generalises the K process on the complete graph, as a limit of the trap model on a tree, and apply this result to derive a scaling limit to the GREM-like trap model.