With the goal of developing Schiff base macrocycles with conjugation extended over multiple aromatic rings, new phenanthrene and triphenylene-containing bis(salicylates) were synthesized. A convenient route to 3,6,9,10-tetraalkoxy-2,7-diiodophenanthrene was developed. This compound has been found to be a useful precursor for Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Macrocycles were synthesized by Schiff base condensation of the phenanthrene and triphenylene precursors. Reaction of smaller phenanthrene and triphenylene bis(salicylates) with 1,2-dialkoxy-4,5-phenylenediamine afforded macrocycles in poor yield and purity, but formation of the macrocycle was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Condensation of larger phenanthrene ethynylene bis(salicylates) with phenylenediamines formed [3+3] Schiff base macrocycles in good yield and could be purified through recrystallization. These two large macrocycles were weakly luminescent, and showed decrease in intensity of emission in solution over time. Addition of nitroaromatic compounds to solutions of the macrocycles caused quenching of luminescence, but Stern-Volmer constants could not be determined. One of the macrocycles aggregates in solution and shows some order in the solid state. Association constants for self-assembly of this macrocycle in chloroform were determined, and aggregation was found to be enthalpically driven and entropically disfavoured. Both large macrocycles can complex metals, but low solubility prevents thorough characterization of the metal complexes. Phenanthrene-containing poly(phenyleneethynylene)s (PPEs) and poly(phenylenevinylene)s (PPVs) were synthesized via the Sonogashira and Heckcouplings, respectively. The PPEs had high molecular weight and both polymers were extremely luminescent with OF = 70% for the PPE and OF = 59% for the PPV. These polymers show potential for use in solar cells and nitroaromatic sensors . Dithienylsalphen monomers were made using 4-(2-thienyl)salicylaldehyde and 5-(2-thienyl)salicylaldehyde. These monomers were coordinated to Ni(II), Cu(II) and vanadyl, and tested for electropolymerization. Conjugated dithienylsalphen monomers polymerize poorly, while non-conjugated dithienylsalphen monomers form good films through electropolymerization. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy confirmed extended conjugation in N,N '-phenylenebis(4-(2-thienyl)salicylideneimine).

With the goal of developing Schiff base macrocycles with conjugation extended over multiple aromatic rings, new phenanthrene and triphenylene-containing bis(salicylates) were synthesized. A convenient route to 3,6,9,10-tetraalkoxy-2,7-diiodophenanthrene was developed. This compound has been found to be a useful precursor for Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Macrocycles were synthesized by Schiff base condensation of the phenanthrene and triphenylene precursors. Reaction of smaller phenanthrene and triphenylene bis(salicylates) with 1,2-dialkoxy-4,5-phenylenediamine afforded macrocycles in poor yield and purity, but formation of the macrocycle was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Condensation of larger phenanthrene ethynylene bis(salicylates) with phenylenediamines formed [3+3] Schiff base macrocycles in good yield and could be purified through recrystallization. These two large macrocycles were weakly luminescent, and showed decrease in intensity of emission in solution over time. Addition of nitroaromatic compounds to solutions of the macrocycles caused quenching of luminescence, but Stern-Volmer constants could not be determined. One of the macrocycles aggregates in solution and shows some order in the solid state. Association constants for self-assembly of this macrocycle in chloroform were determined, and aggregation was found to be enthalpically driven and entropically disfavoured. Both large macrocycles can complex metals, but low solubility prevents thorough characterization of the metal complexes. Phenanthrene-containing poly(phenyleneethynylene)s (PPEs) and poly(phenylenevinylene)s (PPVs) were synthesized via the Sonogashira and Heckcouplings, respectively. The PPEs had high molecular weight and both polymers were extremely luminescent with OF = 70% for the PPE and OF = 59% for the PPV. These polymers show potential for use in solar cells and nitroaromatic sensors . Dithienylsalphen monomers were made using 4-(2-thienyl)salicylaldehyde and 5-(2-thienyl)salicylaldehyde. These monomers were coordinated to Ni(II), Cu(II) and vanadyl, and tested for electropolymerization. Conjugated dithienylsalphen monomers polymerize poorly, while non-conjugated dithienylsalphen monomers form good films through electropolymerization. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy confirmed extended conjugation in N,N '-phenylenebis(4-(2-thienyl)salicylideneimine). / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

Essa pesquisa tem como meta estudar a atividade catalítica de complexos do tipo [RuCl2(PPh3)x(BS)] a partir de reações entre [RuCl2(PPh3)3] e os compostos do tipo Base de Schiff (BS) do tipo R1N=CHR2 onde os grupos R1 = cicloexil, fenil ou sec-butil, para aplicações em reações de polimerização via metátese por abertura de anel (ROMP) de norborneno (NBE). As reações foram realizadas na presença de etildiazoacetato (EDA) e os resultados dos complexos foram comparados em relação às características dos polímeros isolados em função da temperatura e do tempo de reação. Os complexos foram caracterizados por análise elementar CNH, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho e UV-Vis, RMN (31P; 1H) e voltametria cíclica. Os poliNBE apresentaram um σc = 0,41 determinado por RMN 13C. Experimentos realizados por 60 minutos a 25 °C na razão [NBE]/[Ru] = 5000 mostraram que o complexo [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminCy)] formou 95% de poliNBE, enquanto que o complexo [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminPh)] sintetiza 81,4% de NBE. Para o complexo [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminBu)] sua atividade em ROMP para o NBE foi de 70,3%. Assim foi comparado a reatividade entre os ligantes Cy, Ph e Bu. Nas mesmas condições, apenas o complexo [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminCy)] obteve melhora significativa no rendimento a 50 °C. Foram investigados também os efeitos de agentes promotores como ácido, sal e luz para a viabilização das reações de ROMP. / This research aims to study the activity of[RuCl2(PPh3)x(BS)] complexes by means of [RuCl2(PPh3)3] and Schiff base ligands (BS) R1N=CHR2where R1= cyclohexil, phenil and sec-butil groups, in order to catalyze ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reactions of norbornene (NBE). The reactions occur in presence of etyldiazoacetate (EDA) and was investigated according to the temperature and the time reaction. The complex was characterized by CNH elemental analysis, infrared, UV-vis spectra, NMR (1H; 31P) and cyclic voltametry. The polymer showed σc = 0,41 by NMR (13C). The experiments performed for 60 minutes at 25 °C with the ratio [NBE]/[Ru] = 5000 showed that [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminCy)] complex obtained 95% of polyNBE, while that [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminPh)] complex yielded 81,4% of NBE. However, the [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminBu)] provided 70,3% of polyNBE. Under same conditions, only [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminCy)] complex showed significant changes at 50°C. In addition, promoters agents with acids, salts and light were investigated with the aim at making the ROMP reactions feasible.

Metalopolimeros são considerados excelentes materiais para a construção de eletrodos modificados quimicamente devido ao fato de apresentar propriedades essenciais, como por exemplo, uma alta atividade eletrocatalítica, eletroluminescia, aplicações na área da eletroquímica e eletroanalítica em atividades de eletrocatálise, quimioresistores, fotoeltrocatálise e desenvolvimento de sensores, respectivamente. Alguns complexos de metais de transição contendo Bases de Schiff como ligantes exibem propriedades eletrônicas não convencionais, que têm sido extensivamente estudadas para a aplicação no desenvolvimento de modelos sintéticos aos compostos biológicos como as metaloproteínas e metaloenzimas. O intuito principal desta tese foi o estudo da síntese, otimização e aplicação do nano-metalopolimero à base de poli[Ni(Salpn)] como plataforma sensorial eletroquímica, visando a obtenção de melhoras significativas em determinadas propriedades estruturais, catalíticas, dentre outras. Essas propriedades dependem, não somente do comportamento molecular, mas também, dos efeitos dos possíveis rearranjos estruturais devido às interações intermoleculares. Desta forma, foi construído e estudado o desempenho eletroquímico de uma plataforma sensorial à base de eletrodos constituídos com filmes poliméricos, sendo possível a avaliação de suas aplicações na determinação de substâncias com importância analítica nas áreas clínica, farmacêutica e ambiental. No âmbito que tange a síntese e caracterização do complexo Ni(Salpn), foi possível confirmar por meio de técnicas de caracterização de materiais a eficiência do métodos utilizados. Analogamente, a eletropolimerização foi realizada com sucesso, obtendo nano-filmes com espessura aproximada 110 nm com ótima atividade eletroquímica. A avaliação na aplicação do nano-metalopolímero poli[Ni(Salpn)] apresentou uma excelente resposta frente ao H2O2, possuindo uma rápida resposta, um intervalo linear de 49,9 a 1480 μmol L-1, com limite de detecção de 7,68 μmol L-1 e sensibilidade de 24,05 μÅ mmol-1, viabilizando assim a construção de uma plataforma sensorial viável, rápida, precisa e exata, com a finalidade de resolução de problemas analíticos. / Metalopolymers are considered to be excellent materials for the construction of chemically modified electrodes due to the fact that they present essential properties, such as high electrocatalytic activity, electroluminescence, electrochemical and electroanalytical applications in electrocatalysis, chemoresistors, photoeltrocatalysis and sensor development, respectively. Some transition metal complexes containing Schiff Bases as binders exhibit unconventional electronic properties which have been extensively studied for application in the development of synthetic models for biological compounds such as metalloproteins and metalloenzymes. The most aim of this thesis was to study the synthesis, optimization and application of nano-metallopolymer based on poly [Ni(Salpn)] as an electochemical sensorial platform, aiming at obtaining significant improvements in certain structural, catalytic properties, among others. These properties depend not only on molecular behavior but also on the effects of possible structural rearrangements due to intermolecular interactions. In this way, the electrochemical performance of a sensorial platform based on electrodes made with polymer films was constructed and studied, being possible the evaluation of its applications in the determination of substances with analytical importance in the clinical, pharmaceutical and environmental areas. In terms of the synthesis and characterization of the Ni(Salpn) complex, it was possible to confirm by means of techniques of material characterization the efficiency of the methods used. Analogously, the electropolymerization was performed successfully, obtaining nano-films with a thickness of approximately 110 nm with excellent electrochemical activity. The evaluation in the application of the poly[Ni(Salpn)] nano-metallopolymer showed an excellent response against H2O2, having a fast response, a linear range of 4.99 x 10-5 to 1.48 x 10-3 mol L-1, with detection limit of 7.68 x 10-6 mol L-1 and sensitivity of 24,05 μmol mmol-1, thus making possible the construction of a viable, fast, precise and accurate sensorial platform for the purpose of resolution of analytical problems.

Essa pesquisa tem como meta estudar a atividade catalítica de complexos do tipo [RuCl2(PPh3)x(BS)] a partir de reações entre [RuCl2(PPh3)3] e os compostos do tipo Base de Schiff (BS) do tipo R1N=CHR2 onde os grupos R1 = cicloexil, fenil ou sec-butil, para aplicações em reações de polimerização via metátese por abertura de anel (ROMP) de norborneno (NBE). As reações foram realizadas na presença de etildiazoacetato (EDA) e os resultados dos complexos foram comparados em relação às características dos polímeros isolados em função da temperatura e do tempo de reação. Os complexos foram caracterizados por análise elementar CNH, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho e UV-Vis, RMN (31P; 1H) e voltametria cíclica. Os poliNBE apresentaram um σc = 0,41 determinado por RMN 13C. Experimentos realizados por 60 minutos a 25 °C na razão [NBE]/[Ru] = 5000 mostraram que o complexo [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminCy)] formou 95% de poliNBE, enquanto que o complexo [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminPh)] sintetiza 81,4% de NBE. Para o complexo [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminBu)] sua atividade em ROMP para o NBE foi de 70,3%. Assim foi comparado a reatividade entre os ligantes Cy, Ph e Bu. Nas mesmas condições, apenas o complexo [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminCy)] obteve melhora significativa no rendimento a 50 °C. Foram investigados também os efeitos de agentes promotores como ácido, sal e luz para a viabilização das reações de ROMP. / This research aims to study the activity of[RuCl2(PPh3)x(BS)] complexes by means of [RuCl2(PPh3)3] and Schiff base ligands (BS) R1N=CHR2where R1= cyclohexil, phenil and sec-butil groups, in order to catalyze ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reactions of norbornene (NBE). The reactions occur in presence of etyldiazoacetate (EDA) and was investigated according to the temperature and the time reaction. The complex was characterized by CNH elemental analysis, infrared, UV-vis spectra, NMR (1H; 31P) and cyclic voltametry. The polymer showed σc = 0,41 by NMR (13C). The experiments performed for 60 minutes at 25 °C with the ratio [NBE]/[Ru] = 5000 showed that [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminCy)] complex obtained 95% of polyNBE, while that [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminPh)] complex yielded 81,4% of NBE. However, the [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminBu)] provided 70,3% of polyNBE. Under same conditions, only [RuCl(PPh3)2(Ph)(IminCy)] complex showed significant changes at 50°C. In addition, promoters agents with acids, salts and light were investigated with the aim at making the ROMP reactions feasible.

In this study, we took four diamines of different carbon chain lengthes to synthesize several thiosalen derived zinc(II) complexes, i.e. N, N¡¦-Bis- (2-thio-benzylidene)- 1,3-propylenediaminato-zinc(II)(1),N,N¡¦-Bis(2-thio-benzylidene)-2,2-dimethyl- 1,3-propylenediaminato-zinc(II)(2),N,N¡¦-Bis-(2-thio-benzylidene)-1,2-ethylene- diaminato-zinc(II)(3),andN,N¡¦-Bis(2-thio-benzylidene)-1-methyl-1,2-ethylene- diaminato-zinc(II)(4). The crystal structure of 1 was shown to be trimeric. We then used NaBH4 to reduced complexes1, 2, and 4 to get complexes 5, 6, and 7 respectively for reactivity and structure studies. To expand our current study, we also synthesized nickel analogue (8) of complex 1 by transmetallation.

Single-Molecule Magnets (SMMs) are discrete molecules that exhibit slow relaxation of magnetization. Unlike conventional magnets that rely on the long range magnetic ordering in the form of domains, these molecules act as magnets independently, that is without the influence of neighbouring molecules. SMMs have intrigued physicists and chemists alike for over twenty years with their potential future applications in data storage quantum computing, and with this communal interest there has been significant collaboration between the two fields of research. SMMs have brought forth an opportunity for coordination chemists to muster their creativity and synthetic expertise in the rational design and development of these magnetic materials. From these new and fascinating compounds, both experimental and theoretical physicists have sought to develop and refine our understanding of the aspects of these molecular magnets in order to improve their performance at higher temperatures. In this work, new topologies for lanthanide complexes are explored using a novel Schiff base ligand. The magnetic properties of dinuclear, tetranuclear and octanuclear lanthanide complexes are discussed and correlated to their structural properties. The rational design of tetrazine-based Schiff base ligands for magnetic studies is also discussed in hopes of developing high performance SMMs.

This thesis describes the synthesis, characterization and magnetic investigation of homometallic lanthanide complexes based on two different o-vanillin-derived Schiff base ligands: H2ovph and H2ovgrd. The studies were performed using single crystal X-ray diffractometry, Powder XRD and SQUID magnetometry. Chapter 2 focuses on dinuclear systems 1-8 coordinated to the ligand H2ovph and presents their structural and magnetic properties, mainly with respect to their intramolecular interactions. Chapter 3 describes two hexanuclear systems, 9 (DyIII) and 10 (GdIII), with trigonal prism-assembled core structures. A structural comparison to other similar complexes in the literature is performed. A series of dinuclear complexes, 11-15, based on the ligand H2ovgrd are described in Chapter 4, focusing on the synthetic strategy, crystal structures and magnetism. The presence of the lanthanide contraction is evident in this system of complexes and is consistent with the intrinsic lanthanide contraction property.

The work presented in this Thesis describes the design, synthesis and reactivity of a symmetric and various asymmetric Schiff-base macrocycles that are capable of forming a wedge-shaped “Pacman” conformation upon metal binding. Chapter One introduces catalysts for small molecule transformation as well as transition metal complexes of pyrrole-containing macrocycles. Further to this, Pacman systems, including previous work from Love and co-workers, and complexes capable of secondary coordination-sphere control will be discussed. Chapter Two details the design and synthesis of two asymmetric macrocycles that both contain one neutral and one N₄-donor imine-pyrrole binding pocket, H₂LP and H₂LNMe. The synthesis and characterisation of the series of complexes [M(LP)] and [M(LNMe)] (M = Pd, K₂, Co, VCl, TiCl, Mg, Fe and Mn) and their characteristics highlighted, including the formation of a supramolecular cyclic hexamer. Chapter Three presents the modification of the above ligands at the meso-group, the N-substituent and the non-pyrrolic binding pocket to give H2LFP and H₂LFNMe, H₂LNMes and H₂L(NH)NMe respectively. Palladium and cobalt complexes of these macrocycles were prepared and characterised. Chapter Four describes the design and synthesis of the ligand H₄LEt as well as the synthesis and characterisation of tin-alkyl and mononuclear calcium complexes of LEt, as well as the heterobimetallic complexes [SnMe₂(M)(THF)(LEt)] (M = Zn or Fe). The homobimetallic complexes [M₂(LEt)] (M = Co, Mg and NbCl) are also presented along with a magnesium-cubane structure of LEt in which the cubane is encapsulated by two, bowl-shaped macrocycles. Chapter Five provides a summary of the work presented in this thesis. Chapter Six describes the full experimental details and analytical data for all compounds synthesised in this work.

Bases de Schiff biopoliméricas à base de quitosana foram preparadas a partir do salicilaldeído e de seus derivados substituídos na posição 5 do anel aromático do salicilaldeído (5-bromo, 5-cloro, 5-metil, 5-metóxi e 5-nitrosalicilaldeído), utilizando condições de síntese otimizadas para aumentar o grau de substituição (GS). Durante a caracterização das bases foram observados GS (%) = 78,7; 51,3; 43,7; 28,1; 22,1 e 17,5, respectivamente para os derivados 5-metóxi, salicilaldeído, 5-nitro, 5-cloro, 5-metil e 5-bromo, tendo sido as diferenças atribuídas ao caráter indutivo e de ressonância de cada um dos grupos substituintes. A partir desses ligantes foram sintetizados os complexos de cobre (II) e níquel (II) com quitosana e todas as bases de Schiff biopoliméricas. A quitosana, os ligantes e os complexos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e técnicas termoanalíticas (termogravimetria, TG; termogravimetria derivada, DTG e análise térmica diferencial, DTA). A quitosana utilizada apresentou grau de desacetilação, GD = 75,6%, determinado por 1H RMN, e apresentou as bandas características para estes biopolímeros nos espectros FTIR e decomposição térmica em dois eventos exotérmicos, após desidratação. As curvas TG/DTG-DTA das bases revelaram que estas são menos estáveis que a quitosana de partida e a estabilidade mostrou-se mais uma função da natureza do ligante do que do GS. A partir das curvas TG e dos valores de GS foi possível prever a composição das bases em concordância com os dados de análise elementar. Os complexos mostraram coordenação com os átomos de oxigênio do anel aromático dos aldeídos e do nitrogênio imínicos, com base nos espectros FTIR, sendo os complexos de cobre aparentemente mais fortes que os de níquel, se considerados os deslocamentos nas frequências de vibração das ligações C=N e C-Ofen. Os complexos de cobre (II) e níquel (II) também apresentaram decomposição em duas etapas, após desidratação, tendo sido a primeira etapa observada em temperaturas inferiores às das bases. Em alguns casos foi possível observar que os processos de decomposição se dividem, sugerindo decomposição diferenciada para regiões do biopolímero contendo o complexo e aquelas não modificadas, pois tal fenômeno ocorreu principalmente nos complexos derivados das bases com menor GS. Os resíduos de decomposição desses complexos foram CuO e NiO, de acordo com difratogramas de raios X, cujos teores permitiram calcular a quantidade de metal presente em cada complexo, e concluir que praticamente todos os sítios contendo as bases biopoliméricas foram complexadas em ambos os casos. / Biopolymeric Schiff bases were prepared from chitosan and salicylaldehyde and its 5-bromo, 5-chloro, 5-methyl, 5-methoxy and 5-nitro derivatives, under conditions optimized to improve the degree of substitution (DS). From 1H NMR data, DS (%) = 78.7, 51.3, 43.7, 28.1, 22.1 and 17.5, for 5-methoxy, salicylaldehyde, 5-nitro, 5-chloro, 5-methyl, and 5-bromo derivatives, respectively. The differences had been attributed to inductive and resonance effects of each substituent. From these ligands, copper (II) and nickel (II) complexes were synthesized with chitosan and all the biopolymeric Schiff bases. Chitosan, ligands and complexes were characterized by Fourier transform vibrational spectroscopy in the infrared region (FTIR) and thermal analytical techniques (thermogravimetry, TGA; derivative thermogravimetry, DTG and differential thermal analysis, DTA). Chitosan presented a deacetylation degree, DD = 75.6%, determined by 1H NMR, presenting the characteristic bands of this biopolymer in the FTIR spectra as well as decomposition in two exothermic steps after dehydration. TGA/DTG and DTA curves of the bases revealed that they are less stable than chitosan. This stability is closely related to the nature of substituent than the DS. From TGA curves and DS values it was possible to calculate the bases composition which agreed with elemental analysis data. Complexes presented coordination via oxygen atom of aldehydes aromatic rings and the iminic nitrogen, based on the FTIR results, being the copper (II) complexes apparently stronger the those from nickel (II), if one consider the displacements in the vibration frequencies of the C=N and C-Ophen bonds. The copper (II) and nickel (II) complexes also presented decomposition in two steps after dehydration, being the first step observed in lower temperatures when compared to those of the free bases. In some cases it was possible to observe that the decomposition steps in the DTG curves are split suggesting different decomposition for regions of the biopolymer in which the complexes is present and for the unmodified ones, once such phenomena occurred mainly in complexes derived from the bases with lower DS. The residues of decomposition for such complexes were CuO and NiO, according to X-ray diffractograms and their contents permitted to calculate the amount of each metal present in the complex leading to conclude that almost all the sites containing the Schiff bases on the biopolymeric matrix was complexed in both cases.