O monocultivo, delineamento da produção agropecuária mais tradicional, desde a Revolução Verde, têm sido relacionado ao desequilíbrio ambiental de ecossistemas, e escassez de recursos naturais. Neste contexto, sistemas integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) tem se mostrado promissores em relação à benefícios ambientais e produtivos, quando comparada a sistemas de monocultivo. Existe, todavia, poucos trabalhos que abordam os benefícios econômicos potenciais dos sistemas ILP. O objetivo desta dissertação foi desenvolver análise econômica e financeira da produção de milho grão e bovinos de corte em sistemas de monocultivo e ILP. A primeira etapa para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi a coleta de dados do projeto intitulado Impacto ambiental, produtividade e viabilidade econômica de sistemas de monocultivo e integrado de lavoura pecuária, financiado pela Fapesp (Processo Nº 2014/24514-6) delineado a partir de seis tratamentos experimentais: T1) Monocultivo de milho grão; T2) Monocultivo Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu; T3) Integração entre milho e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, semeados simultaneamente; T4) Integração entre milho e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, semeados simultaneamente, com aplicação de herbicida; T5) Integração entre milho e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, tendo sido o capim semeado na adubação de cobertura do milho; T6) Integração entre milho e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, semeados simultaneamente, na linha e entrelinha do milho, com aplicação de herbicida. A segunda etapa foi a cálculo dos custos variáveis dos tratamentos experimentais. A terceira etapa consistiu no cálculo do custo total de produção de sistemas de produção representativos comerciais, que replicassem os manejos e tecnologias utilizados nos tratamentos experimentais. A quarta etapa consistiu na análise financeira, tendo sido o valor presente líquido (VPL), a taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e o PayBack os indicadores de tomada de decisão. O software Microsoft Excel® foi utilizado para o cálculo dos custos de produção, construção do fluxos de caixa e estimativa dos indicadores de viabilidade. Os resultados indicaram ganhos econômicos da ILP, em relação ao monocultivo, explicados pela teoria da economia de escopo. As fontes da economia de escopo identificadas nessa pesquisa foram: diluição de custos fixos e complementariedades técnicas compartilhadas. Os custos de produção unitários da lavoura e da pecuária foram menores na ILP do que nos sistemas de monocultivo. Os sistemas ILP e o monocultivo de milho grão foram considerados economicamente viáveis, com base no VPL, TIR e PayBack. O VPL do sistema ILP foi maior do que do sistema de monocultivo de milho, o que demonstrou outro benefício econômico dos sistemas integrados, se comparados ao monocultivo. A pecuária monocultivo foi economicamente inviável, baseado nos mesmos indicadores de viabilidade econômica. / Monoculture farming, the traditional agriculture approach since the Green Revolution, has been associated with the environmental imbalance of ecosystems and with the scarcity of natural resources. Within this context, integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems have shown to be promising in terms of environmental and productive benefits when compared to monoculture systems. However, few studies have addressed the potential economic benefits of ICL systems. The objective of this dissertation was to perform an economic and financial analysis of corn grain and beef cattle production in monoculture and ICL systems. The first phase of the study consisted of the collection of data from the project entitled Environmental impact, productivity and economic viability of monoculture and integrated crop-livestock systems, financed by Fapesp (2014/24514-6) and designed in six experimental treatments: T1) corn monoculture; T2) Palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) monoculture; T3) corn plus Palisade Grass sown simultaneously; T4) corn plus Palisade Grass sown simultaneously plus herbicide; T5) Palisade grass sown at topdressing corn; T6) Palisade Grass sown at the line and inter-line of corn. In the second phase, the variable costs of the experimental treatments were calculated. The third phase consisted of calculating the total production cost of representative commercial production systems that replicate the managements and technologies used in the experimental treatments. The fourth phase consisted of financial analysis using the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback as indicators for decision making. The Microsoft Office Excel software was used for the calculation of production costs, cash flow definition, and estimation of viability indicators. The results indicated economic gains of the ICL system compared to monoculture, explained by the theory of economies of scope. The sources of economies of scope identified in this study were the dilution of fixed costs and shared technical complementarities (fertilizers for example). The unit production costs of livestock and crop were lower in the ICL than in the monoculture system. The ICL systems and corn grain monoculture were considered economically viable based on NPV, IRR, and PayBack. The NPV of ICL systems was bigger than the NPV of corn grain monoculture, which has shown another economic benefit of the integrated systems compared to monoculture. The livestock monoculture system proved to be economically unviable because of the negative NPV and IRR below the minimum attractive rate considered.

A critical issue that faces the Saudi Arabia Oil and Gas Sector (OGS)'s projects is the high level of uncertainty in the successful delivery of those projects. That high level of uncertainty makes it vital to monitor and control project performance for limiting financial losses, avoiding cost overruns, and improving predictability. One of the fundamental tools that sets the framework for project performance is the project Scope of Work (SOW). Having an effective project SOW at the front end the project is challenging for project practitioners and is an issue that needs to be addressed; as its development process and output can significantly affect the later stages of the project life cycle. The aim of this study was to develop a clearer understanding of the project SOW role in a project development and to make practical recommendations for its improvement by investigating project team members' perceptions of the SOW development process in two Saudi Arabian Oil and Gas companies. This research adopts a qualitative approach, a case study strategy and focus group discussions to collect primary data. The results suggested that the project SOW development process is the foundation for another twelve key project management processes that need to be considered in order to successfully complete a project On Scope, On Time, On Cost and On Strategy. To be considered effective, the project SOW should have the following four characteristics of: formality, usefulness, effective content elements and effective language quality. In addition, the project SOW should support effective decision making, risk management, project planning and project monitoring and control. The results show that the project SOW in Saudi Arabia OGS is developed in several phases as part of Front-End Loading (FEL) development and final project SOW is developed and approved at the end of the 2nd phase of FEL (FEL-2). It was found that there are eleven key enablers, such as clear vision, targets, and objectives; effective stakeholders' engagement; and effective assurance review process, for producing an effective project SOW. While eleven key barriers for producing an effective SOW were identified such as: absence of reward system; insufficient training programs; and insufficient budget. Therefore, enhancing the key enablers and overcoming the barriers may facilitated improvements in the project SOW development process. This study recommends that companies need to pay closer attention to the design of the temporary organisation and accordingly set their strategy, structure, process, rewards and people. The researcher details some implications, acknowledges some limitations and provides recommendations for future research in this area.

This thesis provides a neo-Gramscian account of Cross-Strait economic integration (CSEI) between Taiwan and China and challenges the realist and liberal underpinnings which define the CSEI literature. I argue that rather than occurring between two separate state apparatuses which respond to an objective market-led integration process, that both the political and economic dimensions of CSEI should be understood as components of a single process. I theorize Taiwan's policy parameter as confined by a Cross-Strait historical bloc in which Taiwan's capitalist class and the Chinese Communist Party are hegemonic. I start by arguing that CSEI can only be understood in terms of social order and the social basis of Taiwan's state and develop a regionally focused neo-Gramscian framework to account for it in terms of a Cross-Strait historical bloc. To better contextualize Taiwan's contemporary social order parameters, I first examine the social basis which enabled and eventually diluted the bureaucratic autonomy on which the Kuomintang's one-party rule was based between 1945 and 1988. Afterward, I examine the erosion of the KMT's elite bureaucratic autonomy and the social order parameters set by Taiwan's newly hegemonic Cross-Strait historical bloc between 1988 and 2000. I then examine the Democratic Progressive Party's CSEI openings between 2001 and 2008 in the context of both its historical bloc confined policy parameter and an increasingly populist identity politics in Taiwan which diverted the citizenry's attention from economic matters. I conclude by examining the unprecedented CSEI deepening which occurred since the KMT's return to power in 2008 and argue that this is a culmination of the historical bloc's long-term policy parameter. But, I also examine to what extent a capital-defined CSEI has spurred forth an increased contestation process and to what extent this may signal that a counter historical bloc is coming into shape in Taiwan.

Diplomacy is conventionally understood as an authentic European invention which was internationalized during colonialism. For Indians, the moment of colonial liberation was a false-dawn because the colonized had internalized a European logic and performed a European practice. Implicit in such a reading is the enduring centrality of Europe to understanding the logics of Indian diplomacy. The only contribution to diplomacy permitted of India is restricted to practice, to Indians adulterating pure, European, diplomacy. This Eurocentric discourse renders two possibilities impossible: that diplomacy may have Indian origins and that they offer un-theorised potentialities. These potentialities are the subject because combined they suggest that Indian diplomacy might move to a logic unknown to conventional approaches. However, what is first required is a conceptual space for this possibility, something, it is argued, civilizational analysis provides because its focus on continuities does not devalue transformational changes. Populating this conceptual space requires ascertaining empirically whether Indian diplomacy is indeed extra- European? It is why current practices are exposed and then placed in the context of the literature to reveal ruptures, what are termed controversies. The most significant, arguably, is the question of what is Indian diplomatic modernity? Resolving this controversy requires exploring not only the history of the revealed practices but also excavating the conceptual categories which produce them. The investigation therefore is not a history, but a genealogy for it identifies the present and then moves along two axes: tracing the origins of the bureaucratic apparatus and the rationales underpinning them. The genealogical moves made are dictated by the practitioners and practices themselves because the aim is not to theorize about the literature but to expose the rationalities which animate the practitioners of international politics today. The only means to actually verify if the identified mentalities do animate international politics is to demonstrate their impact on practice. It is why the project is argued empirically, in terms of the ‘stuff' of IR.

By using genealogy, this study analyzes the dispositive of humanitarianism/trusteeship, which has constituted the power relationship between trustees and target societies and fields of intervention of power in international society. This dispositive has been reproduced from the colonial period to the present. However, this study does not attempt a complete history of humanitarianism and trusteeship. Its aim is to follow the formation and reproduction of power relations in international society. In this study, ‘trusteeship' refers to a relation of inequality and a field of intervention, rather than a specific or particular historical practice. Thus, the concept of trusteeship includes various practices such as colonial administration, development assistance, and transitional administration. Equally, the category of ‘humanitarianism' also includes practices such as protection from anarchy, relief from oppression, and freedom from poverty, which are above and beyond the direct relief of suffering. Examining IR theories which employ genealogy, this study adopts sociological genealogy as a methodology. Previous studies on new trusteeship tend to presume that new trusteeship is rooted only in liberal internationalism. However, this study argues that it is underpinned not only by liberal internationalism but iii also by humanitarian discourse. Furthermore, some existing works on humanitarian intervention and new trusteeship presume that there are two kinds of humanitarianism: ‘humanitarianism separate from politics' and ‘humanitarianism abused by politics.' The former means that politics is just a tool for humanitarian purposes; and the latter means that humanitarian discourse is a convenient cloak for political interests. This dichotomy leads to the distinction between ‘good trusteeship embodying humanitarianism' and ‘bad trusteeship abusing humanitarianism.' This study aims to show that this dichotomy is highly questionable and to indicate the co-constitutive nature of trusteeship and humanitarianism. The language of trusteeship harks back to the colonial period even while the humanitarianism of today tends to reject political and colonial content. While trusteeship requires strong moral justification, humanitarianism contributes to the constitution of trusteeship when it attempts to alleviate human suffering. Although humanitarianism has represented trusteeship as universal and impartial, trusteeship has tended to expand and defend the interests of particular communities in international society. This study indicates the inherent danger of trusteeship and humanitarianism.

This thesis challenges the Eurocentric division of international history into distinct 'Western' and 'Eastern' strands by demonstrating the intensive historical interactivity between the Ottoman Empire and Europe. Addressing Weberian, Marxian and postcolonial inspired historiography, it seeks to overcome a series of interconnected binaries- East versus West, tradition versus modernity and inside versus outside- that characterise the one-sidedness of these approaches. This thesis argues that Uneven and Combined Development (U&CD) is a theoretical framework primed to overcoming precisely such partialities, and can therefore make an original contribution to Ottoman historiography. More specifically the thesis tackles problems in Ottoman historiography across three key junctures. Through a treatment of the origins of the Empire, I demonstrate that the Ottoman tributary state was a product of international determinations- a form of combined development. Analysing the Ottoman apogee of the sixteenth century, I argue that Ottoman geopolitical pressure on Europe created sociological conditions for that emergence of capitalism. Finally, I show that Ottoman decline was inextricable from the uneven and combined development of capitalism over the course of the long nineteenth century. These historical analyses offer distinct contributions to historical sociological debates around the 'tributary mode of production', the 'Rise of the West' and 'modernisation' respectively. Theoretically, I show that any historical study from a singular spatial vantage point will always tend to be partial. Instead, multiple vantage points derived from multiple spatio-temporal origins better capture the complexity of concrete historical processes. In presenting this argument, this thesis offers a theoretical reconstruction of U&CD as the articulation of spatio-temporal multiplicity in mode of production analysis, which overcomes the fissure between international relations and historical sociology. It thus extends the theory of U&CD onto the terrain of 'big questions' surrounding pre-capitalist social relations and capitalist modernity.

Det kommunala fastighetsbolaget AB Uppsala kommuns Industrihus, även kallat Ihus, har som mål att bli klimatneutralt till år 2030. Definitionen av klimatneutralitet är att de totala utsläppen av växthusgaser ska vara lika med noll. Detta kan vara svårt att uppnå i praktiken med enbart organisationsomställning, miljöledningssystem och livscykelanalyser (LCA) då nästan alla delar i en verksamhet ger upphov till växthusgasutsläpp i olika led. Inledningsvis identifierades och kvantifierades direkta och indirekta utsläpp. Verksamheten delades därför in i olika sektorer för att underlätta arbetet. Dessa sektorer valdes utifrån de utgifter som Ihus redovisar och delades upp i fem utgiftsposter. Dessa var renovering, säkerhet, fastighetsskötsel, konsult och avfallshantering. Företag vars verksamhet liknar den hos Ihus entreprenörer valdes ut för varje sektor. Genom att sedan undersöka deras utsläpp och omsättning beräknades sektorns utsläppsintensitet. Ihus utgiftsposter multiplicerades med motsvarande sektor och utsläppen från Ihus kunde bestämmas.  Kvantifieringen av Ihus utsläpp resulterade i en åtgärdsplan med konkreta åtgärder presenterade i en tidplan. Tidplanen bestod av tre milstolpar med fyra års mellanrum fram till 2030 då Ihus vill ha uppnått sitt mål med att bli klimatneutrala. Inom de fyra första åren bör Ihus fokusera på åtgärder som är relativt enkla att utföra samt åtgärder som lägger en grund för ett långsiktigt miljöarbete. Dessa inkluderar resurseffektivisering, specificerad fakturering, redovisning av entreprenörers transporter samt uppföljningsmetod för upphandling. Fram till milstolpe 2 rekommenderas Ihus att utföra LCA på relevanta delar av verksamheten, så som renovering, samt kräva att entreprenörer redovisar direkta utsläpp i samband med upphandling. Cirkulär resurshantering bör även införas. Fram till milstolpe 3 kommer Ihus med hjälp av en rad åtgärder enligt en åtgärdsplan att minska sina utsläpp. De utsläpp som kvarstår efter år 2030 rekommenderas Ihus att kompensera. Även krav på att entreprenörer ska redovisa indirekta utsläpp bör ställas fram till milstolpe 3.

This thesis is focused on analysis of the services of NGOs in selected districts, which are Tabor and Pisek. The theoretical and methodological part, we discuss the role of non-profit sector in the national economy structure and functions of the nonprofit sector. It describes a selection of legal forms of nonprofit organizations, methods and forms of financing and their scope. The subject is a survey of the practical range of services offered by non-profit sector in selected districts. The survey focuses on the following legal forms of organizations: foundations, endowment funds, associations of legal persons, representing the diakonia of charity and religious organizations, educational, legal entities, charitable organizations, political parties, political movements and associations (union, association, club, etc.) and contributory organizations.

The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the scope of application of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ("CISG"). The reason for my research is the wide use of the CISG in international trade. Therefore, it is necessary to know exactly when the CISG is applicable. The thesis is composed of four chapters, each of them dealing with a different aspect of international sales contracts. Chapter One is introductory and defines the basic concept of regular and international sales contract in Czech law and legal literature, taking into account the upcoming recodification of the Czech Civil Code. Chapter Two examines the basic approaches of legal regulation in private international law. After a brief theoretical introduction, special attention is paid to various Czech and international legal instruments governing contracts for the international sale of goods. In Chapter Three, I explore the basic requirements for application of the CISG. Using scholarly literature as well as case law, I characterise the concepts of sales contract, goods, place of business, contracting states and party autonomy. Consideration is also given to the material scope of application of the CISG. The existence of controversial issues related to this question is shown on the topic of interest for any sum...

O gerenciamento de projetos é amplamente utilizado por organizações em âmbito mundial. Projetos de sistemas de informação, especificamente, auxiliam tais organizações a obterem sistemas a serem utilizados em suas atividades operacionais com alinhamento estratégico junto a seus objetivos, garantindo maior eficiência, alcance de melhores resultados e perenidade de sua atuação no mercado. O gerenciamento de escopo é uma das áreas de conhecimento do gerenciamento de projetos, responsável por garantir que todos os objetivos do projeto sejam conhecidos por todos os envolvidos, declarando o que será entregue e qual será o trabalho necessário para tal. O gerenciamento de escopo demanda alto nível de relacionamento entre equipes desenvolvedoras dos projetos e os clientes solicitantes. Tais clientes possuem expectativas e limitações quanto aos projetos solicitados, sendo necessário seu acompanhamento e alinhamento com a área executora para garantir que suas necessidades sejam atendidas de acordo com seu planejamento e expectativa. Acompanhar o desempenho em diversas dimensões dos projetos é importante para garantir que o resultado final esteja adequado às necessidades originais, tanto considerando-se o produto entregue pelo projeto quanto a execução do projeto em si. Duas das características mais relevantes para os projetos são seu custo e tempo de execução. Desempenhos adequados de custo e tempo dos projetos são importantes, considerando-se que as entregas são relevantes para um determinado tempo de término e com um determinado custo para sua realização. Nesta pesquisa foi realizada a avaliação da relação de processos de planejamento do gerenciamento de escopo com desempenhos de custo e tempo de projetos de SI de uma organização brasileira de grande porte do setor financeiro. Por meio da avaliação da aderência dos processos executados na instituição estudada às práticas indicadas pela literatura, foi possível identificar o nível de aderência da instituição quanto ao gerenciamento de escopo. Esta avaliação foi então relacionada aos desempenhos de custo e tempo, identificando possíveis influências. Considerando-se ainda a amostra de projetos, os gerentes de projetos que os conduziram responderam questionários indicando problemas ocorridos relacionados ao desempenho de custo e tempo dos projetos, possibilitando a identificação de impactos provenientes do gerenciamento de escopo. Por fim, foram aplicadas entrevistas aos clientes que solicitaram os projetos selecionados à área de tecnologia da informação da organização, com o objetivo de identificar causas e comportamentos das relações identificadas anteriormente. Foi possível concluir que a organização analisada possuía baixa aderência às práticas de gerenciamento de escopo. O processo de coleta de requisitos foi identificado como o principal processo relacionado aos desempenhos dos projetos e como o processo foco de maior atenção dos gerentes de projetos e clientes, com maior conhecimento de processos do modelo de desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação do que do gerenciamento de projetos. Nos projetos analisados o planejamento do gerenciamento de escopo não foi uma variável que teve um alto grau de associação com os desempenhos de custo e tempo, podendo explicá-lo adequadamente. Por outro lado, o gerenciamento de escopomostrou ser um fator de forte influência no desempenho dos projetos, pois ensejou mudanças na organização. / Project management is widely used by organizations worldwide. Information systems projects, specifically, assist such organizations get systems to be used in its operational activities with strategic alignment to your goals, ensuring greater efficiency, better results reach and perenniality of its market performance. The scope management is one of the project managements knowledge areas, responsible for ensuring that all project objectives are known by everyone involved, declaring what will be delivered and what will be the work required to such. Scope management demands high level of relationship between developers teams of the projects and the requesting clients. Such customers possess expectations and limitations with the requested projects, being necessary monitoring and alignment with the executing area to ensure that the needs will be met according with their planning and expectation. Track the performance in several dimensions of the projects is important to ensure that the end result is suited to unique needs, both considering the delivered product, as the course of entire project. Two of the most important characteristics of the projects are cost and runtime. Suitable cost performances and time of execution in the projects are important, considering that often such characteristics of projects are directly related to the expected results. In this research was held the assess the relationship the planning processes of scope management with performances of cost and time of SI projects of a Brazilian big organization in the financial sector. Through valuation of adherence of processes executed to good practices, was possible to identify the organization\'s maturity level about the scope management. This review was then related to costs and times of the projects, identifying possible influences. Considering still the selected projects for research, project managers responsible for these projects responded questionnaires indicating occurred problems related to performances of cost and time, enabling the identification of impacts coming from the scope management. Finally, interviews were applied to customers who requested the selected projects to the organization\'s information technology area, aiming to identify causes and behaviors of previously identified relations. It was possible to conclude that the analyzed organization possessed a low level of maturity about the management scope, having low adherence to good practices presented in the literature and followed by the organization. The process of requirements gathering was identified as the main proceedings related to the performance of the projects and as the process focus of more attention from projects managers and customers, with greater knowledge of information systems development methodology processes than project management processes. In the analyzed projects, scope management\'s planning was not a variable that had a high degree of association with the cost and time performances, explaining it properly. Moreover, scope management proved to be a strong influencing factor in the performance of projects, because gave rise changes in the organization.