The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the scope of application of the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air signed at Montreal on 28th May 1999 (Montreal Convention). The thesis comprises four chapters, each which deals with different aspects of the scope of application of the Montreal Convention. The thesis is approached by the analytical method using classical four methods of interpretation and is based mainly on foreign sources: English, American, Canadian and German in particular. It includes up-to-date relevant court decisions, primarily from American courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Czech sources are used especially when dealing with theoretical and general questions. No Czech court decision is included as by the time of handing in this thesis there was no accessible decision of any higher court of the Czech Republic. Chapter one deals primarily with Article one of the Montreal Convention which contains some important terms having effect on the scope of application of the Convention as well as containing the term international carriage. Further in this chapter is discussed the subject-matter scope of application of the Convention and instruments expanding the scope of application of the Montreal Convention (successive...

1 Abstract The objective of this thesis is to describe the fundamental issues related to the assessment of the material and personal scope of EU law with regard to the institution of EU citizenship. It follows that the purpose of the work is not to analyse the institute of EU citizenship as such. The attention is paid predominantly to the material scope. Contrary to the personal scope, it is precisely the area of the assessment of the material scope where we can recently observe the groundbreaking changes in the logic used by the CJEU. These changes are described by analysing four key judgments of the CJEU wherein a new approach to the assessment of the material scope was introduced. The main feature of the new approach is the abandonment of the traditional cross-border logic. In certain situations, it is now possible to deduce the material scope of EU law even without the existence of a cross-border element. This new approach is based solely on the status of EU citizenship. In this work, there is also analysis of the potential of this new approach, especially with regard to possible solutions to a problem of reverse discrimination. In addition to the introduction and conclusion the thesis contains five chapters. The first chapter is devoted to a brief explanation of the institute of EU citizenship. The...

This thesis investigates the implications of positive polarity for grammar. The empirical focus is on two positive polarity particles in Sinhala, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Sri Lanka. Sinhala has two particles -hari and -da that systematically appear across disjunction, indefinite and question constructions. Traditionally, these particles have been called Q-particles (i.e. Hagstrom (1998); Cable (2010); Slade (2011); a.m.o). They have so far been analyzed in terms of either Q-question/-uantifier operators (Kishimoto (2005)) or choice function variables (cf. Hagstrom (1998); Cable (2010); Slade (2011)). This thesis presents new data pertaining to the distribution and interpretation of disjunctions and indefinites formed with the two particles in contexts of negation, modals, quantifiers and intensional operators, that none of the previous accounts has captured. It proposes to analyze the grammar of the two particles based on their positive polarity character associated with exhaustivity (cf. Spector (2014); Nicolae (2017)). It claims that we can account for a wide range of grammatical phenomena such as ignorance inferences, scope or non/specificity effects, free/no choice implicatures and de re/dicto readings of -hari and -da disjunctions/indefinites in matrix and overt modal/quantifier contexts based on a distribution requirement (DR) derived by way of exhaustification with respect to alternatives of a disjunction or indefinite. The thesis casts its proposal in a hybrid system of lexical (cf. Levinson (2000); Chierchia (2004)) and grammatical (cf. Fox (2007); Chierchia et al. (2012)) approaches borrowing insights from both approaches. It also utilizes a hybrid framework of Hamblin semantics (cf. Hamblin (1973); Kratzer and Shimoyama (2002); Alonso-Ovalle (2006)) to keep domain alternatives separated and application of an alternative sensitive exhaustivity (Exh) operator (cf. the grammatical approach) to derive implicatures. Obligatory exhaustivity is treated as a morphological requirement/ lexical property of the particles -hari and -da represented by an uninterpretable exhaustivity [unExh] feature. Then, this lexical property is factored into the grammar by way of the Exh operator carrying an equivalent interpretable exhaustivity [inExh] feature placed in the syntactic structure of a -hari and -da disjunction/indefinite construction at LF. “Inclusivity” and “exclusivity” components of the particles -hari and -da that have consequences for distribution requirements are derived by way of different morpho-syntactic requirements of the particles -hari and -da. Thus, this thesis proposes a fully compositional/grammatical account all the way from the bottom to the top in the derivations.

Almost every change within an organisation is done through projects; however this is  problematic, since projects often fail due to unavailable resources and a lack of quality. Therefore, management of the project's scope seems to be essential because it has an impact on the whole project performance. Consequently, the scope statement of the project needs to be well defined otherwise it can lead to significant issues during the whole project life cycle. To ensure a successful project and a well-defined scope statement, knowledge sharing within the project team is essential. However, to ensure that knowledge sharing occurs it is in the responsibility of the project manager to create a trustworthy environment, which can be seen as a challenge. Another problem within projects is that knowledge gets lost or is not stored at the end of a project, which is needed to prevent forthcoming projects from failing. The research topic was chosen because the impact of complex digitalisation projects within the public sector are under-researched. Since all German governmental agencies need to implement electronic files until 2020 according to the German E-Government Act (EGovG), the pioneer project ‘eAkte’ of the Federal Labour Office was chosen as the underlying case study of this thesis. With the combination of the different research areas a unique study is created, since the relationship is shown. To generate the required data for this study, semi-structured interviews with eight participants of the project eAkte were conducted. The findings of the thesis were divided into four main themes complexity, scope statement, knowledge as well as project challenges in order to see the relationship and interaction of the individual subjects. By connecting the findings with the chosen literature, it can be recommended to incorporate all affected parties in the creation process of the scope statement in order to ensure that the needed knowledge is included for specifying it. The thesis provides contributions for forthcoming digitalisation projects within the public sector in order to apply the new insights regarding the creation process of the scope statement. Further, a theoretical contribution has been conducted by combining the theories of project management, scope management and knowledge management to highlight the interaction of these subjects.

O gerenciamento de projetos é amplamente utilizado por organizações em âmbito mundial. Projetos de sistemas de informação, especificamente, auxiliam tais organizações a obterem sistemas a serem utilizados em suas atividades operacionais com alinhamento estratégico junto a seus objetivos, garantindo maior eficiência, alcance de melhores resultados e perenidade de sua atuação no mercado. O gerenciamento de escopo é uma das áreas de conhecimento do gerenciamento de projetos, responsável por garantir que todos os objetivos do projeto sejam conhecidos por todos os envolvidos, declarando o que será entregue e qual será o trabalho necessário para tal. O gerenciamento de escopo demanda alto nível de relacionamento entre equipes desenvolvedoras dos projetos e os clientes solicitantes. Tais clientes possuem expectativas e limitações quanto aos projetos solicitados, sendo necessário seu acompanhamento e alinhamento com a área executora para garantir que suas necessidades sejam atendidas de acordo com seu planejamento e expectativa. Acompanhar o desempenho em diversas dimensões dos projetos é importante para garantir que o resultado final esteja adequado às necessidades originais, tanto considerando-se o produto entregue pelo projeto quanto a execução do projeto em si. Duas das características mais relevantes para os projetos são seu custo e tempo de execução. Desempenhos adequados de custo e tempo dos projetos são importantes, considerando-se que as entregas são relevantes para um determinado tempo de término e com um determinado custo para sua realização. Nesta pesquisa foi realizada a avaliação da relação de processos de planejamento do gerenciamento de escopo com desempenhos de custo e tempo de projetos de SI de uma organização brasileira de grande porte do setor financeiro. Por meio da avaliação da aderência dos processos executados na instituição estudada às práticas indicadas pela literatura, foi possível identificar o nível de aderência da instituição quanto ao gerenciamento de escopo. Esta avaliação foi então relacionada aos desempenhos de custo e tempo, identificando possíveis influências. Considerando-se ainda a amostra de projetos, os gerentes de projetos que os conduziram responderam questionários indicando problemas ocorridos relacionados ao desempenho de custo e tempo dos projetos, possibilitando a identificação de impactos provenientes do gerenciamento de escopo. Por fim, foram aplicadas entrevistas aos clientes que solicitaram os projetos selecionados à área de tecnologia da informação da organização, com o objetivo de identificar causas e comportamentos das relações identificadas anteriormente. Foi possível concluir que a organização analisada possuía baixa aderência às práticas de gerenciamento de escopo. O processo de coleta de requisitos foi identificado como o principal processo relacionado aos desempenhos dos projetos e como o processo foco de maior atenção dos gerentes de projetos e clientes, com maior conhecimento de processos do modelo de desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação do que do gerenciamento de projetos. Nos projetos analisados o planejamento do gerenciamento de escopo não foi uma variável que teve um alto grau de associação com os desempenhos de custo e tempo, podendo explicá-lo adequadamente. Por outro lado, o gerenciamento de escopomostrou ser um fator de forte influência no desempenho dos projetos, pois ensejou mudanças na organização. / Project management is widely used by organizations worldwide. Information systems projects, specifically, assist such organizations get systems to be used in its operational activities with strategic alignment to your goals, ensuring greater efficiency, better results reach and perenniality of its market performance. The scope management is one of the project managements knowledge areas, responsible for ensuring that all project objectives are known by everyone involved, declaring what will be delivered and what will be the work required to such. Scope management demands high level of relationship between developers teams of the projects and the requesting clients. Such customers possess expectations and limitations with the requested projects, being necessary monitoring and alignment with the executing area to ensure that the needs will be met according with their planning and expectation. Track the performance in several dimensions of the projects is important to ensure that the end result is suited to unique needs, both considering the delivered product, as the course of entire project. Two of the most important characteristics of the projects are cost and runtime. Suitable cost performances and time of execution in the projects are important, considering that often such characteristics of projects are directly related to the expected results. In this research was held the assess the relationship the planning processes of scope management with performances of cost and time of SI projects of a Brazilian big organization in the financial sector. Through valuation of adherence of processes executed to good practices, was possible to identify the organization\'s maturity level about the scope management. This review was then related to costs and times of the projects, identifying possible influences. Considering still the selected projects for research, project managers responsible for these projects responded questionnaires indicating occurred problems related to performances of cost and time, enabling the identification of impacts coming from the scope management. Finally, interviews were applied to customers who requested the selected projects to the organization\'s information technology area, aiming to identify causes and behaviors of previously identified relations. It was possible to conclude that the analyzed organization possessed a low level of maturity about the management scope, having low adherence to good practices presented in the literature and followed by the organization. The process of requirements gathering was identified as the main proceedings related to the performance of the projects and as the process focus of more attention from projects managers and customers, with greater knowledge of information systems development methodology processes than project management processes. In the analyzed projects, scope management\'s planning was not a variable that had a high degree of association with the cost and time performances, explaining it properly. Moreover, scope management proved to be a strong influencing factor in the performance of projects, because gave rise changes in the organization.

Os hospitais possuem estruturas físicas complexas, e projetá-los não é uma tarefa fácil. A dificuldade aumenta se o profissional não tiver disponíveis ferramentas de gerenciamento de escopo as quais auxiliariam a interconexão dos inúmeros profissionais de áreas de conhecimentos distintos, das normatizações vigentes, das atividades da unidade hospitalar, dos fluxos a serem respeitados, da variedade de elementos construtivos e das constantes inovações tecnológicas e assistenciais. O problema identificado é a baixa adoção de processos de gerenciamento de escopo em projetos de arquitetura para saúde. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo modelar um processo de gerenciamento de escopo para a aplicação em projetos de arquitetura para saúde. Como metodologia, fez-se o estudo de literatura técnico-científica. Como resultado deste trabalho, apresentou-se um processo de gerenciamento de escopo para projetos de arquitetura para saúde (GEPAS), para que se torne uma ferramenta de gestão destinada a arquitetos, gestores de escopo, gerentes de projetos e administradores e, com isso, contribuir para que diminua o número de falhas decorrentes da ausência de controle das informações de projetos / Hospitals are complex physical structures and design them is not an easy task. The difficulty increases with the lack of projects scope management tools, which would help interconnect the many professionals in different areas of knowledge, current regulations, hospital unit activities, flows to be considered, variety of constructive elements and the constant technological and healthcare assistance innovations. The problem identified is the low adoption rate of project scope management processes in healthcare architecture projects. The present thesis had an objective to introduce a process of scope management for applications in healthcare architecture projects. The study of technical-scientific literature was the methodology adopted for the current thesis. As a result of this effort, a process of scope management for healthcare architecture projects (GEPAS) was introduced. It should become a management tool aimed at architects, project scope managers, project managers and administrators and with that, contribute to minimize the number of failures due to the lack of control of information in projects

Le règlement n°2015/848 est-il applicable aux procédures d’insolvabilité présentant un lien avec un État tiers comme la Suisse ? D’un côté, la CJUE répond par l’affirmative concernant le principe vis attractiva concursus. D’un autre côté toutefois, le règlement n°2015/848, plus encore que le règlement n°1346/2000, a été conçu par le législateur européen pour les situations intra-européennes. La décision Schmid (CJUE, 16 janvier 2014, C-328/12) est une boîte de Pandore, car très peu de dispositions pourront en réalité être étendues à l’international. Le chapitre IV assure p. ex. l’égalité de traitement aux seuls créanciers étrangers européens.Comment les autorités suisses vont-elles réagir ? Le chapitre 11 de la LDIP suisse a récemment été révisé, afin de simplifier la reconnaissance des décisions étrangères de faillite. La réciprocité n’est plus requise, et un nouveau chef de compétence internationale indirecte a fait son apparition : le COMI du débiteur. De plus, la faillite ancillaire devient optionnelle. Cela étant, la protection des créanciers locaux reste la priorité : le juge suisse luttera toujours contre les discriminations subies par les créanciers locaux, et refusera la reconnaissance des décisions annexes rendues contre un défendeur domicilié en Suisse. L’applicabilité des règles européennes aux situations relatives aux États tiers serait par conséquent incohérente, et risquerait de paralyser l’entraide internationale avec la Suisse. / Is Regulation 2015/2018 applicable to insolvencies linked with third States such as Switzerland ? On the one hand, the CJEU extends the vis attractiva concursus principle beyond European borders. But on the other hand, Regulation 2015/848, even more than Regulation 1346/2000, is designed for intra-EU insolvencies. The Schmid decision (CJEU, 16th January 2014, C-328/12) is a Pandora’s box, because very few provisions may in fact be extended to extra-EU cases. Chapter IV e.g. focuses on the equal treatment of European foreign creditors. How are the Swiss authorities going to react ? Chapter 11 of the Swiss PILA has recently been modified, in order to simplify the recognition of foreign insolvency proceedings. Exit the requirement of reciprocity, and welcome to a new ground of international indirect jurisdiction : the COMI of the debtor. Moreover, the opening of an ancillary proceeding in Switzerland becomes optional. However, the protection of local interests still comes first : no to discriminations of local creditors, and no to recognition of insolvency-related decisions if the defendant lives in Switzerland. Applying Regulation 2015/848 to insolvencies linked with third States would thus be incoherent, and cooperation with Swiss authorities may come to an end.

O monocultivo, delineamento da produção agropecuária mais tradicional, desde a Revolução Verde, têm sido relacionado ao desequilíbrio ambiental de ecossistemas, e escassez de recursos naturais. Neste contexto, sistemas integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) tem se mostrado promissores em relação à benefícios ambientais e produtivos, quando comparada a sistemas de monocultivo. Existe, todavia, poucos trabalhos que abordam os benefícios econômicos potenciais dos sistemas ILP. O objetivo desta dissertação foi desenvolver análise econômica e financeira da produção de milho grão e bovinos de corte em sistemas de monocultivo e ILP. A primeira etapa para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi a coleta de dados do projeto intitulado Impacto ambiental, produtividade e viabilidade econômica de sistemas de monocultivo e integrado de lavoura pecuária, financiado pela Fapesp (Processo Nº 2014/24514-6) delineado a partir de seis tratamentos experimentais: T1) Monocultivo de milho grão; T2) Monocultivo Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu; T3) Integração entre milho e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, semeados simultaneamente; T4) Integração entre milho e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, semeados simultaneamente, com aplicação de herbicida; T5) Integração entre milho e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, tendo sido o capim semeado na adubação de cobertura do milho; T6) Integração entre milho e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, semeados simultaneamente, na linha e entrelinha do milho, com aplicação de herbicida. A segunda etapa foi a cálculo dos custos variáveis dos tratamentos experimentais. A terceira etapa consistiu no cálculo do custo total de produção de sistemas de produção representativos comerciais, que replicassem os manejos e tecnologias utilizados nos tratamentos experimentais. A quarta etapa consistiu na análise financeira, tendo sido o valor presente líquido (VPL), a taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e o PayBack os indicadores de tomada de decisão. O software Microsoft Excel® foi utilizado para o cálculo dos custos de produção, construção do fluxos de caixa e estimativa dos indicadores de viabilidade. Os resultados indicaram ganhos econômicos da ILP, em relação ao monocultivo, explicados pela teoria da economia de escopo. As fontes da economia de escopo identificadas nessa pesquisa foram: diluição de custos fixos e complementariedades técnicas compartilhadas. Os custos de produção unitários da lavoura e da pecuária foram menores na ILP do que nos sistemas de monocultivo. Os sistemas ILP e o monocultivo de milho grão foram considerados economicamente viáveis, com base no VPL, TIR e PayBack. O VPL do sistema ILP foi maior do que do sistema de monocultivo de milho, o que demonstrou outro benefício econômico dos sistemas integrados, se comparados ao monocultivo. A pecuária monocultivo foi economicamente inviável, baseado nos mesmos indicadores de viabilidade econômica. / Monoculture farming, the traditional agriculture approach since the Green Revolution, has been associated with the environmental imbalance of ecosystems and with the scarcity of natural resources. Within this context, integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems have shown to be promising in terms of environmental and productive benefits when compared to monoculture systems. However, few studies have addressed the potential economic benefits of ICL systems. The objective of this dissertation was to perform an economic and financial analysis of corn grain and beef cattle production in monoculture and ICL systems. The first phase of the study consisted of the collection of data from the project entitled Environmental impact, productivity and economic viability of monoculture and integrated crop-livestock systems, financed by Fapesp (2014/24514-6) and designed in six experimental treatments: T1) corn monoculture; T2) Palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) monoculture; T3) corn plus Palisade Grass sown simultaneously; T4) corn plus Palisade Grass sown simultaneously plus herbicide; T5) Palisade grass sown at topdressing corn; T6) Palisade Grass sown at the line and inter-line of corn. In the second phase, the variable costs of the experimental treatments were calculated. The third phase consisted of calculating the total production cost of representative commercial production systems that replicate the managements and technologies used in the experimental treatments. The fourth phase consisted of financial analysis using the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback as indicators for decision making. The Microsoft Office Excel software was used for the calculation of production costs, cash flow definition, and estimation of viability indicators. The results indicated economic gains of the ICL system compared to monoculture, explained by the theory of economies of scope. The sources of economies of scope identified in this study were the dilution of fixed costs and shared technical complementarities (fertilizers for example). The unit production costs of livestock and crop were lower in the ICL than in the monoculture system. The ICL systems and corn grain monoculture were considered economically viable based on NPV, IRR, and PayBack. The NPV of ICL systems was bigger than the NPV of corn grain monoculture, which has shown another economic benefit of the integrated systems compared to monoculture. The livestock monoculture system proved to be economically unviable because of the negative NPV and IRR below the minimum attractive rate considered.

O presente trabalho busca analisar os diferentes tratamentos dispensados à marca no âmbito do controle preventivo e no controle repressivo de condutas. A análise da função social das marcas demonstrou que esta é uma propriedade que se realiza na concorrência e pela concorrência. Nesse sentido, não há dúvidas de que está sujeita aos princípios do Direito Concorrencial. Todavia, a maneira como esses princípios balizam a marca no controle de atos de concentração, de um lado, e no controle repressivo de condutas, de outro, difere. No âmbito do controle de atos de concentração, a atuação da autoridade concorrencial é orientada por uma variante do princípio da precaução, o que a autoriza a tomar decisões e impor restrições aos direitos marcários mesmo em um contexto de incerteza. No âmbito do controle repressivo de condutas, todavia, a intervenção do CADE está sujeita aos princípios do Processo Administrativo Sancionador. Neste contexto, as condutas que envolvem o uso de direitos de propriedade intelectual, incluindo as marcas, devem ser analisadas à luz do princípio da estrita legalidade. Um critério jurídico objetivo é necessário para distinguir o lícito do ilícito, sobretudo em um cenário no qual estão em jogo duas políticas públicas distintas: a de proteção à concorrência e a de proteção à direitos de propriedade industrial. Sendo essas duas políticas instrumentais e parciais, voltadas a um fim maior de política econômica, devem harmonizar-se, e não sobrepor-se uma a outra. Ademais, o escopo de atuação da autoridade concorrencial em processos que investiguem o uso abusivo de direitos marcários e atos de concorrência desleal deve ser esclarecido. O direito concorrencial, enquanto ramo autônomo do direito, com princípios e métodos interpretativos próprios, pode analisar institutos e figuras de outros ramos que com ele guardem relação sem ter de ficar adstrito ao posicionamento de outras instâncias. / This work has the purposes of analyzing the different treatments trademarks are subject in the fields of merger control and antitrust infringement proceedings. The analysis of the social function of trademark showed that it is a property that becomes effective in and by means of competition. In this sense, there is no doubt that it is subject to the principles of Antitrust Law. However, the way these principles limits trademark rights in the context of merger control, on one side, and, antitrust infringement proceedings, on the other, varies. In the field of merger control, the antitrust authority is guided by a variant of the precautionary principle, which empowers it to make decisions and impose restrictions to trademark rights even in a context of uncertainty. However, under antitrust infringement proceedings, CADEs intervention is subject to the principles of the Sanctioning Administrative Procedure. As a result, the conducts that involve intellectual property rights, including trademark rights, must be analyzed in view of the principle of strict legality. An objective legal criterion is necessary to distinguish licit from illicit behaviors especially under a scenario where two different public policies are at stake: the one relating to competition defense and the other concerning the protection to intellectual property rights. Since these two policies are instrumental, partial and targeted to a higher objective connected with economic policy, they should be harmonized and not overlap each other. In addition, the scope of the competition authoritys jurisdiction in antitrust infringement proceedings which investigate the abuse of trademark laws and acts of unfair competition should be clarified. Antitrust law, as an independent legal field, which contains its own principles and interpretation methods, can analyze institutes from other legal fields to which it is related without being bound by the positioning of other instances.

Os hospitais possuem estruturas físicas complexas, e projetá-los não é uma tarefa fácil. A dificuldade aumenta se o profissional não tiver disponíveis ferramentas de gerenciamento de escopo as quais auxiliariam a interconexão dos inúmeros profissionais de áreas de conhecimentos distintos, das normatizações vigentes, das atividades da unidade hospitalar, dos fluxos a serem respeitados, da variedade de elementos construtivos e das constantes inovações tecnológicas e assistenciais. O problema identificado é a baixa adoção de processos de gerenciamento de escopo em projetos de arquitetura para saúde. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo modelar um processo de gerenciamento de escopo para a aplicação em projetos de arquitetura para saúde. Como metodologia, fez-se o estudo de literatura técnico-científica. Como resultado deste trabalho, apresentou-se um processo de gerenciamento de escopo para projetos de arquitetura para saúde (GEPAS), para que se torne uma ferramenta de gestão destinada a arquitetos, gestores de escopo, gerentes de projetos e administradores e, com isso, contribuir para que diminua o número de falhas decorrentes da ausência de controle das informações de projetos / Hospitals are complex physical structures and design them is not an easy task. The difficulty increases with the lack of projects scope management tools, which would help interconnect the many professionals in different areas of knowledge, current regulations, hospital unit activities, flows to be considered, variety of constructive elements and the constant technological and healthcare assistance innovations. The problem identified is the low adoption rate of project scope management processes in healthcare architecture projects. The present thesis had an objective to introduce a process of scope management for applications in healthcare architecture projects. The study of technical-scientific literature was the methodology adopted for the current thesis. As a result of this effort, a process of scope management for healthcare architecture projects (GEPAS) was introduced. It should become a management tool aimed at architects, project scope managers, project managers and administrators and with that, contribute to minimize the number of failures due to the lack of control of information in projects