It is well understood through previous literature that strategies, which buy past winning stocks and sell past losing stocks, can generate significant positive returns. This phenomenon is known as the momentum effect in the stock market. Furthermore, there is a common accounting practice used by portfolio managers called tax loss harvesting.Tax loss harvesting is the practice of selling a security in order to create a benefit for tax purposes. This paper attempts to build upon previous literature by explaining why the momentum effect is different at the beginning of the calendar year than in the middle and assessing whether or not tax loss harvesting may play a role. A trading strategy was created which calculates the returns of winning and losing portfolios intra industry groups, around different months of the year, in attempt to explain fluctuations in the momentum effect. Evidence in support of the hypothesis that tax loss harvesting played a role in impacting momentum strategies did not prove to be statistically significant.

Šio baigiamojo darbo tikslas išanalizuoti socialinių tinklų panaudojimo galimybes asmeniniuose pardavimuose ir pateikti planą, kaip integruoti socialinių tinklų suteikiamas funkcijas pardavimo cikle. Darbo teorinėje dalyje analizuojami naujųjų technologijų sąlygoti pakitimai firmų marketingo strategijose ir socialinių tinklų panaudojimo būdai kompanijų dirbančių su pardavimais veikloje. Analitinėje baigiamojo darbo dalyje pateikiami ir analizuojami rezultatai tyrimo, atlikto kokybinio giluminio interviu metodu apklausiant VIASAT darbuotojus. Taip pat šioje dalyje pateikiami kiekybinės apklausos naudojant anketavimą atlikto tyrimo rezultatai, kuriame buvo apklausti Southwestern Advantage kompanijoje dirbę pardavimo agentai. Projektinėje dalyje yra pateikiamas veiksmų plano modelis, kuriuo remiantis galima išskaidyti pardavimą į atskiras dalis ir patarimai, kaip pardavimo agentams patobulinti savo veiklą integruojant į plano atskiras dalis socialinius tinklus. / The purpose of this final paper is to analyze the opportunities of using social networks in direct selling and adduce the plan how to integrate the functions of social networks to the cycle of selling. The changes of company marketing strategies, which have been determined by new technologies, and the ways of using social networks in companies which work in selling area, were analyzed in theorical part. The results of research, which have been made by using qualitative interview for the employees of "Viasat" company, were presented and analyzed in the analytical part of the paper. The results of research, which have been made by using direct questionnaire for the selling agents of "The Southwestern Advantage" company, were presented in this part as well. The model of the plan of actions, which divides the sale to individual parts, and the strategy on how to improve the cycle of selling using social networks, were presented in the project part.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1992.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1992.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1992.

No description available.

No description available.

Titel: Etiskt ledarskap i säljande organisationer Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi. Författare: Moa Bohman och Evelina Nilsson. Handledare: Pär Vilhelmson, Kristina Mickelsson och Maria Fregidou-Malama. Datum: Augusti 2015. Syfte: Denna studies syfte är att bidra till ökad förståelse för hur chefer i säljande organisationer utövar etiskt ledarskap, sett ur chefers perspektiv. Forskningsfrågorna som formulerades efter en genomgång av den befintliga teorin är: 1. Påverkar chefer sina anställdas beteende genom att vara en förebild? 2. Påverkar chefer sina anställdas beteende genom förstärkning av etiska normer? 3. Påverkar chefer sina anställdas beteende genom kommunikation om etik? 4. Påverkar chefer sina anställdas beteende genom förstärkning och kommunikation om etiska riktlinjer? 5. Påverkar chefer sina anställdas beteende på något annat sätt? Metod: En fältstudie i form av kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes för att samla in information. Respondenter var chefer i säljande organisationer. Efter transkribering av intervjuerna analyserades informationen genom uppdelning och jämförelser. Resultat & slutsats: Denna studie visar att de intervjuade cheferna utövar ett etiskt ledarskap genom att vara förebilder, genom att kommunicera om etik, genom att belöna i form av beröm och positiv feedback samt genom att förstärka det etiska klimatet med hjälp av kommunikation om etiska riktlinjer. Studien kan varken bekräfta eller dementera huruvida förstärkning av etiska normer genom bestraffningar sker. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: I denna studie finns det begränsningar i urvalets storlek, dess geografiska utbredning samt valet av perspektiv. Av den anledningen rekommenderas att undersökningen upprepas med antingen ett större urval eller på en annan geografisk plats än Gävle eller ur andra perspektiv. Framtida forskning bör även beröra huruvida bestraffningar används eller inte, och även varför. Relationen mellan de påverkansmetoder som tas upp i studien bör också undersökas. De nya påverkansmetoder som inte omfattades av den teoretiska modellen men som nämndes i intervjuerna bör också vara föremål för framtida forskning. Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna uppsats bidrar med insikter för den företagsekonomiska teorin. Då studiens resultat i vissa avseenden inte överensstämmer med den befintliga litteraturen har detta lett till konstruerandet av en ny teoretisk modell. Denna modell ger underlag för framtida forskning då dessa differenser behöver undersökas i en större omfattning. Studien bidrar även med ökad förståelse för hur chefer utövar etiskt ledarskap, vilket har potential att leda till ökad kunskap hos dagens aktiva chefer. Chefernas etiska ledarskap kan utvecklas och förbättras genom reflektion över sina egna tillvägagångssätt och hur dessa skiljer sig, eller överensstämmer, med de metoder som tas upp i denna studie. Nyckelord: Etiskt ledarskap, etiskt beteende, etiskt klimat, säljorganisationer. / Title: Ethical leadership in selling organizations. Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Moa Bohman and Evelina Nilsson Supervisor: Pär Vilhelmson, Kristina Mickelsson and Maria Fregidou-Malama. Date: August 2015. Aim: The purpose of this study is to contribute to greater understanding for how managers in selling organizations practice ethical leadership, viewed from a manager perspective. Following research questions were formulated after a review of the existing literature: 1. Do managers influence the behavior of their followers by being role models? 2. Do managers influence the behavior of their followers by reinforcement of ethical standards? 3. Do managers influence the behavior of their followers by communication about ethics? 4. Do managers influence the behavior of their followers by reinforcement and communication about ethical codes? 5. Do managers influence the behaviour of their followers in some other way? Method: A field study in terms of qualitative interviews was conducted to gather information. The interview subjects were managers in selling organizations. After transcribing the interviews the information was analyzed by selection and comparison. Result & Conclusions: This study shows that the interviewed managers practice ethical leadership by being role models, by communicating about ethics, by rewarding in terms of credit and positive feedback as well as by reinforcing the ethical climate through communication about ethical codes. The study can neither confirm nor deny whether reinforcing ethical norms through punishment occurs. Suggestions for future research: In this study, there are limitations in sample size, geographic range and the choice of perspective. For that reason a repeated study with larger selection, participants from another geographical area or the use of a different perspective (for example the follower) is recommended. Future research should also address whether punishments are used or not, and also why that is. The relationship between the suggested methods should also be examined. The new methods, which were not covered by the theoretical model but were mentioned in the interviews, should also be subjects for future research. Contribution of the thesis: This study contributes with understandings for the business administration theory. Since the study results in some ways differed from the current literature a new theoretical model was created. This model provides a foundation for future research as these differences should be further investigated. The study also contributes with an increased understanding for how managers practice ethical leadership, which has the potential to enhance the knowledge of today’s active managers. The ethical leadership that the managers practice may evolve and improve by reflection about their own methods and how these differ, or correspond, to the methods presented in this study. Key words: Ethical leadership, ethical behavior, ethical climate, selling organizations.

What role can the commercialisation of natural resource products play in the efforts to reduce poverty and vulnerability and how can this be enhanced? With poverty alleviation at the top of the global development agenda, this is a question posed by many scholars, practitioners, donor agencies and government departments operating at the environment-development interface. However, recent commentary on this issue is mixed and ambiguous, with some observers being quite optimistic regarding the potential of these products, while others hold a counter view. This thesis explores the livelihood contributions and poverty alleviation potential of four products traded locally in the Bushbuckridge municipality, South Africa; namely traditional brooms, reed mats, woodcraft and a beer made from the fruits of Sclerocarya birrea. A common approach, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods, was used to investigate the harvesting, processing and marketing arrangements, sustainability and livelihood contributions of each product. The results illustrate that any inference regarding the potential of the trade to alleviate poverty depends on how poverty is defined and interpreted, and on whether the role of these products is assessed from a holistic livelihood perspective that includes notions of vulnerability, alternatives and choice, diversification and the needs of rural producers themselves. Overall, the products studied were key in enhancing the livelihood security of the poorest members of society, forming an important safety net and assisting in raising household incomes to levels equivalent to the wider population, but generally were unlikely, on their own, to provide a route out of poverty. However, there were notable exceptions, with marked variation evident both within and across products. Incomes often surpassed local wage rates, and a minority of producers were obtaining returns equivalent to or greater than the official minimum wage. Other benefits, such as the opportunity to work from home or to diversify the livelihood portfolio, were also crucial, with the trade representing different livelihood strategies for different households. When viewed within the context of rising unemployment and HIV/AIDS these findings assume greater significance. While the trades were complex and growth limited, livelihood benefits could be improved on a sustainable basis if the sector was given the attention and support it deserves.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 merenciano_lh_me_arafcl.pdf: 1583595 bytes, checksum: 1c2514fb507c404d712d7d902df524cf (MD5) / A procura do leitor brasileiro pelo discurso de auto-ajuda tem sido um fato inegável contemporaneamente. Por isso, este trabalho visa descrever a organização e o funcionamento dos textos de auto-ajuda mais vendidos de 1991 a 2006, a partir dos rankings “auto-ajuda e esoterismo”, listados semanalmente pela revista Veja. A partir de um corpus organizado por meio do levantamento dessas listas de livros, o objetivo central consiste em sugerir uma tipologia lingüística para os discursos de auto-ajuda mais vendidos atualmente. A abordagem semiótica de orientação greimasiana possui critérios adequados de descrição do plano de conteúdo, com vistas a oferecer uma definição tipológica mais refinada dos discursos. Os níveis fundamental, narrativo e discursivo, na sua dimensão sintagmática e paradigmática, do percurso gerativo de sentido, podem oferecer um quadro suficiente de elementos descritivos, segundo a maior ou menor incidência dos seus componentes na organização dos discursos, tais como: o investimento axiológico das categorias fundamentais (euforia e disforia); os percursos dos actantes funcionais (destinador-manipulador, destinatário-sujeito e do destinador-julgador); as fases da narrativa (manipulação, competência, perfórmance e sanção); a natureza do objeto-valor (cognitivo ou pragmático, modal ou descritivo); a projeção do sujeito da enunciação (as marcas do enunciador e do enunciatário); e a constituição discursiva (textos predominantemente figurativos, predominantemente temáticos ou equivalentemente temático-figurativos). A auto-ajuda, à maneira dos discursos técnicos (manuais de montagem, receitas de cozinha, por exemplo), tende a privilegiar a fase da competência. Nesta, o percurso do destinador-manipulador contribui para que o seu enunciatário (a projeção do leitor) saiba e possa construir o valor subjetivo que procura. Nesse caso... / The Brazilian reader’s search for self-help discourses has been a fact nowadays. For this reason, this work proposes to study the linguistic and discursive processes related to bestselling books of self-help literature in the period 1991-2006, by means of the lists of bestsellers in the Self-Help genre organized and listed weekly by Veja, a Brazilian news magazine. Starting from a corpus collected from these book lists, the aim is to suggest a linguistic typology for the current best-selling self-help books. The methodological perspective of Greimasian semiotics has appropriate criteria for the description of the level of contents, aiming at suggesting more elaborate typological definitions of discourses. The deep, narrative and discursive levels, in its syntagmatic and paradigmatic dimensions of the generative process of meaning, can offer enough descriptive elements, according to the large or small incidence – focus – of its semiotic components in the organization of discourses, such as: the axiological investment of thymic deep components (euphoria and dysphoria); the path of functional actants (sender-manipulator, receiver-subject and sender-judge); the narrative phases (manipulation, competence, perfórmance and sanction); the characteristics of the object of value (cognitive, pragmatic, modal or descriptive); the projection of the subject of enunciation (how sender and receiver can be linguistically manifest); and the discursive level components (texts which are predominantly thematic, predominantly figurative or thematic and figurative in equal measure). Self-help books, similarly to technical discourses (culinary recipes, instruction manuals), tend to focus on the phase of competence. In it, the sender-manipulator makes its receiver-subject (the reader’s discursive projection) “knowing-how-to-do” and “be able-to-do” so he or she elaborate the subjective object wanted...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)